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THE 



ELEMENTS 



OF 



GENERAL HISTORY. 



BY 



Rey. JOHN PKCARTER, A. M. 




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NEW YORK : 

UNIVERSITY PUBLISHIlSra COMPANY, 

4 Bond Stbeet. 

baltimore: 54 lexington street. 

1871. 





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Entered according: to Act of Cono;ress, in the year 1871, 

Br JOHN P. CARTER, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



Stereotjijed by Little, Kennik & Co., Alvord, Printer. 

New York. 



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C.2''^ 



PREFACE. 



The design of this Manual is to present in a systematic 
condensed form, the elements of General History. To learn 
and remember these, properly, during the usual school 
period of education, is all that should be required of a 
pupil. To attempt more, is to till the youthful mind with 
a confused mass of events, persons, places, etc., which the 
labor of all subsequent life often fails to reduce to order. 
One of the difficulties which most pupils experience in study- 
ing history, consists in not being able to remember The 
Dates. To obviate this difficulty, the compiler has devised 
the plan of associating the figures of chronology with theii 
corresponding events, persons, and places. Thus, having 
divided the history of the world, by The Nativity of our 
Saviour, into two great periods — Ancient History and Mod- 
ern History — a few of the more remarkable events in each 
of the periods, are arranged in connection with the persons, 
places, and dates with which they are historically associated. 
Thus: 

fl. The Creation Adam Eden.... b. c. 4004 

^. 2. " Deluge Noah Mt. Ararat " 2:548 

^ 3. " Call of Abram Uf of Ciialdees ... " 1921 

g ^ 4. " Exodus of Is ...Moses Red Sea " 1491 

5. Dedication of Temple Solomon Jerusalem " 1004 

6. Conquest of Assyria . . Cyrus Babylon " 538 

7. '• of Persia Alex, the Great ...Alexandria " 330 

fl. Rise of Roman Empire... Augustus Rome " 30 

j- I 2. " of Greek '" . ..Constantine Constantinople A. d. 330 

55 I o. " of Saracen " ...Maliomet Mecca " 622 

^-14. "of German " ... Charlemagne Palatinate " 800 

O I 5. Crusades .Peter the Hermit.. Holy Sepulchre " lO'm 

^ G. Discovery of America Columbus St. Salvador "' 149-2 

l_t. Independence U. S Washington Philadelphia " 1776 



PREFACE. 



The careful study of this synopsis of universal history — 
associating the events with persons, places, etc., with a 
daily drill in its details for a month, would so iix the whole 
system in the memory of any pupil of ordinary capacity, 
that the mention of any one of the elements would in- 
stantly suggest the others historically associated with it. 

The best method of using this compendium will readily 
suggest itself to the competent teacher. It may be well, 
however, 1 — To commit the whole thoroughly to memory 
in regular daily tasks. 2 — Let the whole be studied 
according to the order of the Index. 3 — ^Review, by 
miscellaneous questions on the various matters presented. 
In every instance, require with each JEveoit, the Person^ 
the Place^ and the Time. When the more important 
facts of history have thus been learned, the teacher may 
with great advantage select some Invent or Person^ etc., 
and in a familiar way, amplify the narrative^ requiring the 
class to make full notes of his lectures. 

It is confidently believed, that the method here pre- 
sented will tend more effectually than any other to awaken 
in the youthful mind a spirit of historical research, which 
will secure in after life a satisfactory and respectable ac- 
quaintance with this interesting and important branch of 
learning. 

J. P. C. 

Baltimoke, July, 1870. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 



INTRODUCTION". 



SECTION I. 

HISTORY ITS USES AND DIVISIONS. 

1, History, 

History is the Record of the past. 

2, The chief elements of History are :— 

1. The events, or transactions. 2. The actors in the 
^reat drama, such as persons, armies, nations, or providen- 
tial interpositions. 3. The chronology, or the dates which 
mark the several events. 4. The geography, or the de- 
scription of the places where those events transpired. 
5, The causes of the events. 6. Their results. 

3, In studying History, these questions should he con- 

stantly attended to ;— 
1. What was done? 2. Who did it? 3. When? 

4, Where ? 5. Its causes ? 6. Its results ? 
4:, Some of the uses of History, 

1. It serves to stratify that natural and laudable curi- 
osity to know all that has gone before us, which distin- 
guishes the inquiring mind. 2. It expands and strength- 
ens the intellect by displaying the vast affairs of nations 
and empires. 3. History serves to correct local and na- 
tional prejudices. 4. It tends to elevate the character 
by setting forth examples of commendable heroism and 



6 II^TRODUCTION". 

true greatness. 5. The lessons of history show both the ^ 
folly and shame of sin, and the advantages of virtuous con- 
duct. 6. History illustrates in the clearest manner the 
ignorance, weakness, and dependence of man, and reveals 
the infinite wisdom, power, and glory of the great and good [ 
Being who rules over all. ; 

5, The History of the World— 

extends from the Creation to the present time: a period of ; 
nearly 6,000 years. 

6*. This great extent of General History— 

is conveniently divided into two periods: one extending 
from the Creation to the Advent of Christ, comprising 
forty centuries ; and the other, from the Advent of 
Christ to the present time, comprising nearly nineteen cen- 
turies. 

7. These two jyeriods of General History— 

are respectively named and designated. thus: 

The period before the Advent of Christ is named Ancient 
History, and is designated b. c. (Before Christ); and the 
period after the Advent of Christ is named Modern History, 
and is designated a. d. (Anno Domini). 

8. TJiese tivo principal periods of General History— 

may be properly subdivided into less periods, by the more 
important events occurring in each of the great periods. 

9. The more important events in the great periodhefore 

Christ : — 

EVENTS. PERSONS. PLACES. DATES. 

1. The Creation ...Adam Eden b. c. 4004 

2. '^ Deluge Noah Mount Ararat " 234S 

3. " Call of Abram Ur of Chaldees. ... " 1921 

4. " Exodusofis Moses Red Sea " 1491 

5. Dedication of Temple.... Solomon Jerusalem... " 1004 

6. Conquest of Assyria. ... .Cyrus Babylon "■ 5.33 

7. '* of Persia Alexander the Great ... .Alexandria " 330 



INTRODUCTION". 7 

10, The events, etc, that serve to subdivide the great 
period after Christ : — 

1. Rise of Koman Empire... Augustus ..Rome b. c. 3f. 

2. " of Greek " . ..Coii8<tantine Coiiptantinople A. d. 3:i(» 

6-2 J 
80i> 

1096 
1I9J 
1776 



3. " of Saracen " ...Mahomet Mecca 

4. " of German " ...Charlemagne Palatinate , 

5. Crusade? Peter the Hermit Holy Sepulchre — 

6. Discovery of America Columbus St. Salvador 

7. Independence U. S Washington Philadelphia 



11, The division of General History into periods. 

Some authors divide General History into three periods, 
viz., first, Ancient History, from the earliest times to the 
fall of the Western Empire of the Romans, or to about 
A. D. 500 ; second. Middle History, from a. d. 500 to the 
discovery of America, or to about a. d. 1500 ; third, Mod- 
ern History, from a. d. 1500 to the present time. 

12, The division of General History into two great 

periods by the Advent of Christ, preferable to 
any other : — 

Because it is more simple, and therefore more easily un- 
derstood and remembered ; and because the Advent of 
Christ is the most important event in the history of the 
world. 

13, History^ with respect to the sources from tvhich it 

is derived, — 

is divided into Sacred History and Profane History. The 
former being that which is recorded in the Inspired Scrip- 
tures of the Old and New Testaments ; and the latter, that 
which is compiled from authentic human documents, mon- 
uments, inscriptions, coins, etc. 

14:, Of these the more ancient is — 

Sacred History : Moses, the Hebrew Lawgiver, who wrote 
the Inspired History of the world from the Creation to 
near the close of his own life, flourished about 1500 b. c, 
while Herodotus, styled the Father of Profane History, 



^ IKTRODUCTIOiq'. 

was contemporary with Malachi, the last of the Hebrew^ 
Prophets, b. c. 415. 

15, JProfane History begins— 

about 750 B. c, or at the foundation of Rome The ac 
counts by profane authors of the times pi-ior to that event 
are considered fabulous. They are probably, for the most 
part, perverted traditions of real transactions, altered and 
embellished by the ancient poets. 

16. History with respect to the subjects of which it 

treats is divided— 

into six kinds or classes : viz., 

1. General History, which narrates the general course 
of events m the history of the world, from the earliest times 
to the present day. 

2. Ethnological, or the history of particular Tribes Na- 
tions, Empires, etc. ' 

3. Geographical, or the history of particular Regions, 
Countries, Cities, etc. 

4. Ecclesiastical, or the history of the Church 

5. Biographical, or the history of individual persons 
usually named Biography. 

6. The history of Philosophy, Literature, Civilization, 
Laws, Commerce, Arts, Science, etc. 

17, Tliese different kinds of History— 

are rarely treated separately; for any complete history of 
a nation, country, or person, must necessarily comprehend 
portions of all other kinds of history. 

18. History differs from Tradition. 

A Tradition is a verbal account of transactions, handed 
down frona father to son, through successive generations; 
whereas History, properly so called, is an authentic written 
narrative of real events. The former, from the natural 
imperfection of the human mind, is constantly liable to be 



introductio:n'. 



perverted into Fable; while history, as a written record, 
remains the same from asje to asje. 

19, Tlie relation of History to the Holy Scriptures, 

In recording events which were foretold by the Prophets 
long before they took place, history proves, in the clearest 
manner, that the Prophets must have been inspired by the 
Spirit of that divine Being whose holy providence orders 
all things from the beginning. 

20, Events in History illustrating the fuZjfilnient of 

Prophecy, 

1 . The successive rise, progress, and fall of the Assyrian 
Empire, the Medo-Persian, the Macedonian, and the Roman, 
were predicted by the Prophet Daniel 600 years before 
those events were fully developed. These empires are 
represented in the second chapter of Daniel by the differ- 
ent parts of an image which appeared in a vision to king 
Nebuchadnezzar ; and in the seventh chapter, by four beasts 
coming up from the sea, presented in vision to the prophet. 

2. The seventy years' captivity of the Jews in Babylon, 
which occurred b. c. 606 — 536, was foretold by Jeremiah 
(xxv. 11, 12), almost immediately before its commence- 
ment; and by Isaiah (xxxix.), one hundred years earlier, 
i. e., about b. c. 712. 

3. The restoration of the Jews to their own country by 
the decree of Cyrus, b. c. 536, had been predicted by Isaiah 
(xliv. 28) calling Cyrus by name (xlv. 1-4, 13) more than 
one hundred and fifty years before that conqueror was 
born, 

4. The Advent of our Blessed Saviour, and our duty 
to obey Him, were foretold by Moses, b. c. 1151, in this 
remarkable language : " The Lord thy God will raises up 
unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy breth- 
ren, like unto me; unto Him ye shall hearken; * * * 
And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken 

1* 



10 INTRODUCTIOX. 

unto my words which He shall speak in my name, I will 
require it of him." (Deut. xviii. 15-19.) And the same 
great event was predicted by other prophets in all its 
minute particulars of time, place, etc., especially by Isaiali, 
ix. 6, 7 ; Daniel, ix. 20-27 ; Micah, v. 2 ; Malachi, iii. 1. 

5. And the death of Christ on the Cross, His resurrec- 
tion, and ascension into heaven; together with the miracu- 
lous success of the Gospel, notwithstanding the fierce and 
determined opposition of its embittered foes, were all pre- 
dicted in the clearest manner, long before those wonderful 
events transpired. (Isaiah, liii. 4, 9; Zechariah, xii. 10; 
Psalm xvi. 9, 10, Ixviii. 18; John, iii. 14, 15; Matthew, 
XX. 19, xxvii. 62, 63, xxviii. 9 ; Joel, ii. 28, 29 ; Acts, ii. 1-21.) 
All evidently proving that the God of Providence is the 
author of the prophecies. 



sectio:n^ n. 



SETTLEMENT OF THE EARTH, NATIONS, ETC. 

1, The parts of the Earth first settled after the Flood, 

From the foot of Mount Ararat, upon the summit of 
which the Ark rested, the family of ISToah and those of his 
sons spread themselves in the beautiful and fertile plains of 
Armenia, which extended to the south and southeast. 
Thence, after the dispersion from Babel, some passed west- 
ward, settling the shores of the Mediterranean sea ; while 
others, emigrating to the east, peopled China, India, and 
other resrions of Asia; 

2, Particular designation of some of those regions in 

later times, 

1. The regions south and southeast of Mount Ararat 
were occupied by the kingdoms of Mesopotamia, Assyria, 



INTRODUCTION^, 11 

Chaldea, Media, and Persia. These, with extensive regions 
east and west, were afterward embraced in the great em- 
pires of Assyria, Persia, Macedonia, Rome, etc. 

2. Syria, with Canaan, Phoenicia, Philistia (the land 
promised to the Israelites), occupied the region lying on 
the eastern coast of the Mediterranean sea. 

3. Egypt occupied its present location on the Mediter- 
ranean sea, in the northeastern part of Africa. It is cele- 
brated as the birthplace of the arts and sciences, and as 
the house of bondage of the Hebrews for four hundred 
years. (Genesis, xv. 13, 14.) 

4. Asia Minor, or the Lesser Asia, including the king- 
doms of Troy and Lydia, was situated in the southwest 
part of Asia, between the Black and Mediterranean seas. 
It is now, with Syria, included in the Turkish empire. 

5. Greece, in the southeastern part of Europe, is 
separated from Asia Minor by the JEgean sea (Archipelago). 
Here flourished the famous republics of Athens, Sparta, 
and Thebes, that so successfully resisted the invasions of 
the powerful Persian monarchs, Darius and his son Xerxes, 
B. c. 490, 480. 

6. Macedonia, a small kingdom north of Greece, was 
the original dominion of Philip and of his son Alexander 
the Great, by whose victorious arms the Medo-Persian 
empire was overthrown and the Macedonian established in 
its stead, b. c. 330. 

7. Italy, a peninsula in the southern part of Europe," 
lying west of Macedonia and Greece, from which it is 
separated by the Adriatic and Ionian seas. Italy was the 
original seat of the Romans, the mighty conquerors whose 
victorious arms had, by the beginning of the Christian era, 
subdued nearly the whole known world. 

3. Iinpoi^fant Natiotis and Einjnres of Ancient His- 
tory : — 

1. The Chaldean or Assyrian Empire, which em- 



12 



II^TRODUCTIO?^. 



braced Babylon, Nineveh, and the surrounding regions, 
dated from the union of those cities, soon after their "foun- 
dation, about B. c. 2217, and continued through various 
revolutions till the death of Belshazzar, b. c. 538 = 1619 

years. 

2. The Mo]VARCHY OF Egypt, founded bv Misraim, the 
son of Ham, b. c. 2188, subsisted through various revolu- 
tions, until subjugated by the Romans, b.c. 31 =2157. 

3. The Hebrew Theocracy, commencino- with the 
Call of Abraham to go from Ur of the Chaldees into 
Canaan, b. c. 1921, terminated at the capture of Jerusalem 
by the Romans under Titus, a. d. 70 = 1991 years. 

4. The Republics of Greece, from the foundation of 
Athens by Cecrops, with a colony from Egypt, b. c. 1556, to 
the conquest of Greece by Philip, the father of Alexander 
the Great, in the battle of Cheronea, b. c. 338=1218 years. 

5. The Republic of Carthage, from its foundation by 
Dido, B. c. 869, to the end of the third Punic War, b. c. 146 
= 723 years. 

6. The Kingdom and Commonwealth of Rome, con- 
tinued 722 years from its foundation by Romulus, b. c. 753, 
to the battle of Actium, b. c. 31, in which Octavius, havinc^ 
defeated his rival Mark Antony, became sole master of 
the Roman Empire under the title of Augustas, b. c. 30. 

7. The Empire op the Medes and Persians from 
the conquest of Babylon by Darius and his nephew Cyrus 
B. c. 538, to the battle of Arbela, b. c. 330, when Persia was 
conquered by Alexander the Great = 208 years. 

8. The Macedonian Empire, from the conquest of Per- 
sia by Alexander the Great, b. c. 330, to the year b. c 301- 
when from this vast empire, which, besides Macedonia 
Proper, comprehended Greece, Syria, Judea, Egypt, Asia 
Minor, and Persia, there arose four distinct Monarchies: 
1 hrace and Bythinia, under Lysimachus ; Syria, Judea, and 
the East, under Seleucus; Egypt under Ptolemy ; and Mace- 



IKTRODUCTIOI^'. 13 

donia, Greece, etc., under Cassander. These Monarchies all 
finally fell under the dominion of the Komans, b. c. 212 — 
30. 

4. Cities of Assyria^ the most noted in Ancient History, 

1. Babylon, built by Nimrod, son of Gush, on the river 
Euphrates, around the Tower of Babel, b. c. 2217. The 
walls of this city were 350 feet high, 87 feet thick, and 60 
miles in circumference, in the form of a square. These 
walls were surmounted by 250 towers, and the city was 
entered by 100 gates, 25 on each side, all of solid brass. 
The river Euphrates flowed through the city, and it was 
spanned by a bridge half a mile long. At each end of this 
bridge was a magnificent palace communicating with each 
other by a^ tunnel or passage constructed under the river. 
The chief ornaments of the city were the Tower of Babel ; 
the Temple of Belus or Baal, containing an image of Baal 
40 feet high ; and the Hanging Gardens. These beautiful 
gardens occupied a square 1600 feet in circuit, and were 
built on arches and columns rising in terraces as high as tlie 
walls of the city. In these gardens were planted beautiful 
flowers and trees which grew to a great height. 

2. Nineveh, built b. c. 2217, by Ashur, son of Shem, 
some distance north of Babylon, on th^ river Tigris, oppo- 
site to the present location of Mosul. Its walls were 100 
feet high and 60 miles in circuit, being 18 miles long and 
12 wide, and so broad at the top that three chariots could 
be driven abreast on them. The city was defended by 
1500 towers, each 200 feet high. In the days of the Pro- 
phet Jonah (b. c. 862), Nineveh probably contained six or 
seven hundred thousand inhabitants. From the time of 
Nimrod and Ashur, we have little authentic history of 
either Babylon or Nineveh, for more than 1300 years. It 
is highly probable they were at an early period united, 
forming the first Assyrian Empire, which continued until 



•'^^ INTEODUOTION. 

E. c. 747. At that time Sardanapalus, having been besie-red 
for three years, barued himself, his family, and his treas- 
ures u, his palace in Nineveh. The Empire was then 
divided by the conquerors into three kingdoms : Media 
under Arbaces, Babylon under Belesis or Nabonassor, and 
Mneveh under Tiglath-Pileser. In b. c. 681, Esarhaddon, 
king of Nineveh, united Babylon to his dominions, formin<^ 
the _ second Assyrian Empire. Nabopolasar, a usurped, 
having made Babylon his capital instead of Nineveh, about 
B. c. 626 his son Nebuchadnezzar, at the head of the united 
fo,-ces of the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians, destroyed 
the city of Nineveh, b. c. 600. Babylon from that time 
continued to be the unrivalled capital of the Assyrian Em- 
pire till the capture of that city by Darins and Cyrus at 
the head of the united forces of the Medes and Persians 
B.C. 538; when Belshazzar, the last king of the second 
Assyrian Empire, was slain, and his empire superseded by 
that of the Medes and Persians. (Daniel, v.) Immense 
masses of brick, cemented with bitumen, fonnin<r a huo-e 
mound of ruins, called by the Arabs -^ Birs Nimrol- are 111 
that now remain of this once magnificent city and, tower. 
(Isaiah, xui.) 

5. TAe most noted Ancient CUles of Syria and the 
-tLoiy Land: — 

1. Damascus, the ancient capital of Syria, is situated 
on the Abana and Pharpar rivers, about 150 miles north- 
east of Jerusalem. It was an important city in the days 
of Abraham b. c. 1900 (Genesis, xv. 2). and it is still a place 
of considerable trade. It is celebrated as being connected 
with the conversion of the Apostle Paul. (Acts ix ) It 
was once famous for the manufacture of fine steel weapons 
and of a rich and costly material called Damask; and it 
gives name to the species of pl„m called Dammn- 
Damascus ,s now the rallying point for the caravans of 
lurkish pilgrims that go annually to Mecca. 



. IXTRODUCTION. 15 

2. Jerusalem, signifying Dwelling of Peace, called also 
The Holy City, is situated in the southwest part of Pales- 
tine, about 40 miles from the Mediterranean Sea, on the 
Brook Kedron, and within the lot of the Tribe of Benjamin. 
The present site of the city occupies four mountains : Acra 
in the northwest, Bezetha in the northeast, Mount Zion on 
the south, and in the east. Mount Moriah, supposed to be 
the mount on which Abraham prepared to offer up liis son 
Isaac. Formerly the city included another elevation. Mount 
Ophel, in the southeast. This city, the most celebrated in 
the history of the world, was once the proud capital of the 
Hebrew monarchy, adorned with the Holy Temple and other 
gorgeous palaces. Its streets were traversed by God's 
prophets and apostles, and its hills echoed with the voice 
of the Son of God. Here He healed the sick, comforted the 
mourning, and wrought other mighty miracles; here He 
pronounced the doom of the guilty city, and wept at her 
coming desolation ; here He was condemned and crucified 
by wicked men; and here, after His triumphant and glorious 
resurrection, He poured out His Holy Spirit on His redeemed 
church, according to His promise, and in testimony of His 
divine exaltation. 

Jerusalem was probably built after the time of Abraham 
(Genesis, xxii. 2, etc.), by the Jebusites, the earliest inhab- 
itants mentioned (Joshua, x. 1) ; and they occupied it with 
the Hebrews, for some time after the conquest of Canaan 
(Joshua, XV. 63). Mount Zion was conquered by king 
David from the Jebusites, and he consecrated it by carrying 
up thither the Ark of the Covenant (2 Samuel, v. 6-9, 
vi. 1, etc.). He also selected Mount Moriah as the site of 
the Temple, which edifice was afterward built by his son, 
king Solomon, b. c. 1004. 

In the year b. c. 600, Jerusalem was taken by the Assyr- 
ians under Nebuchadnezzar ; and in b. c. 536, Cyrus, who 
had just ascended the throne of the Persian empire, tor- 



16 II^TEODUCTIOK. 

minated the seventy years' captivity of the Jews, and per- 
mitted them to return to their country, and rebuild Jeru- 
salem and the Temple. In the year b. c. 515 the secondf 
Temple was dedicated, and many years afterward it was! 
repaired, enlarged, and beautified by king Herod. * 

In the year 70, a. d., Jerusalem was totally destroyed by 
the Romans, under Titus, after a terrible siege of six 
months (Matthew, xxiv.). 

3. Bethlehem-Judah,— 5726 House of Bread, situated 
six miles south of Jerusalem, in the Tribe of Judah. Its 
ancient name was Ephratah {Abundance infruitfiilness). 
It is celebrated as the birthplace of king David, and of 
our Saviour ; also for the slaughter of the infants by order 
of king Herod, in the vain and impious attempt to destroy 
the infant Jesus, the new-born king of Israel. The modern 
name of this place is Beit-Lahhm, and the inhabitants num- 
ber about 1200. It is visited by all pilgrims to the Holy 
Land, on account of the Church of the Nativity, built over 
the spot whQva our Redeemer was born. 

4. Samaria, situated about a day's journey north of 
Jerusalem, was the capital of the kingdom of Israel, com- 
posed of the Ten Tribes which revolted from the house of 
David, B. c. 975. Samaria was built by Omri, king of Israel, 
B. c. 926, on a hill which he had bought from Shemer for 
two talents of silver— about |3,000. On the conquest of 
Israel by Shalmanezar, king of Nineveh, b. c. 721, Samaria 
was destroyed, and the people carried into that captivity 
from which they have never returned. After this, Samaria 
was rebuilt to some extent, and Herod the Great restored it 
to its ancient lustre, and changed its name to Sebaste, or 
Augusta, in honor of the En:iperor Augustus. 

In the time of our Saviour, the name Samaria was not 
confined to this city, but it extended to one of the four 
districts into which the Holy Land was then divided : of 
which Galilee lay on the north of Samaria, Judea on the 



INTEODUCTION". 17 

south, and Persea on the east. The people called Samari- 
tans were not genuine Israelites, but were descended from 
the heathen colonists placed in Samaria by Esarhaddon, 
king of Nineveh, b. c. 700, to occupy the country after the 
deportation of the Israelites. Between the Samaritans and 
the Jews there ever existed the most bitter hostility (2 
Kings, xvii. 24 ; John, iv.). 

5. SiDOJsr, situated on the Mediterranean Sea, was built 
by Sidon, the great grandson of Noah, and was therefore 
one of the most ancient cities of the world. By reason of 
its trade and commerce it soon became wealthy and pow- 
erful, and in the time of Joshua (b. c. 1450) it is mentioned 
as " very great." 

At an early period the Sidonians had acquired great skill 
in shipbuilding, in the working of metals and glass, in the 
manufacture of purple and fine linen, and in architecture. 
So great was their refinement and wealth, that a life of 
ease, security, and voluptuousness was indicated by ''^living 
after the manner of the Sidonians''' (Judges, xviii. 7). The 
grandeur of this ancient city has long since depai'ted, there 
remaining only in its stead a small fishing town called 
Saide. 

6. Tyre, situated on the Mediterranean, about 20 miles 
south of Sidon, was built by a colony from that city (b. c. 
1252), and in a short time it rivalled the splendor of the 
parent State. Her "merchants are styled princes, and her 
traffickers the honorable of the earth" (Isaiah, xxiii.). The 
celebrated Tyrian purple dye was discovered here accident- 
ally ; the lips of a dog having been dyed purple by eating 
a fish called the conch ills. Little is known of either Tyre 
or Sidon before the time of David and Solomon (b. c. 1000). 
Hiram IL, celebrated for his magnificence and generosity, 
lived on terms of friendship with both David and Solomon 
for many years. On the accession of David to the throne 
of Israel, he sent ambassadors and artificers to build his 



18 INTRODUCTION". 

palace (1 Chronicles, xiv. 1), and subsequently he supplied 
Solomon with timber, stones, and laborers for building the | 
Temple (1 Kings, 5). The cruelty of Pygmalion, kintjj 
of Tyre, to his sister Dido (b. c. 889) is familiar to all 
readers of the "JEneid" and " Telemachus." Tyre was cap- 
tured by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 13 years (u. c. 
573). After lying desolate 70 years (Isaiah, xxiii. 17), it be- 
came famous again for its commerce, under the protection 
of the kings of Persia, In the year b. c. 332 Tyre was 
taken by Alexander the Great, after an eight months' siege; 
and on the partition of the Macedonian empire, T^^-e and 
Sidon, with the adjacent regions, were embraced in the 
kingdom of Syria, under the Selucidse. These cities next 
fell under the dominion of the 'Romans (b. c. 65), then of 
the Saracens (a. d. 639), and finally of the Turks (a, d. 
1516). The present inhabitants of Tyre are fishermen, few 
in number, and very poor (Ezekiel, xxvi. 14 ; Matthew, 
xi. 20-24, XV. 21-28). 

0» The celebrated Ancient Cities of Africa, 

1. Thebes, the ancient capital of Upper Egypt, on 
the river Nile, was one of the noblest of cities. It was 
founded by Busiris, about b. c. 2126. It was called JSeea- 
tompylos^ from its hundred gates. It was sufficiently 
populous to send forth from each of these gates, in time of 
war, 200 chariots and 10,000 men. The ruins of this once 
magnificent city are among the most astonishing that have 
ever been discovered. They occupy a space of 27 miles in 
circumference. Among the wonders of Thebes was the 
famous statue of Memnon, which, it is related, when the 
beams of the rising sun first shone on it every morning, 
uttered a melodious sound. Thebes was destroyed by the 
Persians under Cambyses, b. c. ^1^. 

2. Memphis, or Noph, the capital of Middle Egypt, stood 
on the bank of the river Nile, near the site of the present 



INTRODUCTION. 19 

city of Cairo. It was plundered by Cambyses on bis return 
from tbe destruction of Thebes. In the vicinity of Mem- 
phis stood the Sphinx and the Pyramids. The Sphinx is a 
huge image, having the body of a lion with the head of a 
woman. It is 125 feet long and 60 feet high. All except 
the head and neck is now buried in the sand. The Pyra- 
mids are immense stone structures, having a square base, 
and terminating at the top in a point or small horizontal 
area. There are three Pyramids more noted than the rest. 
The greatest of these is 660 feet on one side of the square 
base. The perpendicular height is 468 feet, or, as stated by 
some, 500 feet. It terminates at the summit in an area 16 
or 18 feet square. One of these three Pyramids, called 
the Second Pyramid, was built by Shishak, b. c. 911 ; the 
first was built one hundred years earlier; and the third, by 
his successor. These vast edifices were probably intended 
for royal sepulchres. 

3. Alexandria, in Low^er Egypt, on the Mediterranean 
Sea, was built by Alexander the Great, b. c. 33.2. It very 
soon became an important place, and so continued for many 
ages. It was the capital of the empire of the Ptolemies, 
who collected there the celebrated library of 700,000 
volumes, which were afterward destroyed by the Saracen, 
Caliph Omar, on the conquest of Egypt, a. d. 640. These 
precious volumes were used for six months in heating the 
public baths of the city. 

4. Carthage, in the northern part of Africa, on the 
Mediterranean Sea, and southwest from the island of Sicily. 
It was founded by Queen Dido, b. c. 869, after her flight 
from the persecution of her brother Pygmalion, king of 
Tyre. Having bought of the inhabitants of the country as 
much land as could be enclosed by the hide of an ox cut 
into thongs. Dido built upon it a citadel, which she named 
Hyrsa (a hide). As the city advanced in importance, 
its limits were extended until they enclosed an area 23 



20 ti^teoductio:n'. i{ 

miles in circumference. During the first Punic War the 
population was 700,000 ; but on the capture of the city by 
Scipio Africanus the Younger (b. c. 116), only 5,000 persons 
were found within the walls. When the city was set on i^ 
fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly for seventeen ' 
days. Under the Roman Empire, Carthage havinf^ been 
rebuilt, became the seat of an important Christian church, 
of which Cyprian, one of its most eminent bishops, suffered 
martyrdom, a. d. 258. 

The ancient Carthaginians were remarkable for their 
martial spirit, and the succef?s of their commercial enter- 
prises. Like all tribes of Canaanite origin, they were very 
superstitious, cruel, and base. Their religion, which con- 
sisted in the worship of Baal, Ashtoroth, Dagon, and other 
Phoenician divinities, required the frequent offering of human 
victims. And their reputation as a faithless people, gave 
rise to the proverb, ''Ptmica fides:' Their contests with 
Rome for the sovereignty of Spain and Sicily gave rise to 
those sanguinary contests, the Panic Wars. 

Among their eminent men were Hamilcar^ who aided 
Xerxes in the invasion of Greece, b.c. 481; Bomilcar, who 
attempted to revolutionize his country, 307; ITamilcar, a 
noted general in the first Punic War, 264; Hannibal, v'ig- 
torious over the Romans in Italy for sixteen years, during 
the second Punic War, 218, — but who was drawn back to 
Africa, and finally defeated by Scipio Africanus the Elder, 
in the battle of Zama, 202 ; and Asdrtibal^ who unsuccess- 
fully defended Carthage in the third Punic War against the 
victorious arms of Scipio Africanus the Younger, b. c. 146. 

7. Renowned Cities of Asia Minor, 

1. Teoy, on the ^gean Sea, at the foot of Mount Ida and 
opposite to the island of Tenedos, was founded byScamander, 
with a colony from Crete, b. c. 1546. Paris, son of Priam, 
king of Troy, visited Greece, and eloped with Helen, the 



INTRODUCTION^". 21 

wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. To avenge this insult 
arid injury, the Greeks, numbering 100,000 men and 1200 
ships, besieged the city of Troy for ten years, and finally 
captured it by the stratagem of the Wooden, ITorse, b. o. 
1184. 

2. Saudis, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Lydia, 
whose king, Crcesus, was the richest monar(;h of ancient 
times. In the great battles at this place and at Thymbra, 
B. c. 548, Lydia was conquered, and Croesus became the 
prisoner of Cyrus, afterward king of the Medo-Persian em- 
pire. The burning of Sardis by the Athenians and lonisms, 
B. c. 504, in retaliation for the protection aiforded to Hip- 
pias, the banished tyrant of Athens, by Darius Hystaspes, 
king of Persia, gave rise to the invasion of Greece by the 
Persians, b. c. 490. The modern name of Sardis, is Sart. 

3. HALiCAEisrASSus, in Caria, southwest part of Asia-Minor, 
on the ^gean Sea. celebrated as the birthplace of Herod- 
otus, the father of Profane History, and for the magnificent 
sepulchre built by queen Artemesia, b. c. 353, for her hus- 
band, king Mausolus, from whom this splendid tomb was 
called the Mausoleum^ a name since given to any costly 
sepulchre. 

4. Tarsus (in Hebrew, Tarshish, from one of the sons of 
Javan), was the metropolis of Cilicia, in the southeast part 
of Asia Minor, and situated near the mouth of the river 
Cydnus. This city is celebrated as the birthplace of the 
Apostle Paul, and as a seat of polite learning and philosophy, 
rivalling in fame the schools of Alexandria and Athens. 
Tarsus is remarkable also as the place where Cleopatra first 
met the Triumvir, Mark Antony. Approaching the city by 
water, her voyage up the river Cydnus was attended with 
every circumstance of sumptuous pageantry. Pier galley 
was covered with gold, and bore sails of purple. The oars 
w^ere silver, and kept time to the music of flutes and cym- 
bals. The queen, arrayed as the goddess Venus, reclined 



22 IITTRODUCTION'. 

on a couch spangled with stars of gold ; while surrounding 
her were boys dressed as cupids, and beautiful nymphs 
personating Nereids and Graces. Upon the banks of the 
river were kept burning the most exquisite perfumes, while 
multitudes of people gazed upon the exhibition with admi- 
ration and delight. The guilty intercourse, however, which 
began so joyously, formed in its speedy and fatal result an 
impressive illustration of the law : " the wages of sin is 
deathP 

S, The Ancient Capital of Persia — 

was Persepolis, in the central part of the kingdom, 
about thirty miles southwest of the present city of 
Shiraz. The date of the founding of this city is un- 
known; but it appears to have been enlarged by Cyrus 
the Great, after his accession to the throne, b. c. 536 ; 
and adorned by his son Cambyses with the spoils ob- 
tained in his Egyptian conquests, b. c. 525 ; and who also, 
it is thought, employed his Egyptian captives in erecting 
palaces, fortifications, sepulchres, etc, until Perse})olis be- 
came the most splendid city of the East. The Royal 
Palace of Forty Pillars^ consisting of a number of edifices, 
and, forming both a royal residence and a citadel of defence^ 
was a structure of surpassing magnificence. It was situ- 
ated on an artificial plane cut on the summit of a mountain, 
which, on three sides, was very steep, and considerably ele- 
vated above the plain beneath. The only way of access to 
this artificial plateau was by a double flight of marble steps 
so broad and shallow that they could easily be ascended 
and descended on horseback. The chief edifice was the 
Palace of Forty Pillars^ the remains of which are truly 
astonishing. The columns are sixty feet high, with capi- 
tals and bases of perfect symmetry and beauty, and evi- 
dently designed to support a roof of massy timber. This 
palace contained the great banqueting-hall of the kings ; 



I 



INTRODLXTIOX. 33 

the audience-chamber, where they received the profound 
homage of their subjects, or dispensed their beneficent 
orders ; and the domestic apartments of the royal family. 
On all the remaining walls, portals, and stairways are nu- 
merous sculptures in basso-relievo^ recording events in the 
history of Persia, or illustrating their manners and customs. 
After Alexander the Great had defeated Darius Codoma- 
nus in the battle of Arbela, b. c. 330, he celebrated his 
triumph in the banqueting-hall of this gorgeous palace ; 
and, at the close of his mad festivity, in the spirit of wanton 
destruction, set fire to the noble edifice. The city of Per- 
sepoliswas finally destroyed in the seventh century by the 
Saracens, in their fanatical persecution of the fire-worship- 
pers of Persia. 

9, Noted Cities of Ancient Europe, 

1. Athens, in Attica, southeast part of Greece, on the 
Saronic Gulf. This city, so long the metropolis of Ancient 
Greece, and still the capital of the modern kingdom, was 
founded by Cecrops, with a colony from Egypt, b. c. 1556. 
It was at first called Cecropia, from its founder, but after- 
ward the name was changed to Athena, or Athense, in 
honor of the goddess Minerva. The most noted places in 
A)::hens were — 1. The Acropolis^ or citadel, built on an im- 
mense rock, which is accessible only on one side. On the 
summit of the same rock stood, 2. The Parthenon, or 
Temple of Minerva, which, after being destroyed when the 
Persians burned Athens, b. c. 480, was rebuilt of the finest 
marble by Pericles. This chaste and beautiful edifice, 
although in ruins, still stands a monument to the taste and 
patriotism of that statesman. 3. The Court of the Areopa- 
gus, a celebrated judicial tribunal, held on Mars' Hill, a 
small eminence northwest of the Acropolis (Acts, xvii. 
16-34). 4. The Forum, or Agora, used for public assemblies 
and as a market-place. To this place people resorted daily, 



24 I2^TR0DUCTI0X. 

to the number of seventy thousand (Acts, xvii. 17). 5. 
The Stoa Pcecile^ or Portico of Paintings, where the phi- 
losopher Zeno first opened his school, and from which he is 
named the Stoic Philosopher. 6. The Academy^ beyond 
the walls of the city, and lying northwest of it, was a large 
enclosure adorned with groves, fountains, walks, statues, 
and altars. Here Plato possessed a small house, and here 
he established his celebrated school of philosophy, giving 
to this spot all its historic interest, and to the name its 
present classical signification. V. The Lyceum^ a sacred 
grove dedicated to Apollo, also without the city walls on 
the east. Like the Academy, it was decorated with foun- 
tains, walks, etc., and it was the resort both of those who 
devoted themselves to military exercises and of philoso- 
phers and students generally. It was the favorite prome- 
nade of Aristotle, who, as he instructed his disciples, walked 
through these charming grounds, and hence denominated 
\j\\Q Peripatetic Philosopher. 

Atliens, in the time of Pericles, b. c. 450, with its three 
seaports, Piraeus, Munychia, and Phalerum, with which it 
was connected by the celebrated Long Walls, formed one 
vast enclosed city, twenty-two miles in circuit, containing 
a population of about 500,000. 

2. Spakta, the capital of Laconia, in the southern part of 
Greece, was built by Lacedaemon, b. c. 1489. This city 
was neither so large nor so highly ornamented as Ath- 
ens ; and for many ages remained without walls. Its 
chief public places were — 1. The Forum^ containing the 
Senate House, and the halls of the E2)hori and other 
magistrates. 2. The Acropolis, an inconsiderable eleva- 
tion, on the summit of which was situated the Temple of 
Minerva. This edifice was riclily ornamented, and is cel- 
ebrated as the sanctuary where Pausanias took refuge 
from his indignant fellow-citizens when they sought to 
bring him to justice for treason. They would not violate 



I 






IN^TRODUCTIOK. 25 

he sanctuary, but they removed the roof, and preventing 
jiis ei^cape, he perished of exposure and starvation, b. c. 471. 
! Sparta was long the rival of Athens for the sovereignty 
pf Greece, and the disputes occasioned by their mutual 
jealousies involved all Greece in many desolating wars. 
j The Spartans were celebrated for the rigor of their mili- 
|;ary discipline, their personal bravery, and their contempt 
^f wealth and luxury. A celebrated instance of their 
bariotic valor was exhibited in the defence of the pass of 
rhermopylae by 300 Spartans led by king Leonid as, b. c. 480. 



SECTION III, 



SEAS, EIYERS, MOUNTAINS, AND OTHER LOCALITIES, ETC., 
I REMARKABLE IN ANCIENT HISTORY. 



^ 



, Seas most noted in Ancient History, 

, 1. The Mediterranean Sea, situated between Europe on 
the north, Asia on the east, and Africa on the south. It re- 
ceived this name from its occupying so important a position 
In the midst of the earthy as it was then known. It was 
also called the Great Sea, being the largest body of w^ater 
first knowm to the ancients. It is 2,250 miles long and 300 
Avide. 

2. The Red Sea, lying between Africa and Asia, in a 
southeasterly direction, in length about 1500 miles. It re- 
ceived its name from its vicinity to the land of Edom, 
which signifies red. 

This sea is celebrated for the passage of the Israelites, on 
their Exodus from Egypt, b. c. 1491, when Moses, at God's 
command, stretched forth his rod over the sea and divided 
|it, permitting the Children of Israel to pass through the 

2 



26 II^TRODUCTIOIS'. 

midst of the sea on dry ground. But when the Egyptians ' 
pursued them the sea returned to its place and over- 
whelmed them. (Exodus, xiv.). 

3. The EuxiNE, or Black Sea, about 700 miles longi 
from east to west, situated between Europe and Asia, 
and connected with the Mediterranean Sea by the Bos- 
phorus^ the Propontis (Sea of Marmora), and the ^gecmi 
Sea (the Archipelago). At the eastern extremity of the 
Euxine Sea was situated Colchis, the country whither a 
Jason conducted the Argonauts in search of the Golden 
Fleece, b. c. 1263. 

4. The Hellespont (Dardanelles), the strait which con- 
nects the Sea of Marmora with the Archipelago. This' 
passage of water is so called from Helle, the daughter ol 
Athainus, who was drowned here while fleeing from the 
cru(^lty of her stepmother, Ino. This strait is about (iO 
miles long, and from a half mile to a mile and a half wide. 
It is celebrated for the love and misfortunes of Hero, a 
beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestos ; and Leander, a 
youth of Abydos, on the opposite side of the strait. In 
attempting to swim across the strait during a tempestuous 
nio-ht, Leander was droAvned, and Hero, witnessino^ the fate 
of her lover, in despair threw herself into the sea and also 
perished. When Xerxes invaded Greece, u. c. 480, he 
crossed the Hellespont on an immense bridge of boats. 

5. The Sea of Galilee, called also the Sea or Ziake of 
Genesareth, or Tiberias, is situated in Palestine, on the 
eastern borders of Galilee. This interesting and beautiful 
body of water, so frequently mentioned in the Gospel 
history, is about sixteen miles from north to south, and 
from six to nine miles in width. A strong current marks 
the passage of the river Jordan through the midst of this 
lake, and when this is opposed by contrary winds, which 
occasionally blow with great violence from the adjoining 
mountains, boisterous waves are instantly raised, which the 



\ 

imall vessels of the country are ill qualified to resist 

Matthew, viii. 23-27, xiv. 24-26). When not agitated 
jy tempests the waters of this lake are perfectly clear, 
sweet, cool, and refreshing to the taste. 
j 6. The Dead Sea, or Zake of Sodom, which lies east 
t>f Judea, and which, receiving the waters of the river Jor- 
flan, has no visible outlet. This body of water, about sev- 
^^nty miles long and nineteen wide, covers the plain which 
[vas occupied by the cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, and two 
|)thers, until they were, for their great wickedness, con- 
sumed by fire from heaven, b. c. 1897 (Genesis, xix.). 
: The water of this sea is remarkable for its extreme salt- 
less, and great specific gravity ; and its shores, abounding 

11 sulphur and bitumen, produce no vegetation. A pro- 
found silence, awful as death, hangs over the lake, and its 
'lesolate, though majestic aspect, is well suited to the tales 
L-elated of it by the inhabitants of the country, who all 
speak of it witfi terror. The surface of this remarkable 
lake is 1300 feet below the level of the Mediterranean. 

^, Noted Hivers of Antiquity, 

1. The Euphrates, which rises near Mount Arai-at, and 
flowing in a southeasterly direction for 1400 miles through 
Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Chaldea, empties into the 
Persian Gulf 

2. The Tigris, 800 miles long, lies a short distance east 
Df the Euphrates, and flows through the same general re- 
gion (Turkey in Asia), and unites with the Euphrates at 
Apamea. The city of Babylon was situated on the Eu- 
phrates, and Nineveh, farther north, on the Tigris, oppo- 
site to the present site of Mosul, 

3. The Jordan, the famed river of the Holy Land, is 
about 100 miles long and 30 yards wide. This stream rises 
in the lake Phiala, near Csesarea Philippi, at the foot of 
Mount Antilibanus, and flowing south through Lake Me- 
rom and the Sea of Galilee, empties into the Dead Sea. 



28 INTEODUCTIOI^'. 

The Jordan is celebrated in the history of the Jews, for 
their miraculous passage of it, to enter Canaan, under the 
command of Joshua, b. c. 1451 ; and for the Baj)tism of our 
Saviour at his entering upon his public ministry, a. d. 26. 

4. The Nile, the great river of Egypt, rises in the inte-i 
rior of Africa, and flows north through Nubia and Egypt, 
2,800 miles, emptying into the Mediterranean Sea, by two, 
principal branches, which form the celebrated Delta of 
the Nile. ii 

This immense river is remarkable for flowing 1500 miles 
without receiving any tributary, and for the annual inun- 
dation of the region through which it passes. This over- 
flow is occasioned by the periodical rains which fall on the 
mountain regions where the river has its source ; and it is 
of the greatest importance to the country, in bearing re- 
newed fertility to every part of the extensive basin of this 
majestic river. The chief cities on the Nile were Thebes 
in Upper Egypt, and Memphis in Lower Egypt, near the 
present situation of Cairo. 

5. The Granicus, a small stream in Mysia, celebrated for 
the first battle between the army of Darius and that of 
Alexander the Great, on his invasion of Persia, b. c. 334. 

6. The Meander, 350 miles long, in the southwest part 
of Asia Minor, is so remarkable for its numerous windings 
and turninsis, that it sus^o^ested the words "meander" and 
" meandering," to denote any devious, winding way. 

7. The Tiber, in the central part of Italy, 150 miles long: 
flows south and empties into the Mediterranean Sea. This 
river derived its name from Tiberinus, king of Alba, who 
was here drowned. The city of Rome is situated on the 
Tiber, 16 miles from the sea. 

5. Mountains remarhahle in Ancient Scripture His^ 
tory, 

1. Mount Ararat, in Armenia (Turkey in Asia), 17,000 



IKTRODUCTION". 29 

eet high, on which Noah's Ark rested after the Universal 
peluge, B. c. 2347 (Gen. viii. 4). 

' 2. Mount Moriah, in the sonthern part of Canaan, 
^vhere Abraliarn prepared to offer np his son Isaac, b. c. 
1812 (Genesis, xxii.) ; and which was afterward selected 
^s the site of Solomon's Temple, b. c. 1011 (2 Chronicles, 
Sii. 1). 

3. Mount Horeb, in the Desert of Arabia, where God 
appeared to Moses in the Burning Bush (Exodus, iii. 1-6), 
and the adjacent Mount Sinai, from which were delivered 
the Ten Commandments, b. c. 1491 (^Exodus, xx.). 

4. Mount Tabok, in Galilee, supposed to be the scene of 
our Saviour's Transfiguration (Matthew, xvii. 1-8). Mu- 
lat, narrating the battle of Mount Tabor, between Napo- 
leon I. and the Turks, a. d. 1799, exclaims : " In the hottest 
of this terrible fight, I thought of Christ and his trans- 
figuration upon this very spot, two thousand years ago, 
and the reflection inspired me with tenfold courage and 
strength !" Mount Calvary, near Jerusalem, where our 
Saviour died for our sins on the cross, a. d. 33 (Matthew, 
xxvii.) ; and the Mount of Olives, whence He ascended 
into heaven (Acts, i. 1-12), and whither He shall return, 
when He comes to reign with his saints a thousand years 
(Zechariah, xiv.). 

4z, Mountains noted in Ancient Profane History. 

1. Mount Ida, near Troy in Asia Minor, famed as being 
the place where the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize of 
beauty to the goddess Venus. 

2 Mount Olympus, in Macedonia (Turkey in Europe), 
about a mile and a half in height : supposed by the an- 
cients to reach to the heavens ; and from that circumstance 
they imagined it to be the habitation of the gods, and 
where Jupiter held his court. 

3. Parnassus, in Phocis, near the centre of Greece. 



30 IXTRODUCTIOIs^. 

s 

This mount is celebrated as the place where Apollo slew 
the serpent Python ; in honor of which the Pythian games 
were celebrated eveiy fifth year. At the base o^ thisJS 
mountain was the city of Delphi, the regular place of 
meeting of the famous Amphictyonic council, or general 
congress of Greece, established by Amphictyon, king of 
Athens, B.C. 1497. 

4. The Alps, which separate Italy, on the north, from the' 
rest of Europe, is a chain of mountains 700 miles long, and 
from 11,000 to 15,000 feet high. Over this formidable 
barrier Hannibal, the brave Carthaginian general, passed 
in triumph from Spain, b. c. 218, and held possession of 
Italy for 16 years. 

5. Mount Vesuvius, in Campania (Naples), 3,932 feet 
high. This volcano is celebrated for an eruption which 
overwhelmed the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, a. d. 
79. In attempting to witness this terrific scene, Pliny the 
elder lost his life by suffocation. 

6. Mount Atlas, an immense range of mountains in 
the northwest part of Africa, 11,900 feet high. The an- 
cients imagined these mountains supported the heavens. 
According to the fables of the poets, they had once been a 
great giant, named Atlas, one of the Titans, and kino- of 
Mauritania; and that he had been changed into this moun- 
tain to bear the world on his shoulders. From this, we 
now give the name of Atlas to a collection of maps of the 
world. 

5. Other localities remarkable in Ancient History. 

1. The Garden of Eden, the delightful abode of our 
first parents, before they sinned against God. As Moses, the 
inspired historian of the ancient world, has not recorded the 
locality of Eden, it is now, sine© the universal Deluge, 
impossible to ascertain where it was situated. Some, how- 
ever, suppose the Garden of Erlpn was in Armenia, near the 



IJ^TRODUCTIOK. 31 

base of Mount Ararat. Others, that it comprehended the 
whole of Persia ; and, indeed, its site has been sought for 
in almost all parts of the world. In opposition to these 
theories, it is maintained by some respectable wn*iters that 
at the time of the Deluge the sea and land changed places, 
and therefore Eden could not have been on either of the 
present existing continents.* 

2. Uk of the Chaldees, the country of Terah, and 
birthplace of Abraham. The precise situation of this re- 
gion is not known, but it is supposed to have been in 
Chaldea (Turkey in Asia), not far from the Tigris. 

3. The Wilderness, or Desert, through which the 
Israelites wandered for forty years. This region is situated 
in the northw^est part of Arabia, between the Mediterranean 
and Red Seas. Different portions of this region are distin- 
2;uished by particular names : as The Wilderness of Shu?\ 
on the borders of Egypt; The Wilderness of Sinai, in the 
south, between the two arms of the Red Sea ; The Wilder- 
ness ofZin, in the northeast ; and T/ie Wilderness of Fa- 
ran, in the north. Through this dreary, desolate region, 
destitute of water, of forests, of highways, and of the 
means of subsistence, the Lord Jehovah led his redeemed 
but rebellious people, by a perpetual miracle, from Egypt 
to the promised land of Canaan. For shade, direction, and 
defence, the Lord appointed the Pillar of Cloud by day, and 
the Pillar of Fire by night. They drank of the stream 
which flowed from the smitten rockf in Horeb. Quails 
were sent in abundance, when they murmured for flesh ; 
and the daily supply of manna ceased not till they came 
to Jordan, on the borders of Canaan. 

4. The Plain of the Mediterranean Sea reaches from 
the river of Egypt to Mount Carmel. 

* Malte Brun.. vol. i., p. 300. „ ^ , , 

t This rock still remain!?. It is of red granite, 15 feet long, 10 feet broad, and 

12 foot high. Holes and channels appear in the stone, which could have been 

made only by riuuiing water. 



^^ IN^TRODUCTIOJ?". 

5. Marathon, in the eastern part of Greece, 20 miles 
northeast of Athens, at the base of Mount Pentelicus. This 
plain is famous for the total defeat of the Persians by the 
Greeks, under Miltiades, b. c. 490. 

6. Thermoptl^, a very narrow pass in the eastern part 
of Greece, leading from Thessaly into Locris. On one side 
is a steep ridge of mountains, and on the other is the sea, 
with deep and dangerous marshes, leaving a passage-way 
of only 25 feet in width at the narrowest part. This place 
receives its name from th^ hot baths which are in the neigh- 
borhood. It is rendered flxmous by the patriotic valor 'of 
Leonidas, who, at the head of 300 Spartans, for three days 
nobly resisted the onset of the army of Xerxes when he 
invaded Greece, b. c. 480. 

1. Arbela, a small town of Persia (now called Irbil), 
famous for being near the great battle-field where Alexander 
defeated Darius, and subverted the Persian Emnire b c 
330. F > • 

8. Zama, a town in northern Africa, 300 miles from Car- 
thage, celebrated for the great battle in which Scipio, the 
brave Roman general, defeated the illustrious Hannibal 
B. c. 202. 

9. AcTiFM, a town on the coast of Acarnania, western 
part of Greece, celebrated for the naval victory which Octa- 
vius gained over Antony and Cleopatra, and by which he 
became sole master of the Roman Empire, b. c. 31. 

10. ScYLLA and Charibdis, the former a rocky and dan- 
gerous promontory on the coast of Italy; and the latter an 
equally dangerous whirlpool on the opposite shore of Sicily, 
the straits of Messina being between them. 

6. TJie Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 

1. The Walls of Babylon. (See Babylon.) 

2. The Pyramids of Egypt. (See Memphis.) 

3. The Labyrinth of Psammetichus, on the Nile ; built 



INTEODUCTIOX. 



33 



;y twelve princes, of whom Psammetichus was chief, near 
.he city of Arsinoe, and at the southern extremity of Lake 
Moeris. This structure consisted of twelve magnificent 
Jialls or palaces, embracing fifteen hundred rooms, with 
Ittrraces and communications so arranged that no one en- 
[tering the labyrinth could possibly find the way out with- 
lout a'guide. There were also connected with this edifice 
.fifteen'' hundred rooms, underground, designed for subter- 
^ranean sepuU'-hres and for dwelling-places of the sacred 

j crocodiles. 

I There was another labyrinth in the island of Crete, the 
abode of the Minotaur slain by Theseus, king of Athens. 

■ 4. The Temple OF Diana at ErHESUS. This edifice was 
425 feet long, and 200 feet wide. The roof was supported 

I by 127 columns, each 60 feet high, presented by 127 kings. 
This temple was designed by the celebrated architect 
Ctesiphon, and it was 200 years in being built. It was 
burned on the night Alexander the Great was born, b. c. 
356, by one Erostratus, who designed in this way to render 
his 'name famous with posteriy. It was, however, soon 
after rebuilt with greater magnificence ; but it was burned 
a second time, a. d. 260. This temple is alluded to in 

Acts, xix. 

5. The Colossus of Rhodes. This was an immense 
image of a man, 150 feet high, built over the entrance of the 
harbor of Rhodes, so that vessels in full sail could pass be- 
tween its legs. It was constructed of brass by the architect 
Chares, who was 12 years in building it, b. c. 300. It was 
ascended on the inside by winding stairs, running to the 
top, from which could easily be discerned the coasts of 
Syria and the ships sailing to the shores of Africa. 

In the year b. c. 224 it was partly destroyed by an 
earthquake, and it remained in ruins many years. In a. d. 
672, Rhodes having been conquered by the Saracens, they 
sold the remains of the Colossus to a Jewish merchant of 

2* 



^^ li^TRODUCTIOX. 

Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, which wa^ 
valued at £36,000 sterling. Besides the Colossus, Rhodes 
produced two other celebrated works of art :— 1. The 
lalysus, the masterpiece of the exquisite painter Proto- 
genes. This is an historical painting representing a fabulous 
hero, whom the Rhodians acknowledged as their founder. 
The artist occupied seven years in completing it, during 
which time he obseiwed the utmost abstemiousness, that 
1 IS imagination might not be affected by his diet. 2. The 
Laocoon, styled the triumph of Greciin sculpture. It was 
executed by Polydorus, Athenodoms, and Aoesander, three 
famous artists of Rhodes. (For the story of the Laocoon 
see the Classical Dictionaries.) 

6. The Pharos, or Lighthouse of Alexandria. This 
edifice was built on a small island on the coast of Egypt, 
near Alexandria, by Ptolemy Soter and his son Philadelphus' 
kings of Egypt, B. c. 284. It was constructed of white 
marble, and could be seen at the distance of 100 miles at 
sea. On the top of this lighthouse fires were kept con- 
stantly burning to direct vessels into the harbor. At the 
direction of the king this inscription was placed on the 
tower: ''King Ptolemy to the gods, the saviours, for the 
benefit of sailors:' But Sostratus, the architect, wishino- to 
defraud the king of his just honor, and to perpetuate'his 
own name, falsely, as the founder of this splendid and 
useful edifice, first cut the inscription loith his own name in 
the marble : this he filled up with mortar; and then placed 
on It another inscription in mortar, with the name of 
Ptolemy. When in the course of time the mortar inscrip- 
tion was worn away by the action of the weather, the name 
of Ptolemy disappeared, and the inscription in the marble 
with the name of Sostratus remained; not in honor, but 
ni infamy, for all men knew the falsehood of the permanent 
mscription. This structure cost 800 talents, which if reck- 
oned in the currency of Athens, was £165,000; but if 



INTRODUCTIOiq". 35 

counted in the money of Alexandria, was double that 
amount. This splendid edifice has long since disappeared. 
7. The Aqueducts of Rome. These were costly and 
magnificent works for the supply of Rome with water. 
Three of these aqueducts still remain and supply with 
water the inhabitants of modern Rome. The remains of 
aqueducts constructed by the ancient Romans are found in 
various countries, which were formerly embraced within 
the Roman empire. One of the most splendid of these is 
at Segovia in Spain. 159 arches, joined without mortar, 
still remain to attest its ancient mag:nificence. 



SECTION IV. 



DIVISIONS OF TIME ^RAS ^PERIODS. 

I. The Day. 

The ancient Babylonians, Jews, and nearly all eastern 
nations, began the day at sun-rise. The Athenians, Turks, 
Austrians, and Italians, at sun-set. The Arabians, and 
astronomers of all nations, at mid-day. The ancient 
Egyptians, modern Europeans, Americans, and Chinese, at 
mid-niglit. 

The Chaldeans, Persians, and Romans divided the day 
and night each into four parts. The Jews divided the 
day into twelve hours, beginning at sun-rise ; and the night 
into four parts, or icatches. This was in the time of our 
Saviour. Nearly all modern nations divide the day into 
twenty-four hours, counting twice from 1 to 12, alternately 
from mid-day and mid-night. But the Italians, Bohemians, 
and Poles count from 1 to 24, from sun-set to sun-set. 

2. The Names of the Days of tlte Weeli, 

The ancient Chaldeans named the days of the week 



36 i:n^teoduction. 

from the Sun, the Moon, and from the planets Mars, 
Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn; to which heavenly- 
bodies they had previously given the names of their 
principal divinities. And the old Saxons, with nearly all 
modern Europe, adopting the same general system, re- 
tained the names Sun day. Moon day, and for the rest 
substituted the names of the great Scandinavian divinities, 
from which the present English names are derived : Tues- 
day from Tuisco, Wednesday from Wooden or Odin^ Thurs- 
day from Thor^ Friday from Frea^ and Saturday from 
Saturne. 

3, The Week, 

The origin of the almost universal division of time into 
"Weeks," or periods of Seven Days each, was the creation 
of all things in the space of six days, and the divine ap- 
pointment of one day in seven as a rest, or Sahhath^ after 
the example of Jehovah (Genesis, i. 2 ; Exodus, xx. 8-11). 
The ancient Chaldeans began the week with Saturday ; 
the Hebrews and Christians begin with Sunday ; and the 
Mahometans with Friday. 

4:, The History of the Names of the Months, 

1. January, so called by the Romans from Janus^ one 
of their deities, to whom the first day of the year was 
sacred. It corresponds to Sebat (Zech. i. T), the fifth 
c^w^7, and the eleventh sacred month of the Jews. The 
Anglo Saxons called it Aefter-Geola — After-Christmas. 

2^ February received its name from Fehrualia, a feast 
of purifications held by the Romans in this month, by 
which the people were ' supposed to be cleansed from the 
sins of the whole year. It corresponds to Adar (Ezra, vi. 
15), the sixth civil, and the twelfth sacred month of the 
Jews. 

3. March (Latin Martins) was so named by the Romans 



INTRODUCTION^. 37 

in honor of Mars, their god of war. It answers the Jewish 
NisAN or Abib (Xeh. ii. 1), the seventh of their civil, and 
the first of their sacred year. By the Saxons it was named 
Uli/d-tnonat/i, the loud or tumultuous month; and also 
Zienct-monath. 

4. April (Latin A2yrilis) is so called from aperio, to open, 
in allusion to the opening of the young buds of trees and 
flowers, and the development of vegetation. It corresponds 
to the Jewish Ijar, Zif or Ziv (I Kings, vi. 1), the eighth 
of their civil, and second of their sacred year. Its Saxon 
name was Eoster, or Oster-monath. 

5. May is so denominated from Maia, the most beautiful 
of the Pleiades and the fabled mother of Mercury. The 
corresponding Jewish month was SiVAii (Esther, viii. 9), 
the ninth of their civil, and third of their sacred year. The 
Saxons call it the Tri railki-mojiath, or Thre-e-milk month. 

6. June (Latin Junius) was so named from Jano, one of 
the fabled goddesses of the Romans. It answers to the 
Jewish Tammuz, the tenth of their civil, and fourth of their 

sacred year. 

7. July (Latin Jidius), called in honor of Julius Caesar, 
who was born in it. It answers to Ab, the eleventh month 
of the Jewish civil year, and the fifth of their sacred year. 

8. August, so called by the Romans in honor of the 
emperor Augustus. It corresponds to the Jewish Elul 
(Neh. vi. 15), their twelfth civil, and sixth sacred month. 

9. September, now the ninth, was anciently the seventh 
month, as is indicated by its name, which is derived from 
septem, si<?nifyin,g seven. It answers to Tisri or Ethanim 
(1 Kings, viii. 2), the first month of the civil, and the seventh 
of the sacred year of the Jews. Our Saxon ancestors called 
it Gerst-monath, or Barley-month. 

10. October, from the Latin word octo, eight, indicating 
the place it held in the Roman calendar. To the Jews it 
was known as Bul, signifying decay, as in the fall of the 



38 lisTKODUOTIOX. 

leaf (1 Kings, vi. 38), or Maechesvan, as it was called after 
the captivity. 

11. November is from the Latin novem, nine, it being 
the ninth month of the Roman calendar. It corresponds to 
the Jewish Chisleu (Neh. i. 1), which signifies chilled ; 
the third month of their civil, and ninth of their sacred year. 

12. December, fi-om the Latin decern, ten, as it was the 
tenth month in the Roman year. It answers to the Jewish 
Tebeth (Esther, ii. 16), which signifies miry, and is the 
fourth of their civil, and tenth of their sacred year. By the 
Saxons it was named Aerra.-Geola, or Befure-Christmas. 

5, The Year and its Divisions, 

1. The Egyptians, Chaldeans, Persians, Syrians, and Jews 
began the year at the autumnal equinox. But the Jews 
began their sacred year at the vej'nal equinox. 

2. The Greeks, Romans, and the nations of Modern 
Europe and America about the winter solstice (first of 
January). ^ ' 

3. The Chinese, with the first new moon after the sun 
enters the constellation Aquarius, 

4. The Mahometans, on the 16th of July, in commem- 
oration of the flight of Mahomet. 

5. The American Indians, with the first new moon after 
the vernal equinox, which corresponds with the beginning 
of tlie Jewish sacred year. 

6. Romulus, the founder of Rome, divided the year into 
ten months, or 304 days; and Numa Pompilius, the second 
king of Rome, added the months of January and February 
to the ten in the calendar of Romulus, and made the number 
of days 355. This being about ten and one-fourth days 
shorter than the true solar year, as measured by the revolu- 
tion of the earth around the sun, occasioned, like all preced- 
ing calendars, gi'eat confusion in the recurrence of the son- 
sons and in the records of history. In the time of Julius 



INTRODUCTION. 39 

Caesar, b. c. 46, the difference between the solar year and 
the calendar of Nuraa had amounted to ninety days, or 
three months. 

6*. Jidius Ccesar reforms the Calendar of the Civil Year. 

Assisted by Sosigenes the astronomer, Caesar conformed 
the civil year to the solar, by making the number of days 
365 ; and the annual excess of the solar year, which he esti- 
mated at six hours, amounting to one day in four years, 
was taken into the account by making every fourth year 
contain 366 days : the additional day being appended to 
the month of February, which, therefore, in Leap Year, as 
it is named, contains twenty-nine days. This arrangement 
is called the Julian Calendar. And had the difference be- 
tween the civil and solar years been exactly six hours, as 
estimated by Cgesar, no further correction would have been 
necessary ; but as the annual allowance of six hours was 
about eleven minutes too much, it introduced an error of 
forty-four raiimtes every four years, or nearly a whole day 
in 130 years. Of course this difference, in many centuries, 
became very considerable, forin the year A. D. 1577 the vernal 
equinox occurred on the 11th of March, instead of on the 
21st, as it had done in the year a. d. 325. 
7. This error corrected. 

It was noticed first by the venerable Bede, a. d. 730 ; but 
nothino- was done to correct it till the latter part of the 
sixteenth century. At that time Pope Gregory XIII. invited 
to Rome the most learned mathematicians and astronomers 
to consider this important subject; and after it had been 
discussed for ten years, the plan proposed by two brothers, 
Aloisius and Antoninus Lilius, was adopted. Ten days 
were taken from the month of October, 1582, by calling the 
5th of that month the 15th. This restored the 21st of 
March to the vernal equinox, and corrected the error which 
had accumulated since the time of Caesar.. And to prevent 



40 i:5^TE0DUCTI0l!r. 

the recurrence of the error it was decreed that every fourth 
year should be leap year, as in the Julian Calendar; but 
that every hundredth year, for three successive centuries, 
should be common years, and the fourth hundredth should 
be a leap year: for example, 1700, 1800, and 1900 are com- 
mon years, and 2000 will be a leap year. By this plan, 
which is called the Gregorian Calendar^ the error will not 
exceed a day in the course of 5,000 years. 

The Julian Calendar is called Old Style, and is still re- 
tained in Russia, and by the adherents of the Greek Church 
generally. The Gregorian Calendar^ denominated New 
Style, was adopted at its publication in 1582 in all Roman 
Catholic countries, but it was not introduced into England 
till 1752.* 
8, Chronological JEras adopted in recording History, 

1. The Creation of the World, which, according to the 
Hebrew text of the Scriptures, was b. c. 4004 ; according 
to the Samaritan text, b. c. 4700 ; and according to the 
Septuagint text, b. c. 5872. 

In dating from the Creation, the letters a. m. mean Anno 
Mundi, in the year of the world. 

2. The ^ra of the Olympiads, which began b. c. 776. 
This was used by the Greeks till the time of the emperor 
Constantine, a. d. 330. 

3. The JEra of Nahoiiassar, which began b. c. 747, was 
used by ancient astronomers in honor of Nabonassar, a 
famed astronomer, who, at that date, began to reign as king 
at Babylon, after the death of Sardanapalus. 

4. The Foundation of Rome, b. c. 753. This sera was 
used by Roman authors, and is marked a. u. c. Anno Urbis 
Conditse, from the year of the building of the city. 



* Almanacks were first made in modern times by the Saracens. The name Alma- 
nacJc is from the Arabic Almanach — " the count," or " account" (of time). Re- 
giomontanus, the astronomer, was the first European that computed an ahnanack 
like those used at present. (1475.) 



ixtiioductio:n". 41 

5. The JEra of Seleucidoe^ which began b. c. 312, on the 
accession of Seleucus Nicator, one of the successors of Al- 
exander the Great, to the government of Babylon. It was 
adopted generally throughout Syria and the East. It was 
called by the Jews the ^ra of Contracts, because all their 
contracts were for ages dated according to it. In the books 
of the Maccabees this sera is called the JEra of the king- 
dom of the Greeks ; and it continued to be used by Jews, 
Christians, and Mahometans in Syria for a thousand years 
after Christ. 

6. The Hegira, which began a. d. 622, is used by the Ma- 
hometans, and is so named from the flight (in Arabic 
Hegira) of Mahomet from the persecution of his enemies 
in Mecca, on the night of July 15, a. d. 622. 

7. The Christian uEra, or A. D., was introduced by Di- 
onysius the Monk, a. d. 516 ; but it was not generally 
adopted till A. D. 748. After it had been some time in 
use it was discovered that an error had been committed 
respecting the true time of our Saviour's birth, which actu- 
ally occurred three years and eight days (commonly reck- 
oned four years) before the beginning of the aera as intro- 
duced by Dionysius.* 

9, Tlie Periods of General History— 

Fourteen : seven in Ancient History, and seven in Modern 
History. (See Introduction, Sec. 1.) 

10, The First PeiHod of Ancient Sistory is— 

That which extends from the Creation, b. c. 4004, to 
the Universal Deluge, b. c. 2348, a period of 1656 years. 
Distinguished chiefly by the longevity of the antediluvian 
patriarchs, and named the Antediluvian Period. 



* On the subject of Chronology, great diversity of opinion prevails, especially 
respecting the dates in the earlier part of Ancient History. The system adopted 



in this work is that of Usher. 



42 IKTRODUCTIOI^. 

11, The Second Period of Ancient History is — 

That which extends from the Universal Deluge, b. c. 
"2348, to the Call of Abraham, b. c. 1921, 427 years. 
Remarkable for the repeopling of the earth and the con- 
fusion of tongues, and named the Period of Dispersio7i. 

12, The Third Period of Ancient History — 

Is named the Patriarchal Period, and it extends from 
the Call of Abraham, b. c. 1921, to the Exodus of the 
Israelites from Egypt, b. c. 1491, 430 years. Remarkable 
for the bondage of the Israelites in Egypt. 

13, The FotirtJi Period of Ancient History — 

Is distinguished by the establishment of the Hebrews in 
Canaan. It extends from the Exodus, b. c. 1491, to the 
dedication of Solomon's Temple, b. c. 1004, 487 years. It 
is named the Period of the Hebrew Commonioealth. 

14, The Fifth Period of Ancient History — 

Extends from the dedication of Solomon's Temple, b. c. 
1004, to the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus and Darius, 
B. c. 538, 466 years. Remarkable for the splendid reign 
of Solomon at Jerusalem, for the secession of the Ten 
Tribes from the House of David, and for the victories of 
the kings of Assyria. It is named the Period of the 
Assyrian Empire. 

15, The Sixth Period of Ancient History — 

Is named the Period of the Persian Empire. It 
extends from the capture of Babylon by Darius and his 
nephew Cyrus, b. c. 538, to the battle of Arbela, b. c. 330, 
when Persia was conquered by Alexander the Great, 208 
years. Remarkable for the restoration of the Jews from 
Babylon to their own country, and for the unsuccessful 
attempts of the Persian monarchs to conquer Greece. 

IG, The Seventh Perio€l of Ancient History is— 

That which extends from the conquest of Persia by 



INTRODUCTION^. 43 

Alexander the Great, in the battle of Arbela, b. c. 330, to 
the advent of our Saviour, a. d., a period of 330 years. It 
is remarkable for the astonishing conquests of Alexander 
the Great, and for the division of his vast empire into four 
monarchies, under Lysimachus, Seleucus, Ptolemy, and 
Cassander. It is named the Macedonian Period. 

17, The First Period of Modem History is— 

That which extends from the advent of Christ to the 
emperor Constantine, a. d. 330, 330 years. It is dis- 
tinguished by the prevalence of the Roman empire, which 
had been established by Augustus one year after the battle 
of Actium,B. c. 30; by the introduction of the gospel, and 
by the persecution of the Christians by tlie pagan Romans. 
It is named the Period of the Roman Empire. 

18, The Second Period of Modern History is— 

The Period of the Byzantine ^?nJO^Ve— extending 292 
years from Constantine, a. d. 330, to Mahomet, a. d. 622. 
Remarkable for the removal of the seat of the Roman 
empire from Rome to Byzantium, thence named Constanti- 
nople, A. D. 330 ; for the division of the Roman empire 
into two parts, under Arcadius, emperor of the Eastern or 
Greek empire, and Honorius, emperor of the Western or 
Latin empire, a. d. 395 ; and for the conquest of the 
Western empire by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, a. d. 478. 

19, The TJiird PeHod of Modern History is— 

The Period of the Saracen ^m^^Ve— extending 178 
years, from Mahomet, a. d. 622, to Charlemagne, a. d. 800. 
Distinguished by th-e rise of the Saracen power, and for 
the establishment of the supremacy and temporal dominion 
of the popes of Rome, a. d. 6D6-755. 

20, The Fourth Period of Modern History is distin- 

guished — 
By the revival of the Western empire by Charlemagne, 
A. D. 800, known afterward, first as the Frank, and then as 



44 



INTRODUCTION^". 



the German empire ; by the consolidation of the Saxon 
Heptarchy into the kingdom of England under Egbert, 
A. D. 827 ; by the rise of the Turkish power among the 
Saracens, a. d. 830-881 ; and by the Norman conquest of 
England, a. d. 1068. This period extends from Charlemagne, 
A. D. 800, to Peter the Hermit, a. d. 1098 ; and it is named 
the Period of the Rise of the German Empire. 

21. The Fifth Period of Modern History^ 

Is named the Period of the Crusades ; and it extends 
from Peter the Hermit, a. d. 1098, to Christopher Columbus, 
A. D. 1492. It is distinguished by the Crusades or Holy 
Wai-s waged by the Christian nations of Western Europe 
for the rescue of Palestine from the Mahometans, a. d. 
1098 ; by the conquests of the Moguls, Tartars, and Turks, 
A. D. 1218-1453, and by the civil wars of the Koses in 
England, a. d. 1453-1485. 

22. The Sixth Period of Modern History— 

Extends from the discovery of America by Columbus, 
A. D. 1492, to the declaration of American Independence, 
A. D. 1776. This period is distinguished by the maritime 
discoveries of Columbus and others ; by the Reformation, 
A. D. 1517; by the union of the crowns of England and 
Scotland, a. d. 1603 ; by the rise of the Russian empire, 
and by the colonization of America. It is named the 
Colonizing Period. 

23. Tlie Seventh Period of Modern History is— 

That which extends from the declaration of Independ- 
ence, A. D. 1776, to the present time. It is distinguished 
as the Period of American Progress and European War. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 



PART FiEST-AKOIEH^T HISTORY. 



Period I. — Antediluvian. 

The Creation, ( ) Universai. Deluge, 

B. c. 4004. ^ 1656 years. [ b. c. 2348. 

Adam — Garden of Eden. ( ) Noah — Mount Ararat. 

1, The History of this Period of sixteen centuries and 
a half is found only in the first six chapters of the book of 
Genesis. 

2, The Chief Subjects of this History are: — 1. The 
creation of all things in six days.* 2. The fall of our 
first parents from obedience and innocence. 3. The prom- 
ise of a Saviour. 4. The story of Cain and Abel. 5. A 
genealogy of the patriarchs. 6. The great wickedness of 
mankind. 7. The building of the Ark by Noah, as a refuge 
from the approaching flood, 

5. "In the beginning God created the heaven and 
the earth,'' b. c. 4004. At first the earth was without form 
and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep, and 
the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. On 
the first day "God said, Let there be light, and there 
was light." The atmosphere or firmament was formed on 
the second day, separating (by continual evaporation) " the 
waters from the waters." On the third day the waters of 
the earth were gathered into oceans and seas ; and grass, 

* The days of creation are by some understood to have been successive perioda 
of very great length. 



46 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 4004 

herbs, and trees were caused to grow from the ground. On 
the fourth day the sun, moon, and stars were created to 
illumine the heavens and the earth. Fishes and birds were 
called into being on the fifth day. And on the sixth day 
God, having given life to beasts and creeping things, 
crowned his glorious work by making man in his own 
image. "Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, 
and all the host of them. " 

4, In connection with the curse pronounced upon the 
tempter, there was given to our first parents a glorious 
PROMISE OF A Saviour, wliicli was fulfilled 4000 years 
after in the person Jesus (Gen. iii. 15). 

5, Of the Antediluvian Patriarchs, Enoch and 
Methuselah were distinguished : the first, by being taken 
to heaven without dying, b. c. 3017; and the second, as the 
oldest man of whom we read in all history, his age being 
969, B. c. 2348. 

6, l*rogress in the Arts is alluded to in Genesis iv. 
20-22, such as architecture, husbandry, the working of 
metals, music, and probably astrology. Of other matters 
relative to the antediluvian world we have little or no 
information. 

7, The appointed time being come, according to the 
divine prediction, Noah and his family entered the ark, 
"the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the 
windows of heaven were opened ;" — " and the waters pre- 
vailed on the earth an hundred and fifty days," b. c. 2348. 



Period II. — Dispersion. 

The Deluge, ( ) Call of Abraham, 

B. c. 2348. ] 427 years. [ b. c. 1921. 

Noah — Mount Ararat. { ) Ur of the CJmldees. 

1, The Dispersion Period is noted chiefly for the re- 
peopling of the earth by the descendants of Noah. 



to 2348.] 



DISPERSIO:^^. 



47 



2, The Chief Matters of the period are the following : 
the Deluge having continued about a year, the waters 
subside. Noah and his family leave the ark, which had 
rested on Mount Ararat. He builds an altar, and God 
gives him the covenant of the rainbow, b. c. 2317. 

3, The Tower of Babel, one square furlong at the base, 
and one furlong in height, and designed as a rallying-point, 
built on the banks of the Euphrates. The Confusion of 
Tongues and the Dispersion of mankind over the earth, 
B. c. 2247. 

4, The Sons of Noah, from whom, according to the 
Bible, are descended the present races of men : * 



I. Japhet, 
father of 



1. GoMER, the father of the Germans. 

2. Magog, " " *' Turks, Hungarians, ete. 

3. Madai, " " " Medes. 

4. Javan, " " " Greeks, Romans. 

5. Tubal, " " " Tartars. 

6. Meshech, '* " " Muscovites. 

7. Thiras, " " " Thracians. 



II. Shem, 
father of 



III. Ham, 

father of 



1.. Elam, 

2. AsiiuR, " 

3. Arphaxad, " 
4 LuD, 
5. Aram, " 

1. CUSH, 

2. MiSRAIM, 

3. Put, 

4. Canaan, 



the father of the Persians. 
" " " Assyrians. 

" " Chaldees and Jews. 
" " " Lydians. 
" " " Syrians. 

the father of the Babylonians. 
" " " Egyptians. 
*' " " Libyans. 
" " " Phoenicians, Cartha- 
ginians, etc. 



5, Noah himself, with his younger children, it is sup- 
posed, emigrated eastward, and, under the name of Fohi, 
founded the monarchy of China, about b. c. 2207. 

6, Babylon, built by Nimrod, son of Cush, around the 
Tower of Babel, which he used as an astrological observa- 



*Upon this subject Naturalists mahitaui couflictins theories. 






48 GEJiI"ERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 234S 

tory,* B. c. 2217. Nimkod introduced the Zabian idolatry, 
or worship of the heavenly bodies. After his decease he 
was deified by his subjects, and in their superstition, im 
ao;ined to have been translated to the constellation Orion. 

7, Astrology, or the art of divining by the heavenly 
bodies, was cultivated by nearly all ancient nations. At a 
very early period men noticed the distinction between the 
planets and fixed stars, grouping the latter in constellations 
and arrano;ino- the twelve sio-ns of the Zodiac. Ynchi. a 
Chinese astronomer, is supposed to have been the first that 
noticed the position of the north polar star, about b. c. 2500, 
according to the Chinese chronology. 

8, Ashur, son of Shem, being driven out of Babylon, went 
north, and founded Nineveh on the Tigris, b. c. 2217. Soon 
after this Babylon and Nineveh appear to have been 
united, forming the First Assyrian Empire, of which very 
little is known for more than thirteen hundred years. 

9, 3Ien€s<f probably Misraim, son of Ham, founds the 
monarchy of Egypt, 2188 ; which soon after is divided into 
four dynasties : Thebes, Thin, Memphis, and Tanais. The 
Egyptians at a very early period became eminent in civili- 
zation and the arts, and in process of time emigrating 
colonists bore their culture to other lands. 

10, Sicyon (earliest town in Greece), founded by the 
Pelasgi, 2089. 

11, Tlie Shepherd Kings from Arabia conquer Lower 
Egypt, 2084 ; and hold it 259 years. 

12, Ninus reigns at Babylon — succeeded by his queen, 
Semiramis, 1988. 

13, Sidon, in Phoenicia, and DamascuSf in Syria, 
founded about this time. 

14, Terahf father of Abraham, departing with his family 



* When Alexfinder the Great captnved Babylon, e. c. 330, Calisthenes, his 
astronomer, found here calculations of eclipses for a pt;riod of 1903 yeara pre- 
ceding, corresponding with the supposed time of Nimrod. about B. c. 2233. 



o 1491.] PA.TRIARCHAL. 49 

rom Ur for Canaan, remained a short time in Haran, where 
le died, aged 205 years. 1922. 



Period III. — Patriarchal.. 

The Call of Abram, \ /The Exodus, 

B. c. 1931. I 430 years. ] b. c. 1491. 

Ur of the Ghaldees. ) i Moses — Bed Sea. 

1, The Patriarchal Period is chiefly distinguished by — • 
[. The wandering of the Hebrew patriarchs as pilgrims in 
,he land of Canaan. 2. By the bondage of their descend- 
ints in Egypt. 3. By the colonization of Greece by emi- 
grants from Phoenicia and. Egypt. 

II. — Chronology of the Period. 

B.C. 

L921. Abram, son of Terah, at God's direction, continues his journey 
from Haran, and at 75 years of a2;e becomes a pilgrim in the 
land of Canaan, which had been promised as the inheritance 
of his children. 

L918. Abram and his nephew Lot separate. 

L918. Melcliizedek meets Abram returning from the defeat of the 
four kings, and blesses him. 

L897. Abram's name changed to Abraham. Circumcision instituted. 
Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed. 

L892. Ishmael, eldest son of Abraham, sent away with his mother 
Hagar ; becomes the father of the Arabs. 

1872. Isaac, Abraham's child of promise, rescued from sacrifice. 

1856. Argos founded by Inachus with a colony from Phoenicia. 

1825. The Shepherd kings expelled from Lower Egypt by Thetmosis. 

LI 93. Ogyges begins to reign in Attica, 

1 760. Jacob, by a stratagem of his mother, obtains his father's bless- 
ing, and flees to his uncle Laban, with whom he remains 
twenty years. 

1722. Sesostris, or Ramases, king of Egypt. 

1715. Joseph made governor of Egypt. 

1707. The Israelites (70 persons), at the beginning of th£ semn years' 
famine, remove to Egypt. 

1582. The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins. 



50 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. €» 1921 

B.C. 1 1 

1577. Ramasea Miamum, king of Egypt, cruelly persecutes the 
Israelites. 

1556. Athens founded by Cecrops with a colony from Egypt. 

1546. Troy founded by Scamander from Crete, 

1532. The Areopagus decide a contest between Mars and Neptune| 
two princes of Thessaly. 

1531. Moses, having slain an Egyptian, flees to the land of Midian. 

1529. The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly. 

1521. The Amphict3^onic Council instituted. (1497 ?) 

1520. Corinth founded by Sisyphus, son of ^olus. 

1493. Thebes, in Bceotia, built by Cadmus, a Phoenician, who intro- 
duces alphabetic writing into Greece. 



III. — Biography^ etc.^ of the Period. 

1. Abraham^ the son of Terab, of the family of Shem, 
whom God called to leave his native country, Ur of the 
Chaldees, at the age of seventy-five years, in order to dwell 
as a pilgrim in the land of Canaan, 1921. God promised 
to make of Abraham's children a great nation, to give 
them the land of Canaan, and that in him, and in his seed, 
all the families of the earth should be blessed. Abraham 
believed and obeyed God in all things, and is therefore 
justly styled " the friend of God, and the father of the 
faithful" (Genesis, xii. 1-9 ; Galatians, iii. 16). 

2, Melchizedeh, the king of Salem, or Salim, and priest 
of the Most High God, who came out to meet Abraham 
and bless him, after the defeat of the four kings who had 
pillaged Sodom, and to whom Abraham gave tithes of 
all the recovered property. 1913. (Genesis, xiv. 18-20; 
Hebrews, v. 6-10.) 

3, Ishmael was the son of Abraham and his wife Hasrar. 
Being sent away with his mother, at God's direction, he 
dwelt in the wilderness, and became the father of the Arabs. 
1892. (Genesis, xxi. 9-21.) 

4. Isaac was the son of Abraham and his wife Sarah, 
born, according to the promise of God, when his father was 



Ijto 1491.] PATEIARCHAL. 51 

lone hundred years old. 1896. As the promises which God 
jhad made to Abraham respecting his numerous posterity, 
jthe occupancy of Canaan, etc., were to be fulfilled only 
,lthrough Isaac, the Lord, to make full proof of his faith, 
llcommanded him to offer this son up as a burnt sacrifice, 
jjisaac being about twenty-five years of age. Abraham 
believing that, though his son were dead, God was able 
jto raise him from the dead, and that, therefore, the 
lidivine promises respecting Isaac would not fail of their 
taccomplishment, prepared to obey the Lord's command. 
But when about to slay his son, the angel of the Lord ar- 
p-ested him, and provided a ram, which Abraham offered 
|iup instead of Isaac. 1872. (Gen. xxii. l-i9; Heb. xi. 
|17-19.) 

S 5, Esau, the son of Isaac and Rebecca, who sold his 
birthright for a mess of pottage ; but when " afterward he 
Mould have inherited the blessing, he found no place of 
iVepentance, though he sought it carefully with tears" 
j(Gen. XXV. 29-34 ; Heb. xii. 16, 17.) 

I 6, Jacob, the brother of Esau, who, having bought his 
|])rother's birthright, obtained his father's dying blessing by 
1'^ stratagem of his mother, 1760- To avoid the vengeance 
of his brother he fled to Padan-Aram, and dwelt twenty 
jyears with his uncle Laban, whose daughters, Rachel and 
Leah, he married. 

7. Joseph, the son of Jacob and his wife Rachel, being 
envied and hated by his elder brothers, was sold by them 
as a slave into Egypt. 1728. There he was thrown into 
prison on a false accusation ; but afterward he was released 
in order to interpret Pharaoh's dreams, and finally became 
ruler over the whole land of Egypt. God having given 
Joseph wisdom to make provision against a seven years' 
famine, he sent for his father and brethren and supplied 
them with bread, and gave them a home in the land of 
Egypt 1706. (Gen. xxxix., xl., xli.), etc. 



52 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 1921 

8, Inachus^ a native of Phoenicia, the son of Oceanus 
and Tethys. Emigrating to Greece, he built the city of 
Argos, on the Gulf of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus, b. c. 
1856, over which he reigned sixty years. He built a temple 
to Apollo on Mount Lycaon, and taught the people a 
knowledge of the gods. 

9, The Shepherd Kings were tattooed barbarians, and so 
called by the Egyptians from the multitude of their flocks 
and herds. Headed by their chief, jSalatis, they seized 
Lower Egypt, b. c. 2084, and held it under seventeen 
dynasties, until b. c. 1825. 

10, Ogyges, a Phoenician or Egyptian, who, among the 
first that colonized Greece, reigned in Boeotia or Attica, at a 
very early period, b. c. 1798. During his reign occurred a 
deluge in Attica, that so inundated the region that it is 
said to have laid waste 200 years. 

11, Sesostris, a renowned king of Egypt, remarkable 
for his conquests, his wealth, and good government. The 
time of his re'ig-n is uncertain. 

12, The Arundelian Marbles, — Tablets of Grecian chro- 
nology, composed and carved on Parian marble, b. c. 264. 
The chronology of Greece, as now commonly received, is for 
the most part founded on these records, and it extends to the 
year b. c. 1582. These tablets were obtained a. d. 1625, by the 
Earl of Arundel, and are now in the University of Oxford, 
England. 

13, Cecrops, a native of Sais, in Egypt, whence he led a 
colony into Greece, occupied Attica, and built Athens, b. c. 
1556. Cecrops died after a reign of fifty years, which he 
spent in regulating his kingdom and elevating the minds 
of his subjects. By some he is supposed to have instituted 
the celebrated Judicial Tribunal, the Areopagus (the Hill 
of Jfars), so called because Mars, a prince of Thessaly, who 
had committed murder, was the first criminal condemned 
by this court, b. c. 1532. 



to 1491.] ^^*™^~KEiREW COMMONWEALTH. 53 

14» Scamander, the leader of a colony from the island 
of Crete, who founded the city of Troy, b. c. 1546. 

15. Deucalion, a prince of Thessaly, in whose reign oc- 
curred a partial inundation, magnified by the poets into a 
universal deluge — b. c. 1529. 

16, CadmtcSf the son of Agenor, a king of Phoenicia, emi- 
grating to Greece settled in Bceotia and built the city of 
Thebes, b. c. 1493. Cadmus brought with him the Phoeni- 
cian alphabet, instructed the people in its use and in the 
worship of many of the Phoenician and Egyptian divinities. 
The alphabet of Cadmus consisted of only sixteen letters, 
to which eight others were afterward added. After this the 
Greeks made rapid advances in civilization. 



Period IY. — Hebrew Commonwealth. 

Exodus of Israel, ) ( Dedication of Temple, 

B. c. 1491. } 487 years. ] b. c. 1004. 

MosKs— The Bed Sea. ) ( Solomon— J^rwsaZm. 

1, This period is distinguished by the deliverance of 
the Hebrews from Egypt, their wandering in the Desert for 
forty years, and their establishment in Canaan, the Land of 
Promise ; and as the Heroic Age of Grecian history. 

II. — The Chronology of the Period. 

B. C. 

1491. Moses institutes the Passover, and conducts the Israelites out 

of Egypt : Pharaoh Amenophis pursuing them, is drowned 

with his host in the Ked Sea. 
1490. Sparta founded by Lacedsemon. 
1453. The Olympic Games instituted in Greece. 
1451. Aaron, the first Jewish Higli-Priest, dies. 

The Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses written. 
1451. Joshua, succeeding Moses, leads the Israelites into Canaan, 

after wandering in the Desert forty years. 
1438. Pandion, king of Athens. 
1406. Minos, the celebrated Cretan lawgiver, and the fabled judge 

of the dead. 
1405. Othniel, the first Hebrew judge. 



♦ 



•J^ GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 1491 

B. C, 

1383. Erectlieus restores the worship of Minerva in Attica. 

1325. Shamgar slays 600 Philistines with an ox-goad. 

1285. Deborah and Barak defeat Sisera. 

1283. Pelops, a Lydian, gives his name to southern Greece. (The 

Peloponnesus.) 
1263. The Argonautic expedition. 
1257. Theseus, a Grecian hero, and the founder of Democracy at 

Athens. 
1252. Tyre built, and becomes the capital of Phoenicia. 
1224. Priam, king of Troy. 
1209. Death of Hercules. 
1184. Troy taken by the Greeks after a siege of ten years, in the time 

- of Jephthah, the Hebrew judge. 
1120. Samuel, thelast Hebrew judge. 
1104. The Heraclidae return to the Peloponnesus. 
1095. Saul, the first king of Israel. 
1069. Death of Codrus, the last king of Athens. 
1055. David, second king of Israel. 
1040. Sanconiathon, a Phoenician historian. 
1015. Solomon, son of David, third king of Israel. 

Ill'— Biography^ etc., of the Period. 

1. The Ejcodus of Israel took place four hundred and 
thirty years from the time Abraham visited Egypt, b. c. 
1921 ; and two hundred and fifteen years from the time 
Jacob and his family went to sojourn there, b. c. 1706. 
During that period they had increased from 70 persons to 
603,550, besides the Levites, the women, and all under 
twenty years of age. 

2. Moses, the son of Amram and Jochebed, of the tribe 
of Levi, was born during the persecution of the Hebrews 
by Pharaoh Raraases Miamura, b. c. 1571. After bein^ 
concealed three months, he was placed by his mother in an 
ark of bulrushes, and exposed on the brink of the river. 
There, in a short time, he was discovered by Pharaoh's 
daughter, who adopted him, and caused him to be educated 
in all the wisdom of the Egyptians. At 40 years of age 



jto 1004.] HEBREW COMMO]^WEALTH. 65 

'I 

(b. c. 1531) he visited his brethren, and in avenging one 
[that was oppressed, he slew an Egyptian. Fearing the 
jvvrath of the king for this, Moses fled to the land of Midian, 
jnear Mount lloreb, where he married the daughter of 
Jethro, and remained forty years. 

I At 80 years of age, God appeared to him in the burning 
bush, and commissioned him to return to Egypt and deliver 
|his brethren, the Hebrews, from their bondage, and to be 
their lawgiver and judge. 

The Pentateuch, or five books of Moses, written after 
the giving of the Law fiom Mount Sinai, furnish the only 
authentic history of the first ages of the world, and have 
suggested principles of religion, morality, and government 
to nearly all civilized nations. 

It will be noticed that during the lifetime of Moses five 
ancient cities were founded : Troy, Athens, Corinth, 
Thebes, and Sparta. 

3. Aaron, the elder brother of Moses, was the first He- 
brew High-Priest. When his right to the priesthood was 
questioned, it was confirmed by the miracle of the Almond 
Rod. At the death of Aaron, b. c. 1451, he was succeeded 
in the pontifical ofiice by his son Eleazer. 

4. Joshua, the valiant Hebrew appointed to succeed 
Moses, led the Hebrews into Canaan, b. c. 1451, and di- 
vided the land among the Tribes. Of all the men that 
came out of Egypt above twenty years of age, none re- 
mained to enter the promised land but Joshua and Caleb. 

5. The Hebrew Judges, — The first judge appointed to 
deliver the Hebrews after the death of Joshua was Othniel, 
1405. After Othniel, the most famous judges were Ehud, 
who slew Eglon, king of Moab, 1325 ; Shamgar, who slew 
600 Philistines with an ox-goad ; Deborah, a prophetess, 
that sent Barak to the conquest of Sisera, 1285; Gideon, 
who, with 300 men, caused a great slaughter of the Midian- 
ites, 1245; Jephthah, who, in fulfilling a rash vow, devoted 



56 GENEEAL HISTORY. [B.C. 1491' 

his only daughter, 1187; Eli^ who failed to restrain the 
wickedness of his sons, 1156; Samson, the strongest man 
mentioned in all history, 1137; Samuel, the last and best, 
who failing to dissuade his people from monarchy, anointed 
Saul their first king, 1095. 

G, The Olympic Games, so named from Olympia, 
w4iere they were celebrated, or from Jxipiter Olympus, in 
whose honor they were instituted. They were first observed 
by the Idmi Dactyli, priests of Jupiter, b. c. 1453 ; revived 
by Pelops, 1307, and adopted as an " era" by Coroehus, 776. 
At first the exercises consisted in boxins:, wrestlincr racins^, 
and other athletics. In later times there were added the 
contests of poets, orators, philosophers, and authors and 
artists of every description. 

7. The Argonauts, so called from their ship Argo, were 
a company of Grecian heroes who, led by Jason, sailed to 
Colchis, on the Euxine Sea, to obtain from king ^tes, the 
Golden Fleece, b. c. 1263. According to the mythologists, 
Phryxus and IIelle,U\o children of Athamus king of Boeo- 
tia, fleeing from the cruelty of their stepmother Ino, escaped 
upon a winged ram which had a fleece of gold. They in- 
tended to take refuge wdth their uncle ^tes, the king of 
Colchis, on the Euxine Sea. But as they were passing over 
the strait which divides Asia from Europe, Helle fell into it 
and was drowned, w^hence the name, Hellespont. Phryxus 
arrived safely at the court of his uncle, who immediately 
murdered him, and killed the ram to secure the fleece. To 
recover this fleece, Jason, a relative of Phryxus, embarked 
with fifty renowned warriors, among wKom were Castor, 
Pollux, Hercules, Theseus, and Laertes. 

8. Lacedcemon, a son of Jupiter, who built Sparta, 
1490, so naming it after his wife Sparta. He was the first 
that introduced the worship of the Graces in Latonia, build- 
ing a temple for that purpose. 



I 

j to 1004.] THE HEBEEW COMMONWEALTH. 57 

9, The Trojan War, undertaken by the confederate 
Greeks, 1194, for the recovery of Helen, wife of Menelaus, 
a Grecian prince, who had been carried off by Paris, a son 
of Priam, king of Troy. The Grecian army was com- 
manded by Agamemnon, Achilles, Ulysses, Nestor, Ajax, 
and others, and numbered 100,000 men with 1200 ships. 

The Trojans were led by Hector and Paris, sons of Priam, 
^neas his son-in-law, Memnon his nephew and king of 
Thebes in Egypt, Rhesus king of Thrace, and other friendly 
princes. 

The city, after a siege of ten years, was captured by this 
stratagem : — A large hollow wooden horse was prepared by 
the Greeks, and secretly filled with armed men. Leaving 
this huge image near the walls of Troy, they retired from 
the ground, as though they had abandoned their enterprise. 
As soon as the Greeks had disappeared the Trojans sallied 
forth, and taking possession of the horse^ brought it within 
the city as an offering to the goddess Minerva. 

During the night the Greeks concealed within the horse 
came out and opened the gates to their companions, who, 
having in the meantime returned, entered and destroyed 
the city, 1184. 

Intelligence of this victory was immediately conveyed 
to Greece, by means of signal fires kindled on the moun- 
tains between Troy and Greece, a distance of about 500 or 
600 miles. Mount Arachnseus, in the southern part of 
Greece, was the last station of these telegraphic fires. 

10. The Trojans that escaped the destruction of their 
city were ^neas, his father Anchises, his son Ascanius, and 
a number of followers. These embarking in a fleet of 
twenty ships, set sail in search of a new settlement. After 
a wandering voyage of seven years, in which he lost his 
father and most of his companions, and thirteen ships, he 
finally reached Latium in Italy, where he married Lavinia, 



58 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 1491 

the dauo;hter of kino- Latinus, whom he succeeded on the 
throne. (This voyage of ^neas is the subject of the .j^7ieid 
of Virgil.) 

11, The HeraclidcBf the descendants of Hercules, hav- 
ing been expelled by the Pelopidse from their inheritance, 
the kingdom of their father in southern Greece, took refuge 
abroad for nearly a hundred years. Profiting now by the 
demoralized condition of the country consequent upon the 
Trojan war, they returned to the Peloponesus and recovered 
their former possessions, b. c. 1104. This event is often 
referred to in the early history of Greece. 

12, Saul, the first king of Israel, 1095, was the son of 
Kishjthe Benjamite. Promising well at first, he was finally 
rejected for the sins of disobedience and necromancy. 

13, David, a son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah, who 
in his youth slew a lion and a bear, and killed the giant 
Goliath with a sling and stone. After Saul's death David 
became the second king of Israel, 1055, having been some 
time before anointed by the prophet Samuel. David 
played skilfully upon the harp, and composed many of the 
Psalms, whence he is called the sweet singer of Israel. 

14, Codrus, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, and 
a devoted patriot. The HeraclidaB having made war upon 
Athens, the Oracle declared that the people whose king 
should be slain in the contest would gain the victory. To 
deprive the Athenians of victory, the Heraclidae gave strict 
orders to spare the life of Codrus ; but the patriotic king, 
having purposely disguised himself, attacked one of the 
enemy, by whom he was immediately killed. The Athe- 
nians, then demanding the body of their prince, claimed 
the victory ; and in honor of the memory of their deliverer 
they decreed that no man after Godrus should bear the 
title of king of Athens, 1069. From that time their rulers 
w^ere named Archons ; and the first chosen to that ofiice 
were the two sons of Codrus. 



to 1004.J ASSYHIAK EMPIRE. 59 



Period Y. — AssYniAisr Empire. 



Dedication op Temple, \ c Conquest op Assyria, 

B. c. 1004. i 466 j^ears. -j b. c. 538. 

B0L.OMON— Jerusalem. ' ' Cyrus — Babylon. 



1, The Period of the Assyrian Etnjnre is distin- 
guished by— 1. The splendid reign of Solomon. 2. The 
secession of the Ten Tribes from the House of David. 3. 
The foundation of Rome. 4. The victories of the Assyrian 
kings. 5. As the Literary Age of Greece. 

II. — The Chro7iology of the Period. 

B. C. 

1004. The Temple dedicated, after seven years spent in its erection. 

975. Ten Tribes, led by Jeroboam, secede from the house of David 
and form the kingdom of Israel, 

971. The second Pyramid built by Shishak,- king of Egypt. 

957. The victory of Abijah over Jeroboam — 500,000 fall in battle. 

900. The history of Elijah the prophet, Homer, Hesiod, Jehoshapliat. 

884. Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver. 

869. Phidon, king of Argos, coins silver money 
Carthage founded by Dido. 

800. The history of Jonah the prophet. 

776. The sera of the Olympiads introduced by Coroebus. 

753. Rome founded by Romulus. 

750. The history of Isaiah the prophet. 

747. The death of Sardanapalus — end of the first Assyrian empire. 

721. The capture of Samaria by Shalmanezer, which ends the king- 
dom of Israel. 

710. The destruction of Sennacherib's army in the reign of 
Hezekiah. 

672. The combat of the Horatii and Curiatii in the reign of Tullus 
Hostilius, third king of Rome. 

624. Josiah's reformation at Jerusalem. Draco, the Athenian law- 
giver. 

616. Tarquin the Elder builds the Roman capitol. 



60 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 1629. 

B. C. 

600. Tlie victories of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. About the 
beginning of the Babylonish captivity, flourish the prophets 
Jeremiah and Ezekiel, the Seven Wise Men of Greece^ and 
^sop the Fabulist. 

550. Daniel the prophet, Confucius, Pisistratus. 

548. Croesus defeated by Cyj'us in the battle of Thymbra. 

538. Capture of Babylon and death of Belshazzar. 

III. — Biography^ etc., of the Period. 

1. Solomon's Temple. — This renowned edifice occupied 
the summit of Mount Moriahy supposed to be the elevation 
on which Abraham prepared to offer up his son Isaac 
(Genesis, xxii.). The main building was about 90 feet 
long, 30 feet wide, and 45 feet high. This structure 
was surrounded on three sides by a series of chambers 
three stories high (22|- feet). On the fourth side, or front, 
was a magnificent porch 30 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 180 
feet high. The interior of the temple was divided into 
two apartments, the Holy Place and the Most Holy Place, 
separated from each other by a costly and beautiful veil or 
curtain, and each furnished in the same manner as the 
Tabernacle in the Wilderness had been. 

Surrounding the temple, and chiefly on three sides of the 
declivity of the mount, were — 1. The Court of the Priests, 
containing Altar of Burnt Sacrifice, the Brazen Sea, 
etc. ; 2. The Court of the Israelites ; 3. The Court of 
the Wb?nen, appropriated to their special use as their place 
of public worship ; 4. The Court of the Gentiles, into which 
alone persons of all nations were permitted to enter ; but 
beyond this none except Israelites were allowed to ap- 
proach the sacred edifice. These courts were separated 
from each other by partitions and coUonades, and with the 
temple, occupied about 20 acres. The materials of which the 
templewas built were for the most part obtained from Hiram, 
king of Tyre, and all were prepared for their appropriate use 
before they were brought to Jerusalem (1 Kings, v. 9). 




to 538.] ASSYRIAK EMPIRE. 6] 

The dedication of the temple, b. c. 1004, was an occasion 
of universal joy, and forms an important sera in the history 
of the Israelites. 

2, Solomon, the youngest son of David, and his suc- 
cessor as king of Israel, b. c. 1015. When called to the 
throne he asked the Lord to grant him wisdom and virtue 
to govern his people aright ; and God bestowed on him 
extraordinary wisdom, wealth unlimited, and prosperity 
unexceeded. Solomon Avrote three of the books of the Old 
Testament : Proverbs, Ecdesiastes, and Canticles. He died 
B. c. 975, at the age of 58, having reigned 40 years. 

3, The Kingdom of Israel, — Rehoboam, the son of 
Solomon, on ascending the throne, refused to lighten the 
burdens of his father's government, imposed during the 
latter part of his reign. Provoked by this, ten of the 
Tribes of Israel, led by Jeroboam the son of Nebat, thereon 
seceded from the house of David, and established the 
Kingdom of Israel, b. c. 975. This defection left to the 
line of David but two Tribes, Judah and Benjamin, which 
thenceforward were known as the Kingdom of Jadah. 

4, Shishakf king of Egypt, supposed by some to be the 
same as Sesostris. b. c. 971, he is said to have built the 
second Pyramid. The first Pyramid is supposed to have 
been built about a century earlier than Shishak, and the 
third Pyramid by his successor. In the same year Shishak 
captured Jerusalem and plundered the Temple. 

5, Ahijahf the son and successor of Rehoboam, in at- 
tempting to reduce the revolted tribes to their allegiance, 
invaded the kingdom of Israel, b. c. 957, and in the battle 
that ensued there fell 500,000 men, the greatest military 
slaughter, in one battle, on record. 

6, JElijahf the Tishbite, an eminent prophet, sent to re- 
buke the sins of the kingdom of Israel in the reign of Ahab 
and his queen Jezebel. In opposition to the idolatrous 
worship introduced by Ahab, Elijah proved in. the most 



62 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 1004 

triumphant manner that Jehovah is the only living and true 
God, and that Baal and all false gods are nothing (1 Kings, 
xviii.). At length, b. c. 898, this faithful servant of God 
was honored in the most remarkable manner, in being 
translated, as Enoch had been 2121 years before. Contem- 
poraries : — Jehoshaphat, king of Judah ; Jehoram, king of 
Israel; Benhadad, king of Syria; Homer, and Hesiod. 

7. Homer, the earliest classical v^^riter and the most 
eminent Grecian poet. The place of his nativity is un- 
known, seven illustrious cities contending for the honor. 
He appears to have been blind and to have led a wandering 
life, singing his compositions in separate poems. His chief 
and most celebrated productions are the Z//«^, which narrates 
the siege and fall of Troy; and the Odyssy. which recounts 
the adventures of Ulysses, one of the Grecian princes, on 
his return from Troy to his kingdom of Ithaca, Hesiod, 
another eminent Greek poet, contemporary with Homer, was 
born at Ascra in Boeotia. His two chief works are a poem 
on Agriculture, and his Theogony, or history of the gods. 

8. Dido, the sister of Pygmalion, king of Tyre. To 
escape the cruelty of her brother, who had murdered 
Sichaeus, her husband, she embarked with a number of de- 
voted friends and set sail in quest of a settlement. Being 
driven by a storm on the coast of Africa, she there founded 
the city of Carthage, b. c. 869, which in after ages became 
the defiant rival of the Roman republic. 

9. LyciirguSf the celebrated Spartan lawgiver, who, 
after spending ten years in travelling for information, re- 
turned and established that peculiar code of laws and insti- 
tutions which rendered the Spartans the hardiest and 
bravest people of Greece, b. c. 884. The Spartan consti- 
tution, as given by Lycurgus, continued in force 600 years. 
It was a combination of monarchy, aristocracy, and de- 
mocracy. There were two kings, a senate of 28 nobles, 
and leo'islative assemblies of the citizens. There was an 



to 538.] ASSYRIA 1^- EMPIRE. 63 

equal division of land ; public tables and education ; luxury- 
was banished; iron money; no commerce; no walls; no 
fleet. 

10, JPhidon, the king of Argos, who, it is said, introduced 
scales and measures, and first coined silver money at .^gina, 
B. c. 869. 

11, Jonahf the prophet who attempted to flee from the 
presence of the Lord, when sent to preach to the Ninevites; 
and who, on being cast into the sea, was swallowed by a 
great fish, and after three days was cast ashore, b. c. 800. 
Contemporaries : — Uzziah, king of Judah ; Jeroboam II. of 
Israel ; the prophets Joel and Amos, and Caranus, the 
founder of Macedon. 

12, CorcebuSf the wrestler, being victorious in the Olympic 
Games, appointed them to be permanently observed every 
four years. This introduces the Epoch of the Olympiads, 
B. c. 776. 

13, MomuluSf the brother of Kemus, and founder of 
Rome, according to the poets, was descended from ^neas, 
who, with his son Ascanius, found an asylum in Italy 
after their flight from the destruction of Troy. (See " The 
Trojans,'''' Per. iv. 10.) Romulus instituted a senate and 
divided the people into tribes and curiae, patricians and 
plebeians, b. c. 753. After Romulus there were six kings 
of Rome : — Numa Pompilius, 715 ; Tullus Hostilius, 672 ; 
Ancus Martins, 640 ; Tarquin the Elder, 616 ; Servius 
TulUus, 578; Tarquin the Proud, 534. 

14, Isaialif the prophet, who beheld a heavenly vision 
of Christ's divine glory, and foretold the advent of Christ 
and the final restoration of the Jews to the land of Canaan 
(Isaiah, vi. ; John, xii.) b. c. 750. Contemporaries : — 
Romulus, Hezekiah, Shalmanezar, and ISTuma, second king 
of Rome. 

15, SardanapaliiSf the last king of the first Assyrian 
empire, was the son of Pul (2 Kings, xv. 19), but, unlike 






64 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C 1004 

his father, was noted for effeminacy and cowardice. On 
being besieged in Nineveh, he burned his palace, with 
himself, his family, and all his treasures. The empire was ^1 
then divided into three kingdoms: Media, under Arbaces ; 
Babylon, under Belesis or Nabonassar; and Nineveh, 
under Tiirlath-Pileser, b. c. 747. 

16, Shalmanezar was the successor of Tiglath-Pileser 
in Nineveh. He captured Samaria, and led the Ten Tribes i|i 
of Israel into a captivity from which they have not yet re- 
turned, B.C. 721. Thus ended in total extinction the kino- ,, 
dom of Israel, 254 years from their revolt from the house 
of David. (See ^^ Kingdom of Israel,'''' 4, supra.) The 
heathen colonists«pl anted in the desolated cities of Israel 
by the kings of Assyria became in after-times the Sama- 
ritans, between whom and the Jews there ever existed 
great hostility, 

17, Semiacheribf the king of Nineveh, who, in the reign 
of Hezekiah, besieged Jerusalem, and blasphemed the Lord 
God of Israel. To punish this great crime, the angel of the 
Lord slew, in one night, 185,000 of his army; while Sen- 
nacherib himself, having retreated to his own capital, was 
slain by two of his sons as he was worshipping in the 
temple of his god JSTisroc. 

18, The Combat of the Horatii and Curiatii, in the 
reign of TuUus Hostilius, third king of Rome, b. c. 672. 
The Romans and Albans being on the eve of battle, it was 
agreed that three champions should be chosen on each side 
to determine the contest. In the camp of the Romans 
there were three brothers, Horatii ; and in the army of the 
Albans there were three Curiatii, also brothers. These were 
respectively chosen to decide the victory. After fighting 
for some time, two of the Horatii were slain, and the other, 
Horatius, pretending to be afraid to encounter his three 
opponents together, fled. In this manner, drawling his adver- 
saries asunder, he slew them separately as they advanced. 



to 538.] ASSYRIAN" EMPIRE. 65 

19. DracOf the Athenian, author of a code of laws which 
punished all crimes with death, hence named the Bloodty 
Code, B. c. 624. Contemporaries : — Josiah, king of Judah ; 
Nabopolassar of Assyria, and Tarquin the Elder, of Rome. 

20. Tarquin, the Elder, fifth king of Rome, built the 
Roman capitol and the walls of the city. Conquered the 
Latins and Sabines, b. c. 616. 

21, Nebuchadnezzar , oi^Q of the great heroes of antiquity, 
was the son and successor of Nabopolassar as king of 
Assyria. He conquered the Jews, 606; Nineveh, 600; 
Tyre and Egypt, 572. This monarch, although a heathen, 
had several important prophetic dreams, the interpretation 
of which introduced to public notice the young Hebrew cap- 
tives, Daniel and his three companions, Shadrach, Meshech, 
and Abednego. 

22, The Great Image of Nebuchadnezzar's first pro- 
phetic dream : — 1. The Head of Gold represented the 
Assyrian empire, of which Nebuchadnezzar himself was 
the most famous sovereign, b. c. 600 ; 2. The Breast and 
Arms of Silver — tlie empire of the Medes and Persians, 
founded by Cyrus the Great, b. c. 536; 3. The Belly and 
Thighs of Brass — the Macedonian empire, founded by 
Alexander the Great, b. c. 330 ; 4. The Legs of Iron, and 
the Feet, part of iron and part of clay — the Roman em- 
pire, founded by Augustus, b. c. 30 ; 5. The Stone cut 
OUT OF the mountain WITHOUT HANDS represented the 
"Kingdom of God," to be set up in the days of "the ten 
kingdoms," to break in pieces and consume all the rest, and 
stand forever (Dan. ii. ). 

23, The Babf/lonish Captivity of the Jews lasted, ac- 
cording to the prophecies, seventy yearfj, from the taking 
of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, b. c. 606, to their libera- 
tion by Cyrus, 536. During this time flourished the proph- 
ets Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Obadiah ; ^sop the fabulist, the 
Seven Wise Men of Greece ; Croesus, king of Lydia ; Servius 



QQ GE^vTERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 1004 

Tullius, sixth king of Rome, and Pisistratus, tyrant of 

Athens. 
24, The Seven Wise Men of Greece were Thales of 

Miletus, Solon of Athens, Bias of Prienne, Chilo of Lace- 
daemon, Pittachus of Mitylene, Cleobulus of Lindos, and 
Periander of Corinth. Each of these philosophers, it is 
said, was the author of certain remarkable sayings, of 
which the following are the most noted : — 

Thales: "Take more pains to correct the blemishes of 
the mind, than those of the face." 

Solon : " He who has learned to obey, will know how 
to command." "Know thyself" 

Bias : " Be slow in undertaking, but resolute in execut- 
ing." 

Chilo : " Honest loss is better than shameful gain ; for 
by the one, a man suffers only once ; by the other, always." 

Pittachus : " Whatever you do, do it well." " Be 
watchful for opportunities." 

Cleobulus : " Be kind to your friends, tbat they may 
continue such ; and to your enemies, that they may become 
your friends." 

Periander : " Study to be worthy of your parents." 
" Nothing is impossible to industry." 

Among these eminent men, Solon is distinguished as the 
legislator of Athens. One of his laws forbade the expor- 
tation of figs ; and all good citizens were enjoined to report 
every violation of it coming to their knowledge. From 
this, the person giving such information was named s(/co- 
phant ((Toxov, a Jig, and (paiuw, to make hnown). Another 
institution, designed to promote public spirit and general 
sociability, required the citizens to appear at proper times 
at the public entertainments. They who neither absented 
themselves entirely, nor came too frequently, but observed a 
becoming propriety in their attendance, were distinguished 
by the honorable name. Parasite (-Trapa, at, tfj-roj, bread). 



to 538.] ASSYEIAN" EMPIRE. 67 

25, Croesus, 2k celebrated king of Lydia in Asia Minor, 
and one of the richest monarchs of antiquity. Having 
been defeated by Cyrus in the battle of Thyrabra (548), 
he was as a captive prince, according to an ancient barbar- 
ous custom, condemned to be burned alive. This sentence, 
however, was not executed. Having ascended the pile pre- 
pared for his destruction, and overwhelmed at his sad fate, 
he exclaimed in the deepest emotion : " O Solon ! Solon !" 
Cyrus, surprised at this, and knowing nothing of the cel- 
ebrated Grecian, demanded to be informed what divinity 
the unhappy prince would invoke at such a time ? He was 
then informed by Croesus, that in the season of his prosper- 
ity as king of Lydia, his court had been the resort of the 
wise and the learned of all nations. That among other 
visitors upon a certain occasion was Solon, the philosopher 
of Athens. To this eminent man he had exhibited his vast 
wealth and the splendor of his royal estate, in the hope of 
being pronounced by him the happiest of men. But the 
declaration of Solon occasioned in Croesus only surprise 
and disappointment : " The events of future life are uncer- 
tain ; he who has hitherto been prosperous may be unfor- 
tunate to-morrow: let no man, therefore, be pronounced 
happy before death." Cyrus, impressed with the wisdom 
of Solon's memorable observation, released Croesus from 
the sentence of death, and ever after treated him with the 
respect due to his former rank. 

26, The Capture of JBabylon by Darius and his 
nephew Cyrus. Belshazzar, the last king of Assyria, cel- 
ebrating a royal feast, brought forth and desecrated the 
sacred vessels which his grandfather Nebuchadnezzar had 
taken from the Temple in Jerusalem. Immediately there 
appeared the handwriting on the wall of his palace, which, 
expounded by the venerable prophet Daniel, denounced the 
impending doom of the impious king. In that night was 
Belshazzar slain. For the Medes and Persians having be- 



(38 GENERAL HISTOEY. [B. C. 538 

sieved the city unsuccessfully for two years, had now com- 
pleted a deep trench or ditch which they had dug around j 
its walls. Into this they turned the waters of the Eu- 
phrates, and entering the city by the bed of the river, sur- 
prised the guards at the palace, slew Belshazzar, and put 
to the sword all that attended him (It^aiah, xlvii. ; Jere- 
miah, li.). 

27' Contemporary with the prophet Daniel flourished 
Confucius, the reformer of the Chinese religion. He 
was of royal descent, a Mandarin, and an eminent philos- 
opher. 



Period VI. — Medo-Persian Empire. 

Fall OF Babylon, ^ ( Conquest of Persia, 

B. c. 538. y 208 years. } b. c. 330. 

Cyrus and Darius. ) ( Alex. Gt. — Alexandria. 

1, Medo-T*ersian JPeriod, distinguished by the — 1. 
Restoration of the Jews to their own country. 2. The 
establishment of the Republic of Rome. 3. The Persian 
invasion of Greece. 

II. — Chronology of the Period. 

B. C. 

536. Cyrus ascends the throne and liberates the Jews. 

521. Darius H3^staspes becomes king of Persia. 

515, Tlie second Temple dedicated. 

510. The Pisistratidae expelled from Athens — Pythagoras. 

509. Royalty abolished, and Rome becomes a Republic. 

490. The Battle of Marathon — Persians defeated by Miltiades. 

480. The Battle of Thermopylae — Persians opposed by Leonidas. 

460. Cincinnatus, Dtctt^tor of Rome. 

458. Estiier becomes queen of Artaxerxes Longimanus. 

457. Ezra restores the worship of the Temple. ^^ 

450. Pericles, tyrant of Athens. 

440. Herodotus, the father of Profane History. 



to 330.] MEEO-PEESIAX EMPIEE. 69 

B. C. 

441. Artemones inveuts the batteriug-ram. 

409. Neliemiali's last act of reformation. 

400. Socrates, Hippocrates, Xenophon, Dionysius. 

890. Camillus expels the Gauls from Rome. 

371. Epaminondas defeats the Spartans. 

350. Plato— Aristotle — Demosthenes — Diogenes. 

338. The Battle of Cheronoea — Philip conquers Greece. 

III. — Biography.^ etc.^ of the Period. 

1. CyruSf suvnamed TJie Great, was the son of Cam- 
byses, king of Persia. On the death of his nncle, Darius the 
Mede, with whom he had been associated in the conquest 
of Babylon and other wars, he became sole monarch of the 
Medo-Persian empire, 536. Signalizing his accession to the 
throne by the noble act of liberating the captive Jews, ac- 
cording to the prediction of the prophet (Isaiah, xlv. 1-4), 
Cyrus sustained throughout his whole reign the eminent 
character which he had formed in early life. 

It is related that, when a youth, being at the court of his 
maternal grandfather, Astyages, king of Media, Cyrus un- 
dertook, upon a certain occasion, to discharge the office of 
cup-bearer at table. It was the duty of that oificer, in 
ancient times, to taste the wine before presenting it to the 
king. Cyrus, omitting this part of the ceremony, delivered 
the cup to his grandfather in a very graceful manner. The 
king called his attention to the omission, imputing it, how- 
ever, to forgetfulness. " No," replied Cyrus, " I was afraid 
to taste the wine lest there might be poison in it ; for not 
long since, at one of your entertainments, I noticed that the 
lords of your court, after drinking wine, became noisy, quar- 
relsome, and frantic ; even you, sir, seemed to forget you 
were a king." 

Cyrus was accustomed to treat captives taken in war with 
the utmost generosity and consideration : thus, by a hu- 
mane and enlightened policy, he transformed enemies into 



70 GEJ^EEAL HISTORY. [B. C. 538 

friends and allies. The king of Armenia having refused to 
pay a tribute due the Medes, Cyrus invaded his country, 
took the fortress to which he had retreated, and made cap- 
tives of the whole royal family of Armenia. When all were 
assembled in the presence of the conqueror to receive sen- 
tence, according to the custom of the age, Cyrus demanded 
of the king why he had violated the treaty by which he 
was bound to pay tribute to the Medes. " For no other 
reason," replied the king, " than because I thought it glo- 
rious to shake off a foreign yoke, to live as an independent 
prince, and to leave my children in the same condition." 
" It is indeed orlorious," answered Cvrus, "to fio-ht for one's 
liberty ; but is it honorable to violate the faith of treaties ? 
Would you not put to death a subject that should attempt 
to throw off your government ?" " Though I pass sentence 
upon myself," replied the king of Armenia, "I must declare 
the truth, I would certainly put him to death." Having 
brought the captive monarch to this acknowledgment, Cyrus 
listened with the utmost attention to the pathetic interces- 
sion of Tigranes, the king's eldest son, in behalf of his 
father. Then addressing the king, Cyrus demanded, "If I 
should yield to the entreaties of your son, with what number 
of men, and with what sum of money will you assist us 
against the Babylonians?" "My troops and treasures," 
replied the captive, "are no longer mine ; they are wholly 
yours, and shall be ever at your service." " Then," con- 
tinued Cyrus, " what would you give for the ransom of your 
wives?" '-'All that I have in the world," replied the king. 
"And for the redemption of your children?' " The same 
thing." "Then, from this moment, you are indebted to me 
double of all your possessions." " And you, Tigranes, at 
what price would you redeem your young and beautiful 
princess?" "At the price,'' replied the prince, "of a thou- 
sand lives if I had them." 

Having thus secured the friendship and alliance of these 



to 330.] MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE. 71 

princes, the noble conqueror kindly entertained his royal 
captives, and dismissed them with affection from his pa- 
vilion. On their way to their homes nothing was heard but 
the warmest expressions of gratitude at their good fortune, 
and of admiration of the noble bearing of Cyrus. But the 
young wife of Tigranes, expressing no opinion of their ben- 
efactor, was asked by her husband what she thought of 
him. " I do not know," replied the princess. " What, 
then, so occupied your attention as to prevent your notice 
of Cyrus ?" "I thought of nothing but of the devotion of 
that dear man who was ready to redeem my liberty with a 
thousand lives." 

2, The Second Temple. — The liberated Jews, number- 
ing about 50,000, under the patronage and protection of 
the kings of Persia, returned with the sacred vessels, re- 
built their city and temple, which was dedicated 515. This 
edifice, although far inferior to that erected by Solomon, it 
was declared by the prophet should, in its future glory, 
vastly excel that gorgeous structure (Haggai, ii. 9 ; John, 
X. 23.) 

3, Darius Mystaspes became king of Persia under 
these circumstances. On the death of Cambyses, the son 
of Cyrus the Great, the throne was seized by Smerdis, one 
of the chief magi of the court. Upon this seven Persian 
nobles, among whom was Darius Hystaspes, formed a con- 
spiracy for the purpose of dethroning the usurper. Seizing 
a favorable opportunit}'-, they entered the palace, and slew 
both Smerdis and his brother Patizithes, by whose arts he 
had been elevated to the kingdom. These noblemen then 
asjreed amonsc themselves to meet the nextmorninsf at sun- 
rise, and that he of them whose horse should neigh first, 
should be acknowledgred kinoj. On their assembling^ at the 
place appointed, Darius's horse neighed first, w^hereupon 
the six other nobles dismounted and saluted him sovereign 
of Persia (b.c. 521). 



72 GEKEEAL HISTORY. [B. C. 538 

4, The PisistratidcBf tyrants of Athens, were Pisistra- 
tus and his two sons, Hippias and Hipparchus. Pisistratus, 
usurping the government of Athens, 560, enjoyed, with 
some interruption, a splendid reign of thirty-three years. 
But the government of his sons, who succeeded him, 
527, becoming intolerable, Hipparchus was slain in a popu- 
lar tumult, and Hippias was soon after expelled from 
Athens, b. c. 510. 

5, PythagoraSf an eminent Grecian philosopher, flour- 
ished during the reign of the Pisistratidse. To Pythagoras 
is due the honor of iirst advocating the true theory of the 
solar system, which being then disregarded, was not revived 
till the year a. d. 1532, when Copernicus satisfactorily de- 
monstrated it. Some of the moral sentiments of this phi- 
losopher are worthy of record : " No man ought to be 
esteemed free who has not the perfect command of himself." 
" A wise man will prepare himself for everything that is 
not in his own power." "It is inconsistent with true cour- 
age to retire from the station appointed by the supreme 
Lord without his permission." 

6. Home becomes a Hepiiblic, b. c. 5C9. — Tarquin the 
Proud, seventh king of Rome, having with his family be- 
come odious by their tyranny and cruelty, is driven from 
the city; and the Romans having abolished royalty, de- 
clare the government a Republic ; which form of government 
continued nearly five hundred years. 

7. The JPersiau Invasions of Greece, — Hippias, the 
banished tyrant of Athens, having fled for protection to 
the court of Darius Hystaspes, was kindly received by that 
monarch. To resent this the Athenians sent assistance to 
the lonians, who were at this time attempting to become 
independent of Persia. In the contest which ensued the 
city of Sardis was burnt, b. c. 504. In retaliation the king 
of Persia sent an invading army into Greece, numbering 
110,000, under the command of his general Datis. This 



to 330.] MEDO-PEESIAIs' EMPIRE. 73 

immense host was totally defeated by 10,000 Greeks under 
Miltiades in the Battle of Marathon^ b. c. 490. Notwith- 
standing this signal failure, the attempt to conquer Greece 
was renewed by Xerxes, the son of Darius, who, with the 
aid of 300,000 Carthaginians under Hamilcar, invaded 
Greece with the largest army ever brought into the field — 
numbering probably five millions. The Persians having 
crossed the Hellespont on abridge of boats, encountered 
their first opposition at the pass of Thermopylae, where their 
entrance into Greece was resisted by Leonidas at the head 
of three hundred Spartans. When commanded by the 
heralds of Xerxes ^^ To deliver up their arms^'^ the king of 
Sparta returned the invitation: ^'' Come and take them.'''* 
And when further admonished, that one discharge of the 
Persian arrows would darken the sun: — "Then," replied 
Leonidas, " we will fight in the shaded The laws of Spartan 
warfare forbidding retreat, Leonidas with his noble band 
fell in the unequal contest. The expedition, however, was 
fatal to the Persians. They were successively defeated in 
the Battle of Salamis by Themistocles, b. c. 480 ; and by 
Aristides and Pausanius in the Battles of Blatcea and 
Mycale, both fought the same day, b. c. 479. These victories 
complete the destruction of the Persian army. 

S, Esra,\.\iQ Jewish reformer, who in the reign of Ar- 
taxerxes or Ahasuerus, king of Persia, returned from Baby- 
lon to Jerusalem, restored the worship of the Temple, and 
collected the books of the Old Testament into one volume, 
B. c. 457. He was succeeded in his work of reformation by 
Nehemiah, b. c. 455; and Malachi, the last of the Old 
Testament prophets, b. c. 420. 

9, Herodotus^ the earliest and most celebrated Grecian 
historian, commonly called the Father of Profane History. 
He composed a history of ancient nations, which he pub- 
licly repeated at the Olympic Games. His performance 
was received with so great applause that the names of the 

4 



\ 



74 GE:N'ERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 538 ] 

nine muses were severally given to the nine books into 
which his history was divided, b. c. 445. 

10, Pericles, a celebrated Athenian, contemporary with 
Herodotus, Malachi, and Cincinnatus, b. c. 450. Pericles 
ruled Athens with absolute authority for forty years, yet 
such was the mildness of his government that it is said he 
never caused a citizen of Athens to put on mourning. 

11, Cincinnatus, a noble Roman patriot that flourished 
about the time of Ahasuerus, king of Persia, Malachi, 
Pericles, and Herodotus, b. c. 460. Upon a certain 
occasion, as Cincinnatus was ploughing, he was informed 
that the Senate had chosen him dictator — an officer who, 
upon occasions of imminent public danger, was invested 
with absolute power for the defence of the state. Leaving 
his plough with regret, he placed himself at the head of the 
army ; and having defeated the enemies of his country — 
the Volci and ^qui — he returned to Rome in triumph. 
Nobly disregarding the honors and rewards of public life, 
he resigned the dictatorship, and resumed his private 
occupation as an agriculturist, w^ithin sixteen days from 
the time of his appointment. Upon a second occasion, 
when he was eighty years of age, he was, as before, 
invested by the Senate w^ith supreme power. And again, 
having bravely defended his country in a successful cam- 
paign, he retired to his farm, after exercising absolute 
power only twenty-one days. 

12, ArtemojteSf of Clazomene, at the siege of Samos 
invented the battering-ram, the testudo, and other war-like 
engines, b. c. 441. 

13, Socrates, an eminent Grecian philosopher and one 
of the most enlightened heathen moralists, Being envied 
and hated by his countrymen on account of his exposure 
of their vices and superstitions, he was condemned on a 
false charge of blasphemy, and put to death by being 
made to drink the juice of hemlock, b. c. 400. Socrates, 



1^6 330.] MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE. 7o 

unlike other public teachers among the Greeks, was not 
the author of a system of philosophy ; but he brought 
to great perfection the method of reasoning by asking a 
series of questions; and from him named — The Socratic 
Method. 

14:, Hippocrates, an eminent Grecian physician, styled 
the Father of Medicine. It is related that when Artax- 
erxes Mnemon, king of Persia, attempted to induce him to 
come to his court to practise physic, he modestly but 
firmly replied, ^'Tirias born to serve my country., and not a 
foreigner.'''' Died b. c. 361, aged 99. Contemporary with 
Thucydides the historian and Euclid the philosopher. 

15, Xenophon, a renowned Grecian warrior and histo- 
rian. Having with a number of his countrymen joined the 
standard of Cyrus the Younger, in his attempt to dethrone 
his brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia, he marched 
with the army from Sardis to Gunaxa^ near Babylon, where 
the forces of Cyrus were totally defeated, b. c. 401. The 
Greeks that survived tliis defeat, teii thousand in number, 
chose Xenophon as their leader, who conducted their 
celebrated retreat in the most successful manner. This 
famous march of 1155 leagues was accomplished in 215 
days, after an absence of fifteen months. The account of 
this expedition of Cyrus, including that of the return of the 
10,000 Greeks, called The Anabasis., is an eloquent com- 
position written by Xenophon. The other noted works of 
this author are The GyropedicB., or the Exploits of Cyrus 
the Great ; and The Memorabilia of Socrates. Xenophon 
died at the age of 90, b. c. 359. 

16. Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, remark- 
able for his military exploits against the Carthaginians, 
his tyranny and cruelty to his subjects, and his suspicious 
temper toward every one. Yet he was not devoid of gen- 
erous sentiments. Having condemned Damon to death, 
Dionysius granted him permission to visit his family, that 



70 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 53S 

lived at a great distance, on the condition that he would 
leave a substitute to die in his stead if he did not return at 
the appointed time. Pythias, a devoted friend of Damon, 
cheerfully consented to become security for him on the 
required condition. As the hour of execution drew near, 
and Damon not appearing, all began to censure the rash 
confidence of Pythias. But he, assured of the fidelity of 
his friend, knew he would return if possible ; but at the 
same time declared his readiness to die for him, should he 
be prevented from returning. Damon, however, faithful to 
his engagement, returned to Syracuse, and reached the 
place of execution in time to save his beloved Pythias. 
Dionysius, struck with admiration at this noble example of 
disinterested friendship, pardoned Damon, and begged per- 
mission to share with them, as a third friend, the exalted 
pleasure of that attachment which no calamity could 
extinguish. (Romans, v. 6-10.) 

Damocles, one of the courtiers of Dionysius, was con- 
stantly extolling the wealth, grandeur, and royal state of 
his master, and admiring the abundance of those good 
things in the king's possession, which, in his opinion, ren- 
dered Dionysius the happiest of men. *' Since that is your 
opinion," said the tyrant to him one day, "will "you make 
proof of my felicity in person?" The offer was gladly 
accepted. Damocles was ushered into a magnificent apart- 
ment, and placed upon a golden couch which was covered 
with carpets of rich embroidery. The sideboards were 
loaded with vessels of gold and silver. The table was 
spread with luxurious magnificence, and the most beautiful 
slaves were in attendance to serve him. Damocles, filled 
with delight, regarded himself as the happiest of mortals. 
But in the midst of his joy, as he reclined at the sumptuous 
repast, he cast his eye to the richly carved and gilded ceil- 
ing, when, to his utmost dismay, he beheld immediately 
over his head a glittering sword, suspended by a single 



I 



I to 330.] MEDO-PEESIAN^ EMPIRE. 77 

I hair. Instantly he was filled with terror. He saw nothing 
I but the threatening sword, and thought of nothing but to 
flee from dano;er. In the heisjht of his alarm he besrsred 
i permission to retire from a station in which happiness is to 
! be enjoyed only in the presence of impending death. 
j Dionysius the Elder died after a reign of 38 years, and was 
! succeeded in Syracuse by his son, Dionysius the Younger, 
B. c. 368. 

-Z7. Camillus, a noble Roman, who, although unjustly 
banished, returned and rescued his country from the rav- 
ages of the Gauls under JBrennus, b. c. 390. 

18, Epaminondas, the illustrious Theban who defeated 
the Spartans in the battles oi Leiictra^ B.C. 371, and Manti- 
nea^ 363 b. c. In the former battle he was opposed by 
Cleombrotas, king of Sparta, and in the latter by Agesilaus. 
But the victory cost the Thebans dear. They lost their 
noble leader, and with him departed the glory of Thebes. 

19, About the year b. c. 359 flourished ; — 1. Plato^ the 
founder of the Academic Philosophy (see Athens, p. 23). 
Some one informing Plato that his enemies were circulating 
reports to his disadvantage, he replied: "I will live so that 
no one shall believe them." One of his friends remarking 
that he seemed as desirous to learn himself as to teach 
others, asked him how long he intended to be a scholar. 
"As long," said the philosopher, " as I am not ashamed to 
grow wiser and better." 2. Demosthenes, "the prince of 
orators," and the devoted Grecian patriot who bravely, but 
unsuccessfully, resisted the aggressions of Philip, king of 
Macedon. His speeches against Philip, marked by keen 
satire, were called Philippics — a word still used to denote 
the same class of orations. 3. Aristotle, a noted philos- 
opher, and the reputed author of The Art of Beasoning. 
From Aristotle's habit of instructing his disciples while prom- 
enading through the Lyceum, he is named the PeripatetiG 
Philosopher (see Athens, p. 23). 4. Diogenes, the proud 



78 aENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 330 

cynic philosopher who lived in a tub, and dispensed with 
all superfluous articles of furniture. Seeing a boy drink 
water out of the hollow of his hand, he took his cup out of 
his wallet and threw it away. When Alexander the Great 
w^as about to depart on the expedition to Pert>ia he paid 
Diogenes a farewell visit, and found the philosopher re- 
clining in his tub enjoying the sunshine. The king asked 
him if he could render him any service before his departure. 
"Yes," replied the cynic, "stand out of my sunshine." 
This independence of character so pleased the royal visiter 
that he observed, "If I were not Alexander, I would be 
Diogenes." 5. Philip the Great, king of Macedonia and 
father of Alexander the Great. An attempt of the Pho- 
cians to plunder the temple of Delphos excited a war, in 
which nearly all the states of Greece were involved. The 
assistance of Philip being solicited, he readily embraced the 
opportunity to make himself master of Greece. This he 
accomplished in the battle of Chmronea^ b. c. 338. Soon 
after this Philip was appointed by the Grecian states com- 
mander of their united forces for the invasion of Persia ; 
but on the eve of their departure he was slain by Pausanias, 
a captain in his army, from motives of private revenge. 



Period YII. — Macedonian Empire. 



Conquest of Persia, \ r Battle of Actium, 

B. c. 330. [ 300 years. ) b. c. 30. 

Alex. Gt. — Alexandna. ) ( Augustus — Rome. 



1. Period of the Mdcedotiian Empire is distinguished 
b\^ — 1. The astonishing conquests of Alexander. 2. By 
the exploits of the Jewish heroes, the Maccabees, in resist- 
ing the oppressions of the kings of Syria. 3. By the Puuic 
wars between Rome and Carthage. 



to 30.] MACEDOXIAX EMPIRE. 79 

II. — The Chronology of the Period. 

B C. 

Bol. The battle of Arbela and conquest of Persia. 
801. The battle of Ipsus — Alexander's empire divided into four king- 
doms. 
280. Pyrrhus, king- of Epirus, invades Italy. 
277. Septuao-int translation of the Old Testament. 
234. First Punic War. Arundelian Marbles composed, extending to 

the year b. c. 1582. 
251. Achaean League renewed by Aratus. 
250. Origin of the Sadducees and Pharisees. 
218. Second Punic War — Archimedes, Hannibal, Scipio. 
188. Philopsenien captures Sparta and abolishes the laws of Lycurgus. 
168. Battle of Pydna — Macedonia becomes a Roman province, 
149. Third Punic War. 

146. Carthage and Corinth captured by the Romans. 
180. Tlie Maccabees defeat the Syrians. 

66. Pompey conquers Judea, Syria, and Pontus 

63. Cicero detects the conspiracy of Cataline. 

48. The battle of Pharsalia — Pompey defeated by Caesar 

42. The battle of Philippi — Brutus and Cassius defeated. 

31. The battle of Actium — Antony defeated by Octavius. 

III. — The JBiography^ etc., of the Period. 

1, Alexander the Great, son of Philip, king of Mace- 
don, was born at Pella the same night that the temple of 
Diana was burned, b. c. 356. Under the tuition of Aristotle, 
he made considerable progress in study, being particularly 
devoted to the Iliad of Homer. His disposition, however, 
was decidedly warlike, and at the age of twenty he enjoyed 
ample opportunity to indulge his peculiar passion. In 
establishing the Macedonian empire, Alexander subdued 
Tyre, Syria, Judea, Egypt, Persia, and India. In the con- 
quest of Persia he fought the battle of the Granicus, b. c. 
334 ; the battle of Issus, b. c. 333, in which the family of 
the king of Persia were taken prisoners ; and the battle of 
Arbela, b. c. 331, in which the army of Darius Codomanus 
was totally defeated. The next year Darius was mur- 



80 GENEKAL HISTOKY. [B. C. 330 

dered by his own servants. On reaching Babylon, Calis- 
ihenes, the philosopher who accompanied the army, dis- 
covered in the Tower of Babel, calculations of eclipses for 
1903 years preceding, corresponding with the time when 
it is said to have been built. Alexander did not long enjoy 
his vast conquests. After defeating Porus, king of India, 
B. 0. 327, and shedding tears that there were no more king- 
doms for him to subdue, he returned to Babylon, and there 
fell a victim to intemperance, in the thirty-second year of 
bis age, b. c. 3 ^4. 

2* The Division of the 3Iacedonian Empire, — On the 
death of Alexander, Philip Aridseus, his brother, and his 
infant son, were appointed to succeed him, under the re- 
gency of Perdiccas, one of the chief generals of the army. 
The empire under this regency was then divided into 
thirty-three governments, which were distribnted among 
the principal officers of Alexander. Among these soldiers 
of fortune, now elevated to the condition of kings, there 
arose fierce jealousies and continual wars. Antigonus, 
king of Phrygia, becoming, by his superior abilities and 
prowess, formidable to the rest, war was declared against 
him, and he fell in the decisive battle of Jpsics, b. c. 301. 
The whole empire was then divided into four kingdoms, 
viz. — Thrace and Bithyistta, under Lysimachus; Syria 
and Persia, under Seleucus ; Egypt, under Ptolemy Soter; 

and Macedonia, under Cassander. 

3, The JEminefit Men that flourished at this time, b. c. 

300, were Euclid, the author of the Elements of Geome- 
try, in Egypt ; and the philosophers Zexo and Epicurus, in 
Greece. 

4. JPyrrhus, king of Epirus — remarkable for boundless 
ambition and unsuccessful warfare. 

When about to invade Italy, in the year b. c. 280, his 
friend Cineas, the philosopher, embraced an opportunity of 
addressing him thus: "The Romans, sir, are said to be a 



to 30.] MACEDONIAN EMPIRE 81 

warlike people ; but if God permit us to overcome them, 
what use shall we make of the victory?" "Thou askest," 
replied Pyrrhus, *' a thing self-evident. The Romans once 
conquered, no city will be able to resist us; we shall then 
be masters of all Italy." Cineas added : "And having sub- 
dued Italy, what shall we do next?" The king, not aware 
of his intention, replied : " Sicily next stretches out her arms 
to receive us." " That is very probable," rejoined Cineas ; 
" but will the possession of Sicily put an end to the war ?" 
" God grant us success in that," answered Pyrrhus, '* and 
we shall make these only the forerunners of greater things, 
for then Lybia and Carthage will soon be ours — and these 
things being completed, none of our enemies can offer any 
further resistance." " Very true," added Cineas, " for then 
we may easily regain Macedon, and make an absolute con- 
quest of Greece ; and when all these are in our power, what 
shall we do then ?" Pyrrhus, smiling, answered : " Why 
then, my dear friend, we will live at our ease, drink all day 
long, and amuse ourselves with cheerful conversation." 
" Well, sir," continued Cineas, " and why mav we not do all 
this now, without the labor and hazard of enterprises 
so uncertain and dangerous?" Pyrrhus, declining the 
advice of the philosopher, entered upon his schemes of am- 
bition, but perished before they were accomplished. He 
^vas killed in battle at Argos^ b. c. 272. 

5, The Septuagint Translation of the Old Testament, 
from the original Hebrew into Greek, so called from the 
seventy-two translators employed in making it, b. c. 277. 
These were learned men sent by Eleazer, the high-priest, 
from Jerusalem to Alexandria, at the request of Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, king of Egypt. This work was designed for 
the great library which Ptolemy Soter had founded at Alex- 
andria, and for the use of the Grecian Jews living in Egypt. 

6, The Sadducees and Pharisees — two Jewish sects, 

which arose about b. c. 250. The Sadducees take their name 

4* 



82 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 330 

from Sadoc, a Jewish rabbi, whose doctrines they profess 
to follow. The Pharisees derived their name from a word 
which means to separate — because they professed, by their 
superior holiness, to be separated from the common people. 

7. The Punic Wars — of which there were three — were 
fierce and sanguinary contests between the Romans and 
Carthaginians for the sovereignty of Spain and the Island 
of Sicily; and they were called by the Romans Punic, be- 
cause their adversaries, the Carthaginians, came originally 
from Phoenicia. (See Dido and Carthage.^ 

The P^rst Punic TFar began b. c. 261, and lasted twenty- 
three years. The Carthaginians were led by Hamilcar, 
who was opposed and defeated by the Roman general 
Duillius, B. c. 260, and by Regulus, b. c. %^^ ; and he in turn 
w^as defeated and taken prisoner by the Spartan general 
Xantippus, who had been sent to assist the Carthaginians. 

The Second Punic War began b. c. 218, and continued 
seventeen years. The Carthaginians were now led by the 
famous Hannibal, who passed with his army into Spain, and 
thence, after a toilsome march of five months and a half, 
across the Alps into Italy. There he totally defeated four 
large Roman armies, and remained victorious for sixteen 
years. The chief battles were those of Ticinus and Trebia^ 
b. c. 218 ; Thrasymene, b. c. 217 ; and Cannm^ b. c. 216- 
The Romans, during this war, were led chiefly by the cele- 
brated dictator Fabius, whose settled policy was to avoid 
decisive engagements, and to endeavor to wear out the 
enemy by delays, counter-marches, ambuscades, etc. In 
the year b. c. 212 Marcellus captured Syracuse, after it had 
been defended three years by Archimedes, the illustrious 
mathematician. By one of his mechanical contrivances the 
Roman ships, when near the wall, were lifted to a considera- 
ble height, and being suddenly let fall, were immediately 
sunk. He also constructed large metallic reflectors, by 
which the enemy's vessels were set on fire. At length the 



to 30.] MACEDONIAN EMPIKE. 83 

Roman senate determined to send Scipio to attack Carthage, 
that, by "carrjnng the war into Africa," they might draw 
Hannibal out of Italy. The stratagem was successful. Han- 
nibal was recalled to defend Carthage, and leaving Italy 
with deep regret, where lie had remained so long ''master 
of the situation," he met Scipio near Zama^ in Africa, and 
was totally defeated, with the loss of 40,000 men, b. c. 202. 
This terminated the second Punic War, and obtained for 
Scipio the surname o^ Africanus. 

The Third Punic War began b. c. 149, and lasted only 
three years, terminating in the total destruction of Carthage 
by Scipio Africanus the Younger, b. c. 140 — the same year 
that witnessed the fall of Corinth and the reduction of 
Greece to the condition of a Roman province. 

8, The Achcean League, — After the division of Alexan- 
der's empire, as stated above (§ 2, sKjyra)^ the Grecian 
states, endeavored to regain independence of Macedon. 
Demetrius Poliorcetes [Destroyer of Towns) in b. c. 296 re- 
established the republic of Athens ; and in 281 twelve of 
the minor states of Greece formed the Achmaii League^ for 
mutual defence. But this bond of union proved ineffectual 
in repressing the mutual jealousies and strifes that prevail 
in petty states, led by ambitious, incompetent men. The 
League was, however, successively renew^ed by Aratus in 
B c. 251, and by Philops3raen in 188, who, on the capture of 
Sparta, abolished the Ziau^s of Lycurgus. (See Anno 884 
B. c.) But neither patriotism nor valor could avert the im- 
pending fate of the League. For the Romans, advancing to 
the conquest of the world, had entered Greece at the invita- 
tion of the JEtolians, to aid them against Macedon, b. c. 212. 
In the attempt to expel this formidable foe, the Achasans unit- 
ing with Macedon, shared with them a common calamity. 
The successive battles of Cynocephale^ 197, and Pydna^ 168, 
accomplished the ruin of Macedon ; and the remnant of 
Grecian independence expired in the fall of Corinth, b. c. 146. 



84 GEi^ERAL HISTORY. [B. €. 330 

9. The Maccabees were a family of Jewish heroes that 
rescued their country from the tyranny of the Syrians. 
Situated between Egypt and Syria, Judea during this pe- 
riod often became the battle-ground in the contests between 
the Ptolemies and the Seleiicidoe. And the Jews, unable to 
maintain an independent neutrality, were generally com- 
pelled to ally themselves to the stronger power. This, of 
course, exposed them to perpetual hostility from the other 
belligerent. Ptolemy Philopater, king of Egypt, upon a 
certain occasion, attempted to penetrate into the most holy 
place of the Temple at Jerusalem ; and being prevented, he 
required all the Jews to forsake their religion. On their 
refusal to comply with this despotic order he caused to be 
slain about 40,000 of the Jews living at Alexandria. In 
the year b. c. 170 the JTews, having incurred the displeasure 
of Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria, he captured Jeru- 
salem, plundered the Temple, slew multitudes of the peo- 
ple, and attempted to compel all that survived to observe 
the rights of the heathen religion. To resist these out- 
rages the family of the Maccabees, collecting a number of 
determined followers, retired to the wilderness, wliere they 
were soon joined by others, amounting in all to a force suf- 
ficient to defeat the armies of Antiochus. Finally, John 
Hyrcanus, b. c. 130, effected the complete deliverance of 
Judea from the yoke of Syria. In lers than a century after 
this, the Asmonean princes in the mean time reigning in 
Jerusalem, both Syria and Judea w^ere conquered by the 
Romans under Pompey. 

10, The I>ecline of the JRoman JRepublic was distin- 
guished by an aggravation of the spirit of civil discord 
which had for ages prevailed in that State. The success 
of their arms abroad appears to have rendered them inca- 
pable of peace at home. The great captains that had sub- 
dued the world returned in triumph to destroy each other. 

The Marsi, Picentes, Peligni, Samnites, and other States 



to 30.] MACEDOKIAl!f EMPIRE. 85 

of Italy, uniting against Kome te obtain the rights of citi- 
zenship, produced the Social Wccr, b. c. 91. Their appeal 
to arms was unsuccessful, being defeated by the Romans 
under Pompey. They nevertheless afterward obtained the 
object of their desire as the free grant of the Koman 
senate. 

Marius and Sylla, having jointly subdued Jugurtha, king 
of Numidia, b. c. 1C6, contended fiercely with each other 
in the Civil War^ b. c. 88, for the privilege of conquering 
Mithradates, king of Pontus : an honor finally achieved by 
Pompey the Great, b. c. 68. 

The Servile JVar, an insurrection of slaves led by 
Spartacus, a gladiator, b. c. 73, was finally suppressed by 
Crassus. Ten years later the eloquence and patriotism of 
Cicero were engaged in crushing the infamous conspiracy 
of Cataline^ Cethegus, and others, to massacre the consuls 
and senate and destroy the city by fire, b. c. 63. 

The First Triumvirate^ composed, b c. 60, of Pompey, Cras- 
sus, and Caesar, was but a temporary arrangement prepar- 
atory to a final struggle for supreme power. Crassus being 
slain in battle by the Parthians, b. c. 53, Pompey and Coesar 
met on the field o^ Pharsalia^'R. c. 48, to decide their respect- 
ive claims to sovereignty. The result of the battle proving 
disastrous to Pompey, he fled into Egypt, where he was 
assassinated. Upon this Julius Caesar, a man renowned 
both in arms and literature, was proclaimed Perpetual 
Dictator. The career of Caesar as a soldier had been 
remarkable. In his conquests of Gaul, Britain, and other 
wars, he had vanquished 300 nations, captured 800 cities, 
and had defeated 3,000,000 men, of whom it is computed 
1,000,000 had fallen in battle. 

The Poman senate, however, were not unanimous in 
their submission to this illustrious hero. Sixty of their 
number, led by Brutus and Cassius, believing the ambition 
of Caesar would prove fatal to the Republic, assassinated 



8G ge:n^eral history. [b. c. 330 to 30. 

him in the Senate house, b. c. 44. The conspirators, gather- 
ing a large force, immediately fled to Thrace, whither they 
were pursued by Octavius and Anthony, who in the battle 
of Philippic B. c. 42, totally routed their army. 

A Second Triumvirate, composed, b. c. 4B, of Octavius, 
Anthony, and 1j \ ^''^vs, resulted as the first. Lepidus, 
through indolence and incapacity, soon retired into obscu- 
rity, leaving to his more ambitious associates the contest for 
empire, which w^as finally decided in the memorable naval 
battle of Actium, b. c. 31. Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 
whom Anthony had married, was present with her fleet. 
In the midst of the engagement she drew off her forces, 
and followed by Anthony, both fled to Alexandria, Mdiere, 
to escape the dishonor of capture, Anthony stabbed him- 
self with his sword, and Cleopatra died from the bite of an 
asp, which she had ordered to be brought to her in a basket 
of fruit. Octavius, thus left the unrivalled master of the 
empire, assumed, the government as Iinperator^ with the 
title of Augustus, b. c. 30. 

The eminent authors contemporary with Augustus were 
Lucretius, Catullus, Sallust, Yarro, Virgil, and Hor- 
ace. 



PART 11 -MODERN HISTORY. 



INTRODUOTIQ]^. 



SECTION I. 

REGIONS AND EMPIRES. 

1. TTie ^Regions of the Earth which have been the chief 
theatre of the events of modern history are southeastern 
and southern Asia, sonthein, central, and western Europe, 
and the continent of America. 

2, These JRegiotis are at present respectively occupied 
thus: 1. The Chinese Empire in the southeast part of 
Asia ; 2. India in the south ; and, 3. Persia,, Arabia,, and 
Turkey in the southwest. 4. The Hussian Dominions,, the 
most extensive in the world, occupy the entire northeast 
part of Europe and the northern half of Asia. 5. The south 
of Europe is occupied by Tiirkey, Greece,, Austria,, Italy,, 
Sioitzerland, France, Sjyain^ audi Portugal. 6. The German 
States and Prussia are in central Europe. V. Sweden and 
Norway in the northwest ; while, 8. The British Empire, 
the most powerful in the eastern hemisphere, exercises 
immediate sovereignty over the British Islands, of which 
the most important are Great Britain (comprising England, 
Scotland, and Wales) and Ireland. 9. The continent of 
America, unknown to the people of Europe unlil its provi- 
dential discovery by Columbus in 1492, consists of two 
chief parts. North America and South America, which are 
united by the Isthmus of Darien, about 10° north latitude. 



88 GENERAL HISTORY. 

This vast region, embracing mighty seas and lakes, pene- 
trated by majestic rivers, and diversified by every variety 
of surface, soil, and climate, enjoys facilities for supporting 
mightier empires than have elsewhere ever existed. 

3, Tlie Political Divisions of North America are — 
1. British America at the north; 2. The United States, 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, in the central part ; 3. 
Mexico with Central America in the south. 

4:, The Political Divisions of South America are — 

1. Columbia, Ve?iezuela, and Guiana in the north ; 2. 
JBrazil in the east ; 8. Paraguay, Uruguay, the Argeiitine 
Confederation, Chili, and Patagonia in the south ; 4. 
Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador in the west. 

5, The Noted Empires that have flourished in the mod- 
ern history of Asia are — 1. The Chinese; 2. The J'apanese / 
8. The Saracen ; 4. The Mogul, or Tartar ^ and, 5. The 
Turkish. 

6, The Great Empires in the modern history of Europe 
are — 1. The Po}na?i / 2. The By zanti?ie, or Greek / 3. The 
French ; 4. The German; 5. The British; 6. The Russian. 

7, In ATnerica, since the time of Columbus, there have 
arisen — 1 . The Empire of Brazil in South America ; and, 

2. In North America, the Republic of the United States, 

8, Egypt, in modern history, has generally been em- 
braced in the great empires that have successively pre- 
vailed in southwestern Asia. 



SECTION II. 

CITIES AND OTHER LOCALITIES. 

1, JBowie, founded by Romulus, b. c. 753, in Latium, near 
the centre of Italy, on the Tiber, sixteen miles from the 
sea. It was at first built on a single hill, but was after- 



i:N"TRODUCTIOif. 89 

ward extended over seven : the Palatine^ the AveJitine, 
the Capitoline, the Cmlian, the Esquiline^ the Quirinal^ 
and Viminal hills. 

Tarquin the Elder built the capitol and enclosed the 
city with walls, b. c. 616. In the year b. c. 390 the city 
was taken and burned by the Gauls under Brennus, but it 
was soon after recovered by the brave Camillus. 

The emperor Augustus, about the beginning of the 
Christian sera, greatly enlarged and beautified the city. 
He was accustomed to boast, '■'' I found the, city brich, and 
shall leave it marhleP About the year a. d. 250 the circuit 
of Rome was fifty miles, and its population amouted to 
three or four millions. 

The emperor Constantine, a. d. 330, removed the seat of 
government from Rome to Byzantium, changing its name 
to Constantinople. But on the permanent division of the 
empire, Rome continued to be the metropolis of the west. 

The capture of Rome by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, 
A. D. 476, terminated the western or Latin empire of the 
Romans. But after the bishop of Rome became a temporal 
prince, a. d. 755, the city of Rome was added to Ravenna 
and Pentapolis, with which he had been previously in- 
vested, and thus Rome became, what it has been for cen- 
turies, the capital of the States of the Church. 

The chief edifices of ancient Rome were — 1. The Capi- 
tol; 2. The Forum, containing the senate-house and the 
temple of Janus; 3. The Coliseum, an immense edifice 
for the exhibitions of gladiators and wild beasts, built by 
captive Jevvs brought from Jerusalem by the emperor 
Vespasian ; 4. The Arch of Titus, commemorating his tri- 
umph in the capture of Jerusalem, a. d, 70. On this arch 
are sculptured representations of the Golden Candlesfick, 
the Table of Shoio-JBread, and other sacred utensils taken 
by the Romans from the Jewish temple. 5. The Mauso- 
leum of Adrian, now the castle of St. Angelo. 6. The 



90 GENERAL HISTORY. 

Pantheon^ or temple of all the gods. This edifice is now 
used as a church, and is the best preserved of all the 
ancient buildings. It is 150 feet high, its walls are 18 feet 
thick, and it is lighted from the roof by an opening 25 feet 
in diameter. 

Among the antiquities of Rome, none are more curious 
and interesting than the Catacombs. These are vast exca- 
vations beneath the city, in the form of galleries or cham- 
bers from 8 to 30 feet from the surface of the ground, and 
extending horizontally many miles. The galleries are gen- 
erally 5 or 6 feet high and nearly four feet wide. And it is 
supposed they were formed in procuring the material used 
as mortar by the Roman masons in building the city, and 
still known as Roman cement. On each side of the gal- 
leries are two, and in some places three ranges of hori- 
zontal cavities used as sepulchres for the dead. At certain 
points in the city, and in the surrounding country, are 
shafts for the admission of light and air into this vast net- 
work of mines. 

In the early times of persecution the disciples of Christ 
were condemned to work in these mines, where, becoming 
missionaries to the regularly employed heathen miners, 
they made many converts among them. 

Among the most noted edifices of modern Rome are — 1, 
The Church of St. John Lateran^ said to be the most 
ancient Christian church edifice in the world. It was built 
by Constantine on property that had belonged to the estate 
of the old Lateran family. Here the Pope officiates as the 
bishop of the diocese of Rome. 2. The Vatican, occupied 
by the Pope as the Vates (prophet or teacher) of his uni- 
versal church. This imposing edifice, erected on the site 
of Nero's palace, is an immense assemblage of buildings 
serving for the papal palace, the conclave of cardinals, and 
apartments lor extensiv e libraries, vast collections of curi- 
osities, paintings, statuary, etc., all most rare and costly. 

a 



INTRODUCTION. 91 

3. St. Peter^s Churchy the renowned cathedral of the 
Roman hierarchy, and the largest church in the world, is 
the place of the worship conducted by the Pope as St. 
Peter's successor and supreme universal bishop. It occu- 
pies the site of a basilica or imperial church, which had 
been erected upon the circus of Nero by the emperor Con 
stantine, a. d. 324. This stupendous work of labor and 
skill was commenced in the year a. d. 1506, by order of 
Pope Julius II., and its completion occupied one hundred 
and twenty years, under the direction of twenty popes and 
twelve successive architects, of whom Bramante was the 
first, and Michael Angelo one of the most renowned. It 
was dedicated in 1626 by Pope Urban YIIl. The form of 
St. Peter's is that of a Latin cross, 720 feet long, 510 feet 
broad, and 500 feet from the pavement to the summit of 
the cross that surmounts the massive and gorgeous dome. 
Among the ornaments of this cathedral are — the Bronze 
Canopy^ 90 feet high, surmounting tlie high altar; the 
Chair of St. Peter, occuyjied by the Pope on festival occa- 
sions ; and tlie colossal Image of St. Peter. 

2, Constantinople (anciently Byzantium), a celebrated 
city on the Black Sea, was founded by Byzas with a colony 
of Argivps, B. c. 658. The situation of this city, being at 
once enchanting to the view and highly favorable for com- 
merce, it rapidly rose to importance as the emporium of an 
extensive trade. After the experience of various fortunes 
under the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, the emperor Con- 
stantine made B3'zantium the seat of his vast dominions 
instead of Rome, changing its name to Constantinople. On 
the j)ermanent division of the empire, a. d. 395, Constan- 
tinople became the capital of the eastern or Greek (Byzan- 
tine) empire, while Rome remained the metropolis of the 
western or Latin empire. Under the Greek emperors, and 
after the fall of Rome, a. d. 476, Constantinople became 
the resort of learned men aod the refuo-e of the arts and 



92 GEifERAL HISTORY. 

sciences. In the year a. d. 1204 a body of French crusaders 
tinder Baldwin I, seized Constantinople, and held possession 
until 1261, when Michael Paleologus expelled the French 
and recovered the throne. In 1453 Constantinople Was 
captured by the Turks, and they still hold it as the metrop- 
olis of their empire. 

3, Mecca and Medina, cities of Arabia, are both situ- 
ated near the coast of the Red Sea, in the district of Hedjaz, 
which is now claimed as a part of the Turkish empire. 
These places possess no historic interest, except as they are 
associated with the exploits of Mahomet. 

1. Mecca, the metropolis of the Mahometan faith, 
was, in ancient times, a great mart for both African and 
Indian merchandise; but it is now visited chiefly by pil- 
grims to the Kaaba, or chief temple of the Mahometans. 
This structure is a large uncDvered square, surrounded 
with colonades and adorned with minarets. This enclo- 
sure contains five or six chapels for prayer, among which 
is one in the centre called by way of eminence the Kaaha^ 
being the depository of a hlack stoiie^ which was an ob- 
ject of adoration with the Arabians before the time of 
Mahomet. And although he abolished that idolatrous 
worship, yet this black stone, together with the water of 
the holy well Zemzem.^ and even the soil of Mecca, are held 
sacred by his followers. 

2. Medijsta, some distance north of Mecca, contains the 
mosque founded by Mahomet, which is supported by four 
hundred columns and illuminated by three hundred lamps 
constantly burning. Here is also the tomb of the False 
Prophet, and the tombs of Abu-beker and Omar his suc- 
cessors. (See Damascus and Mahomet.) 

4, Tlie Palatinate of the Rhine (now a part of the Grand 
Duchy of Baden) was that division of ancient Gaul which 
was situated on both sides of the Rhine, nearly midway be- 
tween the mouth of that river and its source in the Alps. 



IKTRODUCTI023'. OO 

Then, as at present, this region was celebrated for its 
fertility and beauty. During the ancient Frank monarchy 
it was the favorite residence of the kings and the arena of 
the national assemblies. Nominally under the immediate 
rule of the sovereign, this region was actually governed by 
the mayors of the palace, the last of whom, under the 
Merovingians, Pepin le Bref, gradually acquiring the 
powers of royalty, finally ascended the throne of his de- 
posed master, Childeric III., a. d. 751. 

Under Charlemagne, a. d. 8€0, these favored lands became 
the centre whence he ruled his vast empire. Here were his 
imperial palaces. Here stood the castles of the Counts of 
the Palace^ that supreme class of nobles whose office it was 
at the Carlovingian court to watch over the interests and 
privileges of the crown, to administer justice in the name 
of the sovereign, and as his deputies to preside in the su- 
preme tribunal. From this intimate relation to the impe- 
rial palace this region received the appropriate name — the 
Palatinate. 

Under the immediate successors of Charlemagne the 
count palatine continued to be a kind of champion of the 
crown and the chief minister of state ; and finally, under 
the German empire, the palatine dignity, from its wealth 
and renown, and as possessing an electoral vote in the 
choice of the emperor, was eagerly sought by the most 
illustrious princes. In a. d. 1155 the emperor Frederick I. 
bestowed this dignity upon his half-brother Conrad, who 
established his court at Heidelburg ^ which city he enlarged 
and beautified, and which in after ages became famous for 
its university and for its civil and religious liberty. 

In A. D. 1593 Prince Fiederick IV., elector palatine, married 
Juliane, the daughter of William the Silent, prince of Or- 
ange; and their son, the elector Frederick Y., having mar- 
ried Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, was in a. d. 
1619 elected king of Bohemia and placed at the head ol* 



94 GENERAL HISTORY. 

the Evangelical Union, which had been organized by tl)e 
Protestants to resist the measures of the Souse of Austria. 
But failing to sustain himself against the arms of the pow- 
erful duke of Bavaria, Maximilian, who led the Catholic 
League., Frederick Y. not only lost his newly-acquired king- 
dom of Bohemia, but was also in 1621 driven from his 
hereditary dominions of the Palatinate. During the prog- 
ress of the Thirty Years'* War the Palatinate, with Bohemia 
and other portions of Germany, suffered dreadful devas- 
tation. 

5. The Holy Sepulchre, — After Jerusalem had been 
partially rebuilt by Adrian and other Roman emperors, the 
pious Helena, mother of Constantine, explored the city and 
the adjacent localities, and is said to have identified most 
of the places that had been rendered sacred in the history 
of our Saviour, and erected upon them commemorative 
edifices. Of these the Church of the Holy Sepulchre\?> the 
most noted. This edifice occupies a site which includes the 
scenes of the crucifixion, the entombment, and the resur- 
rection, and properly consists of three parts: 1. The 
Church of the Holy Sepulchre; 2. the Church of the Holy 
Cross; and, 3. the Church of Mount Calvary, the whole 
forming a massive pile adorned with columns, domes, etc., 
beyond the power of verbal description. 

The largest and most important division is that of the 
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which contains among 
other noted objects the Stone of Anointing. The rock in 
which the tomb was originally excavated has been to a 
large extent cut away, but the place where the sepulchre 
w^as is still pointed out covered with vercle a7\tique marble, 
and otherwise adorned by the devotees that have from age 
to age visited this sacred locality. Near the entrance to 
the tomb a block of white marble is shown as the stone 
upon which the angel sat that announced the resurrection; 
and a vast quantity of other supposed relics are exhibited, 



ri!?'riioDUCTiox. 95 

all of which, through ages of darkness and superstition, 
have been objects of profound veneration. About two 
hundred lamps are here kept constantly burning, and orna- 
ments of the most costly description are heaped in abun- 
dance upon the tomb. Adjoining is the Church of the Holy 
Cross : the Cross which it is affirmed was miraculously dis- 
covered by the empress Helena. Among other remarkable 
things there is shown a rent in the rock beneath, caused by 
the earthquake which accompanied the expiring agonies of 
the Son of God. The third church is that of Mount Cal- 
vary. Here the rent in the rock appears again, with the 
addition of three deep holes made to receive the three 
crosses. 

Around and within these venerated enclosures are ever 
to be found clustering monks of all nations : eastern and 
western, Latins, Greeks, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Copts, 
Armenians, Georgians, Maronites, and others. Their voices 
are heard at all hours of the day and night. The ear is 
assailed alternately or all at once by the organ of the Lat- 
ins, the cymbals of the Abyssinians, the song of the Greek 
coloyer, the prayer of the solitary Armenian, and by the 
plaintive accents of the Coptic friar. 

The Saracen Caliph Omar, a. d. 637, captured Jerusalem 
and built the Mosque which bears his name, near the spot 
formerly occupied by the Temple of Solomon. In a. d. 
1C65 the city was taken by the Turks, whose oppressive 
cruelties toward the Christian pilgrims gave rise to the 
Crusades, lf^96. In 1C99 the Crusaders captured Jerusalem, 
and it was held by them with some interruptiou till 1291, 
when the city was retaken by the Turks, who have held it 
to the present time, and who permit the various classes of 
pilgrims and other strangers to visit all parts of the city ex- 
cept the Temple grounds. Disputes respecting the custody 
of the sacred places were among the causes that produced 
the late Crimean War. (See Crusades.) 



96 GENERAL HISTORY. 

6, St. Salvador, one of the least of the West India 
islands, derives its importance solely from being the land 
first discovered by Columbus. That illustrious navigator 
rightly supposing that India could be reached by a western 
passage more directly than by that around the coast of Africa, 
j^lanned and accomplished the momentous enterprise which 
revealed to the old world the existence of the new. But 
Columbus never realized the importance of his providen- 
tial discovery. Pie died under the impression that he had 
reached regions adjacent to the eastern coast of Asia; nor 
was this error corrected until Balboa, in a. d. 1513, from the 
heights of Darien beheld the mighty waters of the Pacific. 
Then to distinguish the lands discovered by Columbus from 
the regions which he expected to reach, they were named 
respectively West Indies and JEJast Indies, 

7. Philadelphia, although the second city in the United 
States, possesses little historic interest except its association 
with our struggle for national existence. Here, on the 5th of 
September, 1774, assembled the first Continental Congress,* 
composed of the representatives of all the colonies except 
Georgia. Of this first national assembly Peyton Randolph 
of Virginia was chosen president, and Charles Thompson 
of Pennsylvania secretary. The opening speech was made 
by Patrick Henry. The resolutions adopted asserted the 
rights of the colonies, and suspended commercial inter- 
course with Great Britain until those rights were ac- 
knowledged. 

On the lOth of May, 1775, congress met again in Phila- 
delphia, and in the absence of Mr. Randolph, John Han- 
cock, of Massachusetts, w^as chosen president. Their chief 
acts at this time were — the formation of a union of the colo- 
nies, a resolution to raise and equip an army, and the 



* An assembly composed of committeee appointed by the Colonial Legislatures 
had met at New York in 1T65. 



INTRODUCTION?". 97 

appointment of George Washington its commander-in-chief. 
And here, on the 4th of July, 1776, they published to the 
world their unaniuious Declaration^ that the American 
Colonies were, and of right ought to be, Free and Inde- 
pendent States. 

From September 26th, 1777, to June 18th, 1778, Phila- 
delphia was occupied by the British under Generals Lord 
Howe and Sir Henry Clinton. During the continuance of 
the war, and for some time after the adoption of the Federal 
Constitution, congress met chiefly in Philadelphia ; but in 
the year 1800 the city of Washington became the seat of 
the national government. 

8, London^ the capital of Great Britain, and the empo- 
rium of the British empire, is situated in the southeast part 
of England, on the river Thames, about 60 miles from its 
mouth. This city, founded before the Christian sera, and 
mentioned by Tacitus as an important commercial place in 
the reign of the emperor Nero, a. d. 60, has become the 
largest city in the world. Its area is over 100 square miles, 
and its population three millions. and a half, being twice as 
great as that of either Paris, Pekin, or Jeddo.* The name 
London is derived from two Celtic words, llin, a pool or 
lake, and c?^V^, a town or harbor for ships. The Romans 
called it Lundinium ; the ancient Britons Lundayn ; and 
the Saxons Londenceaster^ Lundeii-JByrig, and Liinden Wye. 
This vast metropolis consists of four principal divisions : — 
1. The City, which is the great centre and the chief locality 
of business ; 2. The East End, which is the port for ship- 



* The Registrar-General, in his report for 1866, says: — London is growing 
greater every day, and within its present bounds', extending over 122 square miles of 
territory, the population amounted last year by computation to 3,03T,991 souls. In 
its midst is the ancient city of London, inhabited at night by about 100,000 people ; 
while around it, as far as a radius of 15 miles, stretches from Charing-cross an 
ever thickening ring of people within the area which the metropolitan police 
watches over, making the whole number on an area of 687 square miles around St. 
Paul's and Westminster Abbey 3,5^1,267 souls. 

5 



98 GE]!^ERAL HISTORY. 

ping ; 3. The West End, where are situated the royal 
palaces, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, ^ 
and the residences of the nobility and gentry ; 4. Surrey^ 
which lies on the south side of the Thames, containing the 
chief manufacturing establishments and dwellings of private 
families. That large portion of London denominated the i 
Bills of Mortality, appears to have been the chief locality 
of the plague, and it is so called from the bills or bulletins 
which were first used in 1592, to publish the daily progress 
of the pestilence. The more noted edifices of London are: — 

1. The Royal Palace of St. James, built on the 
site of St. James's Hospital by Henry YHI., who in 
1532 enclosed St. James's Park. Although the external 
appearance of this edifice is by no means imposing, yet the 
internal arrangements are distinguished by a style of costly 
magnificence becoming the splendid court which here 
gives audience to the ambassadors of the civilized world. 

Whitehall, a large square building, formerly inhabited 
by the kings of England, was the scene of the memorable 
execution of Charles L, Ao d. 1649. These, together with 
the two Houses of Parliament and the principal government 
offices, are all in the same immediate vicinity. 

2. St. Paul's Cathedral, situated on the north bank of 
the Thames, is the chief house of worship in the metrop- 
olis. It was originally founded by Ethelbert, king of Kent, 
A. D. 610, and after being several times partially burned, it 
was destroyed in the great fire of 1666. The ground plan 
of this renowned edifice is in the form of a cross, 500 feet 
long, and 250 feet broad. From the body of the church a 
stately dome arises, adorned with Corinthian columns, sur- 
rounded- at its base by a balcony, and crowned at the sum- 
mit with a gilded ball and cross. St. Paul's is ornamented 
with three magnificent porticoes : one at the principal en- 
trance facing the west, and the others at the extremities of 
the cross aisle facing north and south. The western por- 



I^^TRODUCTIOS-. 99 

tico consists of twelve lofty Corinthian columns below, and 
eight composite above supporting a grand pediment, the 
whole resting on an elevated base which is ascended by a 
flight of twenty-two square steps of black marble. The 
entire circuit of St. Paul's is 2,292 feet, and the height to 
the top of the cross 340 feet. The interior of' the building 
is ornamented with statues and monuments erected to the 
memory of eminent men, of which that of Lord Nelson is 
the most conspicuous. This noble edifice was erected at 
the national expense by the celebrated architect Sir Chris- 
topher Wren. Its cost amounted to £1,500,000, and its 
construction occupied 35 years. It was completed in 1710. 
Over the entrance to the choir is a marble slab bearing^ this 
inscription : — " Beneath lies Christopher Wren, builder of 
this church and city, who lived upward of ninety years, 
not for himself but for the public benefit. Reader, do you 
seek his monument ? Look around !" 

3. Westminster Abbey, which was founded by Sibert, 
king of Essex, a. d. 611, continued by Henry III., Edward I., 
Henry VII., and others, and completed by authority of Par- 
liament in the reign of William and Mary, under the direction 
of Sir Christopher Wren. This renowned edifice consists of 
a principal building, 416 feet long from east to west, with a 
north and south transept of 203 feet. The two towers, 
which are at the western front, are 225 feet high. The por- 
tico, which forms the north entrance to the transept, is an 
object of surpassing grandeur. It is styled by some " the 
beautiful^'' or ^' Solomon'' s gatey Attached to the Abbey 
are a number of cloisters and chapels, all superbly orna- 
mented, of which the most noted are Edward the Coiifes- 
sor^s Chapel, in which are deposited the coronation chairs, 
and Henry VII.'*s Chapel, designed as a royal sepulchre. 
Here are interred none but such as were of the blood royal ; 
but in other parts of the Abbey there is a multitude of 
tombs and monuments of the great, the noble, or the good, 



100 GENERAL HISTORY. 

whose fame or virtue during life procured them the much 
coveted distinction of reposing in the midst of this vast 
cono^resfation of the illustrious dead. 

Westminster Abbey is associated with many important 
events in English history. The Chapter-house o^ the Ahh^y 
was the place where the Commons of Great Britain first 
held their regular sittings, 1377. It is at present filled 
with ancient public records, among which is the famed 
Doomsday-Book, compiled by order of William the Con- 
queror, and now nearly 800 years old. Near the Abbey 
stood the Sanctuary, or house of refuge, where the unhappy 
queen of Edward IV. took shelter with her younger son, 
Richard, to save him from the cruelty of his uncle the Duke 
of Gloucester, who already had possession of his elder 
brother, Edward V. 

In the Almonry of the Abbey the celebrated William 
Caxton erected the first printing-press in England, 1474. 
In Henry VII.'s Chapel sat the renowned Westminster As- 
semhly of Divines, 1643-1648. And in the great audi- 
ence chamber of the Abbey itself is performed the state 
ceremony of crowning the sovereigns of Great Britain. 
Both at St. Paul's and in the Abbey divine service is per- 
formed every day at nine o'clock a. m. and at three p. m. 

4. The Tower of London. — This celebrated state prison 
and fortress was built by William the Conqueror, a. d. 1067, 
on the site of an old Roman fort. It is situated on the north 
bank of the Thames, and its walls and fortifications enclose 
an area of about 12^ acres. The principal edifices within 
the enclosure are — 1. The Tower proper, containing the 
royal apartments, which were occupied as a palace for 500 
years, until the reign of queen Elizabeth. 2. At the south 
side of the Tower is an arch called the Traitor'^s Gate, 
through which state prisoners were formerly brought from 
the river. 3. The Bloody Toicer, in which it is supposed 
the two young princes, Edward V. and his brother Richard, 



IiTTRODUCTIO>N'. 101 

were smothered by order of Richard III. 4. The Beait- 
champ Tower^ noted for the illustrious personages once 
confined within it, among whom were the ill-fated Anna 
Boleyn, and the pious and accomplished Lady Jane Grey. 
5. The Cimrch of St. Peter-in- V^incida, noted as the rest- 
ing-place of the headless bodies of a number of those who 
had by their crimes or virtues incurred royal displeas- 
ure. 6. The White Toioei\ a large square building, con- 
taining a vast amount of military and naval stores, and 
armories of warlike weapons. 7. The Jewel Office^ a dark 
and strong room in which are deposited the crown jewels 
or regalia of Great Britain. These consist of the imperial 
crown, which is enriched with precious stones of every de- 
scription, the golden orb, the golden sceptre and its cross, 
the sceptre with the dove, St. Edward's staff, state salt- 
cellar, the curtana or sword of mercy, golden spurs, 
armilla or bracelets, ampilla or golden eagle, and the 
golden spoon. Besides these emblems of royalty used at 
the coronations, there are shown here the silver font used at 
the baptism of the royal family, the Parliamentary diadem, 
and a large amount of ancient plate. 

Although London has been connected with nearly every 
important event in the history of England, yet the follow- 
ing are those with which the city has been more particu- 
larly identified : 

1. The Rebellion^ of Wat Tyler in 1381 (Richard IL), 
when his followers destroyed many streets, liberated prison- 
ers, and plundered the houses of the nobility. Tyler being 
stabbed by Sir William Wallworth, the Lord Mayor, the 
rebels dispersed. 

2. The Rebellion of Jack Cade, 1450 (Henry YL) — 
Cade having collected a large force, encamped on Black- 
heath, where, defeating the troops sent against him, he 
marched in triumph into London. Here he and his follow- 
ers committed such outrasres that the citizens arose, and. 



102 GENERAL HISTORY. 

with the aid of a party of soldiers from the Tower, drove 
the rebels from the city. 

3. The iNTRODucTioisr of Printing into England by 
William Caxton in 1474, who established his press in the 
Almonry of Westminster Abbey. 

4. The Burning of the Protestants at Smithfield in 
the reign of Queen Mary, 1553-1558. 

5. The Public Execution of King Charles I. at White- 
hall, 1649. 

6. The Great Plague of 1665 (Charles II.), which car- 
ried off 97,000 persons within a year. This was the fifth 
occurrence of the plague in London, from the year 1592. 
Each time about one-fifth of the population perished. 

7. The Great Fire of 1666 (Charles II.), which swept 
off 13,000 houses, destroying property to the amount of 
£10,000,000. 

8. The Riots of London in 1780 (George III.), in con- 
sequence of the act of Parliament for the relief of the 
Roman Catholics. The rioters numbered 50,000, and were 
headed by Lord George Gordon. 

Beside objects of historic interest, London is remarkable 
for the number and munificence of its literary, scientific, 
and charitable institutions. 

Among the Antiquities of England the most remai-k- 
able are the Cromlechs, Kist-vaens, and Druid Circles, 
which appear to have been connected with the ancient 
Druidical religion. The Cromlechs (from crwm^ leaning, 
and llech^ a broad flat stone) consist of large stones, some 
of immense size, placed in an inclining position on smaller 
ones, generally three in number. These were probably the 
Druidical altars of burnt sacrifice. The Kist-vaens (stone 
chests), which are commonly found in the middle of the 
great stone circles, and near the Cromlechs, are supposed 
to have been sacred sepulchres. They consist of several 
large flat stones placed together in the form of an ark or 



Il^TEODUCTIOX. 103 

chest. The Druidical Circles usually consist of huge 
stones placed on end, enclosing a considerable area, con- 
taining Cromlechs, Kist-vaens, and sometimes less circles, 
the whole forming objects at once rude and imposing. Of 
these circles, which were evidently the temples of the Dru- 
idical religion, the most noted are those of Stonehenge, on 
Salisbury Plain ; Abiiry, in Wiltshire, and the one in the Isle 
of Jersey. 

The priests of that idolatrous worship were the Druids, 
so called from drus^ an oak tree, the oak and the mistletoe 
being held by them in great veneration, and used in most 
of their religious ceremonies. These Druids were divided 
into three orders — Bards, Eubages, and common Druids, all 
under the authority of a sovereign chief, or Arch-Druid. In 
their religious ceremonies, which were celebrated, not in 
temples but in retired and shady groves, the priests were 
clad in white, and they offered human as well as other sac- 
rifices. " The pen of history trembles as it records the 
baleful orgies of their frantic superstition when enclosing 
their victims, men, women, aud children, in a huge wicker 
iraage^ in the form of a man, and placing in it all kinds of 
combustibles, they set fire to the huge colossus. While the 
dreadful holocaust was offering, the groans and shrieks of 
the consuming victims were drowned with horrid music 
and shouts of barbarous triumph." 

9, Edinburgh, the metropolis of Scotland, is situated in 
the southeast, about two miles from the Frith of Forth. 
This famous city, consisting of two principal parts, the old 
and new towns, occupies a cluster of hills, gently rising 
toward the west, where the eminence terminates in an 
abrupt rock, on which stands the castle of Edinburgh. Be- 
tween the old and new towns, as well as in other sections 
of the city, there are beautiful squares and gardens laid 
out in modern landscape style, forming delightful places of 
recreation. 



104 MODEEN HISTORY. 

The chief objects of interest in Eclinbui-gh are — 1. The 
Castle, a large fortress romantically situated on a mass of 
rock nearly three hundred feet in height. This edifice con- 
tains various batteries and other fortifications ; the ancient 
palace in which was born king James VT. of Scotland and 
I. of England ; and a well-protected apartment, in which 
are deposited the crown, sceptre, mace, and sword that 
formed the regralia of the Scottish kino-s. 2. The Great 
Hall in Parliament-square, in the centre of the old town, 
was formerly used by the Scottish Parliament, but is now 
occupied by the courts of law. 3. Holyrood House, the 
palace of the kings of Scotland, stands at the lower ex- 
tremity of the principal street of the old town. The oldest 
part of this palace was erected by James Y., and contains 
the presence chamber, bedroom, and other apartments used 
by queen Mary, with some of the original furniture ; ex- 
hibiting the style of the domestic accommodations of a 
princess of the sixteenth century, and recalling the painful 
incidents of the assassination of Mary's Italian favorite, 
David Rizzio. 4. The C/zizvers^Yy o/*^(:/^?^Z>^^r^A, embracing 
celebrated schools of medicine, law, and divinity, contains 
class-rooms for thirty-three professors, a library of mag- 
nificent proportions, and a museum of natural history. 
5. St. Giles's Church \^ the, most noted place of worship, a 
Gothic building of the fifteenth century. This venerable 
pile forms one side of Parliament-square, and is an object 
of remarkable beauty. A tower rising from the centre of 
the^ edifice is surmounted by slender arches of exquisite 
workmanship, and these support a majestic steeple ; the 
whole representing in the air the figure of an imperial 
crown. Beneath the vault of St. Giles' repose the ashes 
of Napier, the immortal inventor of logarithms, a. d. 1617. 
Another church, the Grey Friars, \^ celebrated as the place 
of meeting of the nobility, gentry, clergy, and burgesses 
of Scotland, March 1, 1638, when they renewed in the 



INTRODUCTIOK. 105 

most solemn manner and with great enthusiasm their 
national covenant to maintain their religious liberty and 
to resist all attempts to change the faith and worship of 
the established Presbyterian Church. 

10, Dtiblin, the principal city of Leinster, and the me- 
tropolis of Ireland, is beautifully situated on a fine bay of 
the river Liffey. In extent this city is rather larger than 
Edinburgh, and never fails to surprise and delight the 
stranger. The public edifices present an elegant appear- 
ance, and most of them are associated with events of great 
interest. The principal are — 1. The Four Courts^ a superb 
structure overlooking the river from the northern section 
of the city. 2. The Tlnwersity of Dublin^ founded by 
Queen Elizabeth in 1591, occupies a conspicuous situation 
south of the river. The buildings are spacious and elegant, 
containing a theatre for examinations, halls for various 
literary purposes, a library, and a museum, in which is 
preserved the harp of Brian Boromhe, a renowned Irish 
prince o^ the tenth century. In the vicinity of the uni- 
versity is, 3. The J3ank of Ireland^ an edifice of surpassing 
beauty, originally the place of meeting of the Irish Par- 
liament. The present " settling-room" of the bank was 
once the hall of the Irish Commons, which then resounded 
with the matchless eloquence of a Grattan and a Curran. 
But the hall of the peers, now used only by the bank 
directorate, is adorned with rich and beautiful tapestry 
representing the battle of the Boyne and other events in 
the conquest of Ireland by King William. 4. The Castle 
of JDnhlin., the ancient seat of the viceregal government, is 
an object of profound interest, associated as it is with the 
eventful and turbulent history of the country. The apart- 
ments of the lord-lieutenant, furnished in the style of the 
last century, are elegant, but not remarkable for grandeur ; 
but the Castle chapel is regarded by some as a model of 
religious architecture. Population of Dublin, 1300,000. 

5 "'■ 



106 GENERAL HISTORY. 

Of the natural curiosities of Ireland, the most remarka- 
ble is the Gianfs Causeway^ situated on the northern 
coast. This remarkable formation consists of an immense 
collection of basaltic pillars extending more than 600 feet 
into the sea, from 120 to 240 feet wide, and from 16 to 36 
feet above the level of the adjacent beach. The pillars are 
mostly in a vertical position, and for a consideralbe space 
of an equal height, forming a kind of pavement. They are 
of various forms, but mostly pentagonal and closely com- 
pacted together. They are rarely of a single piece, but for 
the most part consist of several pieces whose sections are 
planes, or alternately concave and convex ; and each col- 
umn varying in diameter from 15 to 24 inches. So com- 
pact is the texture of this basalt that the angles of the 
columns have preserved their sharpness, although exposed 
to the action of the sea for thousands of years. That part 
of this famed curiosity which is called the Organ is situ- 
ated at the northeast corner adjoining the land. It con- 
sists of fifty massive columns ; the one in the centre of 
the colonade being 40 feet high, while the others on 
each side gradually diminish in altitude. The whole pre- 
senting the appearance of a church organ of colossal di- 
mensions. 

11. JParis^the capital of France, is situated on both sides 
of the river Seine, about 130 miles from Havre, which is 
the port of Paris, at the mouth of the river. 

When the Romans under Julius CsBsar, b. c. 55^ accom- 
plished the conquest of Gaul, they found here a poor vil- 
lage, and the only one in the territory of the Parisii, and 
this the invaders named Littetia. Gradually enlarged and 
improved under successive dj^nasties, this renowned empo- 
rium lost both its early name and insignificance, and be- 
came the seat of an empire of which Rome itself was but 
a province ; and at length, occupying an area of more than 
8,000 • cres, and containing a population of more than 



INTRODUCTION. 107 

1,500,000, Paris is to-day the centre of the world of fash- 
ion, science, and art. 

Many of the streets, bridges, and public edifices of Paris 
commemorate events of glory in the national history of 
France, while the number and variety of its humane and 
reli2;ious institutions are exceeded only by those of London. 

The chief edifices of Paris are — 1. The four palaces, the 
Louvre, the Palais Royale, the Luxemburg, and the Tuil- 
eries, which last derives its name from its occupying the 
place of the principal tile-kilns (tiiileries) of Paris. This 
palace was begun by Catharine de Medicis, continued by 
Henry IV., and completed by Louis XIV. 2. The Cathe- 
dral of Notre Dame, a grand Gothic structure, and one of 
the largest churches in Europe. 3. The church of >iS'^. Ger- 
rtiain, the great bell of which was used to signal the mas- 
sacre of the Huguenots in 1572. 4. The Temple, which 
was used during " the Reign of Terror," 1797, as the prison 
for the victims of the Jacobin Club, while awaiting the 
guillotine. 5. The Hotel des Lnvalids, a magnificent struc- 
ture, built by Louis XIV. as a home for wounded and su- 
peranuated soldiers. 6. The JBastile, the far-famed state 
prison of the French kings, was originally the castle of 
Paris, and was built by order of Charles V. about 1380, by 
Hugo Aubriot, prevot of Paris, as a defence against the 
English. During the reigns of Louis XIV. and Louis XV. 
great numbers of persons of the higher ranks were here 
immured, the victims of political despotism, court intrigue, 
or ecclesiastical tyranny. On the 14th of July, 1789, the 
Bastile was attacked by an armed mob, aided by a portion 
of the soldiers who had joined the people against the des- 
potic monarchy, and in the contest which ensued one of 
the besieged and 150 of the people were killed or wounded. 
The fortress at length being captured, Delaunay, the com- 
mander, was seized and instantly despatched, and his head 
carried by the infuriated populace through the streets of 



108 GEifERAL HISTORY. 

Paris. In the vaults of this prison were found the most 
horrible engines of torture, one of which was an iron cage 
enclosing the skeleton of a man ! Among the prisoners 
released at the destruction of the Bastile were a Major 
White, a Scotchman, and the Count de Lorges, whose long 
white beard and inability to speak gave evidence of long- 
continued, cruel, solitary confinement. The column which 
now stands on La Place de la Bastile bears the names of 
the 654 persons who aided in its capture and demolition. 
The key of the Bastile is now at Mount Vernon. 

12, Madrid, the capital of Spain, situated on the Manza- 
narez, a branch of the Tagus, is remarkable as the most ele- 
vated European metropolis, being 2,276 feet above the level 
of the sea. The word Madrid is of Arabic origin, and sig- 
nifies salubrious dwelling. The city was at first a mere 
village, and did not become the capital of the kingdom 
until the reign of Philip IL, a. d. 1563. The form of this 
city is that of a square about six or seven miles in circuit. 
It is entered by fifteen gates, and contains forty-two 
squares, five hundred and six streets, several hundred 
churches, besides a large number of convents, colleges, 
hospitals, fountains, and promenades. Of the public build- 
ings, the Royal Palace is the most important. It is situated 
on an eminence, at one extremity of the city, enclosing a 
square 404 feet on each side. In the centre of the palace 
is a court 120 feet square. The entire edifice is substan- 
tially built, without wood in any part, having all the apart- 
ments vaulted. The furniture and ornaments of the palace, 
especially those of the king's hall, are of great taste and 
beauty. The collection of paintings (except that those of 
French artists are excluded) is one of the finest in Europe. 
Here also are deposited the state jewels and regalia, and 
the costly throne constructed for Philip II. ornamented 
with rich gold embroidery, massive silver, columns of rock 
crystal, and a vast quantity of other more precious stones. 



INTRODUCTIOif. 10^ 

The colleges, academies, and benevolent institutions of 
Madrid are numerous. The Royal Library contains over 
100,000 printed volumes, besides a large collection of man- 
usciipts, medals, and other antiquities. The most noted 
promenade within the walls of Madrid is the Prado^ so cel- 
ebrated in Spanish romances, and the actual scene of polit- 
ical plots and private assassinations. The amusements of 
the inhabitants are chiefly the coffee-houses, theatres, operas, 
religious processions, particularly those on Corpus Christi 
day, and above all the brutal bull-fights, of which all ranks 
of the people are passionately fond. 

Other noted places in Spain are: Cordova, on the Gau- 
dalquiver, the early metropolis of the Saracens, and w^hich 
in the tenth century became the most celebrated seat of 
learning in Europe ; Granada, the last of the Saracen pos- 
sessions in Spain, and where still stand the remains of their 
renowned palace and fortress, the Alhambra ; Palos, the 
port of departure of Columbus on his first voyage of dis- 
covery, August 14th, 1492; and Gibraltar, the renowned 
fortress on the Mediterranean, held by Great Britain, 
since its capture in 1704. 

13, Important Events in the History of Spain. — 
The original inhabitants of Spain were the Celts, the 
Iberians, their descendants, the Celtiberians. 

B. C. 

260. Spain conquered by the Carthaginians. 
196. Spain conquered by the Romans. 

A. D. 

395. Spain occupied by the Goths and Vandals for 300 years. 

714. Euled by the Saracens (Moors) for 750 years. 

14T9. Castile and Aragon united by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
1492. Conquest of Granada — Moors defeated — The Voyage of Cohimbus. 
1517. The splendid reign of Charles V., grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
1580. The annexation of Poitugal to the crown of Spain by Philip 11. 
1640. Portugal becomes independent. 
1700. Accession of Philip V., grandson of Louis XIV. of France. This causes the 

War of the Spanish Succession. 
18vl8. Occupied by the French under Joseph Bonaparte. 
1814. The French expelled. Ferdinand VII. restored. 

1834. The Carlist Civil War, incited by Don Carlos against his niece, Isabella IT. 
1S68. Revolution under General Prim, Isabella expelled. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 



PAET SECOE^D-MODERjSr HISTOEY 



Period I. — Roman Empire. 
Battle of Actium, ) ( Rise op Greek Empire. 



B. c. 80. V 360 years. < a. b. 330. 

Augustus — Home. ) ( Constantlne — Consiaii'ple. 

1, Period of the Itomafi Empire is distinguished by — 
1, The prevalence of the Roman dominion under forty-five 
Emperors. 2. The introduction of the Gospel op the 
Son of God. 8. The Ten persecutions of the Christians 
by the pagan Romans. 

II. — The Chronology of the Period. 

B. C. 

4 The Nativity of Chtrist at Bethleliem. 

0. Anno Domini begins when Christ is four years old. 

14. Tiberius, emperor of Rome. (Population of Rome, 4,037,000 

citizens.) 

26. Christ baptized in the Jordan. 

33. Christ crucified. 

36. Paul converted on the way to Damascus. 

37. Caligula, emperor of Rome. 

40. The disciples of Clirist called Christians first at Autioch. 

41. Claudius, emperor of Rome. 

50. Paul preaches at Athens. London built by the Romans. 

51. Caractacus led captive to Rome. 
54. Nero, emperor of Rome. 

64. First persecution of the Christians. 

67. The martyrdom of Peter and Paul. 

68. Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, emperors of Rome. 
70. Jerusalem captured by Titus. 



ROMAIC" EMPIRE. Ill 

A. D. 

79. Titus, emperor of Rome. Herculaneum and Pompeii de- 
stroyed. Pliny tlie elder. 
81. Domitian, emperor of Rome : — the last of the twelve Caesars. 

95. Second persecution of the Christians. John banished to Patmos. 

96. Nerva, emperor of Rome. 

98. Trajan, emperor of Rome. Pliny the younger. 
107. Third persecution. Martyrdom of Ignatius. 
117. Adrian, emperor of Rome. Juvenal, Tacitus, Plutarch, Ptolemy. 
120. Adrian's wall built across Britain. 
138. Antoninus Pius, emperor of Rome. 
161. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, emperor of Rome. 
163. Fourth persecution. Martyrdom of Polycarp and Justin. 
180. Commodus, emperor of Rome. 
193. Septimus Severus, emperor of Rome, issues a decree for the Fifth 

persecution, etc. 
203. Fifth persecution. Galen, Turtullian. 
222. Alexander Severus, emperor of Rome. 
236. Sixth persecution. 

250. Seventh persecution. Martyrdom of Origen. Origin of mo- 
nastic life. 
257. Eighth persecution. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage. 

" Emperor Valerian put to death by Sapores, king of Persia. 
273. Ninth persecution. Queen Zenobia defeated by Aurelian. 
284. Diocletian, emperor of Rome. Eusebius, Lactantius. 
303. Tenth persecution. 
312. Constantine the Great, emperor of Rome. Arius, Athanasius 



III, — The History^ biography, etc., of the Period, 

1, The Rofnan Empire under Augustus comprehended 
nearly the whole of the civilized world, embracing an area 
about 3,000 miles long and 2.000 broad. The whole /)0jt9w- 
lation was 120 millions, of which at least one-half were slaves, 
and of the remainder, 40 millions were freedmen and only 
20 millions were free citizens. The government w^as a mon- 
archy with the forms of a republic : the offices and author- 
ity of consul, tribune, and Pontifex Maximus being united in 
the person of the emperor. The army consisted of 400,000 
men, divided into thirty legions, and distributed in different 



112 GENERAL HISTOET. [B. C. 30 

purts of the empire, with 20,000 Praetorian guards sta- 
tioned in Italy. The navy numbered 50,000 men, and 
cruised chiefly in the Mediterranean, Black Sea, British 
Channel, on the Rhine and Danube. During a period of 
500 years the imperial throne was occupied by seventy- 
eight emperors : of whom Augustus, b. c. 30 ; Vespasian, 
A. D. 70; Titus, 79; Trajan, 98; Adrian, 117; Antoninus 
Pius, 138 ; Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, 161 ; and Alexan- 
der Severus, 222, were remarkable for their eminent abili- 
ties as soldiers or statesmen. Tiberius, a. d. 14 ; Caligula, 
37 ; Claudius, 41 ; Nero, 54 ; and Commodus, 180, were 
among the most infamous. Constantine, 312, is noted for 
his suppressing the persecutions of the Christians and 
removing the seat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, 
Julian, 361, for his apostacy. Theodosius, 379, for his zeal- 
ous support of Christianity. And Augustulus Romulus, 
475, as being the last and least of all. 

2» Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and the Saviour of 
men, was born at Bethlehem of Judea, according to the 
prediction of the prophets ; his mother, the Virgin Mary, 
and her husband Joseph, being of the house and lineage of 
David. The wise men from the east that came to worship the 
infant Jesus were directed to Bethlehem by the sudden ap- 
pearance of a new star or star-like meteor which, according 
to the prevailing belief at that time, would attend the birth 
of the long-promised King of Israel. After the Saviour's 
return from Egypt nothing is recorded of his early life ex- 
cept his conversation at twelve years of age with the doc- 
tors in the temple. 

When Jesus was about thirty years of age, a. d. ^%^ he 
was publicly baptized in the Jordan by his forerunner, 
John the Baptist; and having for seven years preached the 
gospel and attested his claim to the Messiahship by mira- 
cles of the most astonishing character, which he wrought in 
the presence of chosen witnesses, he expiated the sins of 



toA. I>. 330.] liOMAN^ EMPIRE. 113 

men upon the cross in the eighteenth year of the emperor 
Tiberius, a. d. 33. 

3, The Apostles of Christ were the twelve chosen wit- 
nesses of the Saviour's ministry, death, resurrection, and 
ascension, and who were divinely commissioned and qual- 
ified to preach the gospel to all nations, and establish the 
Christian church. 

4, The JBooks of the New Testament, twenty-seven in 
number, were, as those of the Old Testament had been, all 
written by inspired men, and were so received by the 
Christian church during the lifetime of the apostles, that 
is, before the close of the first century. The chief subjects 
treated of in the New Testament as establishing the truth 
of the Christian religion are — 1. The descent of Christ 
from king David. 2. The sinless life and divine character 
of Christ. 3. His miracles and doctrines. 4. His triumph- 
ant resurrection from the dead : all in accordance with 
prophecies delivered long before our Saviour appeared on 
earth. 

o. The Invasion of Britain was the only event of 
importance in the reign of the emperor Claudius. When 
Caractacus, the king of South Wales, was led captive to 
Rome, he expressed his astonishment that an emperor, occu- 
pying such a palace as that of Rome, should envy him in 
his humble cabin in Britain. The first invasion of Britain 
by the Romans was under Julius Caesar, b. c. ^5, and they 
held possession of the island until a. d. 426. 

6. Nero, the fifth Roman emperor, an atrocious mon- 
ster, who murdered his mother, his wife, his instructer, 
Seneca the philosopher, and many other eminent persons. 
Having in mere wantonness set the city of Rome on fire, 
he charged this crime on the Christians. This originated 
the first persecution, a. d. 64, during which the apostles 
Paul and Peter suffered martyrdom, a. d. 67. In the reign 
of Nero, Boadicea, a queen of Britain, defeated a Roman 



114 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 30 

army, causing the loss of 70,000 men. But this disaster 
was speedily avenged by the slaughter of 80,000 Britons. 
After this the Britons quietly submitted to their con- 
querors. 

7, The Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, un- 
der Titus, in the reign of his father Vespasian, a. d. 70, 
extinguished the Jewish nation. The siege lasted six 
months, during which time bloodshed, famine, and pesti- 
lence raged in the city, and more than a million of Jews 
perished. After the capture of the city multitudes were 
sold into bondage and scattered over the earth. (Josephus, 
Wars of the Jews, book vi.) 

8, Titus f the tenth emperor of Rome, and the hero 
of the Jewish war, was remarkable for his many virtues. 
Remembering one evening that he had done no act of 
charity during the day, he exclaimed: ^'' My friends, I have 
lost a day P"* So regardless was he of censure and abuse 
that he was heard to say upon a certain occasion : " Why 
should I he displeased at censure when I do viothing to 
deserve it .^" 

In the year that Titus became emperor, a. d. 79, occur- 
red that eruption of Mount Vesuvius which overwhelmed 
the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, and which caused 
the death of the great naturalist Pliny the elder, who was 
suffocated while viewing the terrific scene. 

9, Domitian, eleventh emperor and the last of the 
twelve Ccesars, was the unworthy brother of Titus, being 
remarkable for baseness and cruelty. In his reign occurred 
the second persecution, a. d. 95, during which 40.000 
Christians were put to death; and the apostle John, the 
only survivor of the Twelve, was banished to the island of 
Patmos. There he beheld the prophetic visions which are 
recorded in the Book of Revelation. 

It is related of the apostle John, that upon a certain occa- 
sion becoming interested in a young man of great promise, 



toA. I>. 330.] ROMAN EMPIKE. 115 

he warmly recommended him to the care of a particular 
pastor. In due time the youth was baptized, and for awhile 
lived a Christian life. At length, however, being seduced 
by evil company, he became idle and intemperate, and 
finally fled to a band of robbers, of which he became the 
leader. 

Some time after this the apostle learned to his surprise 
and grief the sad fall of the young convert, and repairing 
to the rendezvous of the banditti, he exposed himself to be 
captured. When seized by one of the robbers the venera- 
ble John said, " Bring me to your captain." The unhappy 
young chieftain seeing the apostle approaching, immediately 
fled. The holy man instantly pursued him, crying, "My 
son, why fliest thou from thy father, unarmed and old ? 
Fear not. As yet there remaineth hope of salvation. Be- 
lieve me, Christ hath sent me." Hearing these words of 
parental tenderness the young robber stood still, trembled, 
and wept bitterly. At the earnest entreaty of John he re- 
turned to the society of his Christian friends, nor did the 
apostle leave him until he judged him fully restored by 
divine grace. 

During the reign of Domitian, a. d. 81-96, flourished 
Josephus the Jewish historian; Agricola^ the brave general 
of Domitian, who conquered Britain as far as the friths of 
Scotland ; and Quintilian^ the most eminent writer on 
rhetoric, whose works still exist. 

10, The Emperor Nerva, who succeeded Domitian, 
being of a gentle and humane disposition, forbade the per- 
secution of any person for Judaism or impiety, meaning by 
this latter term Christianity. For the heathen regarded 
the Christians as impious men and atheists, because they 
used neither altars, sacrifices, nor idols in their religious 
worship. Nerva recalled the Christian exiles, restored to 
them their forfeited estates, and granted a full toleration tc 
the Christian relio^ion. 



116 GENERAL HISTORY. [B, C. 30 

11, The Emperor Trajan was a successful warrior 
and a very popular sovereign. The character of this prince 
appears in the following incident. Decebalus, king of 
Dacia, having been subdued by the emperor Trajan, died a 
prisoner among the Romans. The emperor then took the 
son of the deceased captive king and determined to educate 
him with the intention of restoring him to his father's 
throne of Dacia. But one day, seeing the boy break into 
an orchard, the emperor asked him at night where he had 
been during the day. The boy replied, " Nowhere but in 
school." Trajan was so offended at the disposition mani- 
fested by this falsehood, that neither the Dacians nor the 
Romans could induce him to fulfil his intention of replacing 
the youth on the throne of his father, " for,'' said he, " one 
who begins thus early to be a liar can never be qualified to 
be a king." In an edict issued against secret societies, Tra- 
jan authorized the third persecution of the Christians, a. d. 
107. In this persecution Si7neon^ who had been bishop of 
Jerusalem, was crucified; and Ignatius^ bishop of Antioch, 
was devoured by wild beasts at Rome. Simeon, when 120 
years of age, was accused before the Roman governor of 
being a Christian. He was cruelly scourged for many days, 
but still remaining faithful to the profession of his holy 
religion, he was led out and crucified. Ignatius, fearing for 
the people of his charge, went to meet the Roman emperor, 
who was on his way to the Parthian war, and offered to 
suffer in their stead. Trajan received the apostolic man 
with great haughtiness, and being exasperated at his gen- 
erosity and dignity, he ordered him to be sent to Rome and 
thrown to the wild beasts in the amphitheatre, for the en- 
tertainment of the populace. 

12, The Persecution of the Christia/tis by the heathen 
Romans appears to have originated partly from the cor- 
rupting and debasing influence of idolatry, which pervaded 
not only the religion of the Romans, but also their political 



to A. 11.330.] ROMAIC EMPIRE. 117 

institutions and their familiar and social intercourse. Their 
houses and furniture, as well as their temples, were deco- 
rated with images of their numerous divinities; at their 
convivial feasts, sacrifices were offered, and libations poured 
out to their imaginary gods and goddesses, and their 
common language abounded with profanity and impiety. 
It was therefore impossible for a conscientious and enlight- 
ened Christian to hold any intercourse with his heathen 
neighbors, and not be constantly liable to give offence, 
either by refusing to acknowledge the divinity of Jupiter, 
or declining a compliment in the name of Juno. This 
constant testimony against the popular superstition, united 
with their exclusive devotion to the purity and spirituality 
of the gospel of Christ, speedily aroused that relentless 
hostility of the heathen world, from which the primitive 
Christians so long and so severely suffered. From a letter 
written to the emperor Trajan, by Pliny the younger, who 
was the Roman consul of Bithynia, we learn that the 
Christians of that period were pure and exemplary in their 
lives, and were charged by their enemies with no other 
crime than that of worshipping the Lord Jesus Christ as 
God, and refusing to worship the heathen gods. And that 
the gospel, which Pliny called " a depraved superstition," 
had spread through cities, villages, and farm-houses, to so 
great an extent, that the heathen temples had become 
almost desolate. 

13, Adrian, the celebrated Roman emperor who spent 
thirteen years in travelling through the empire, reforming 
abuses and rebuilding cities. To defend the Britons from 
the incursions of the Scots, he caused a wall sixty-eight 
miles long to be built across the northern part of England, 
which then belonged to the Roman empire, a. d. 120. This 
emperor issued no persecuting edicts against the Christians, 
but on the contrary, endeavored to restrain the spirit of 
persecution. During the reign of Adrian, a. d. 117-138, 



118 GEi^ERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 30 

flourished the poet Juvenal; Tacitus^ the historian; 
Plutarch^ the chief biographer of antiquity; and Ptolemy^ 
the astronomer and geographer. 

14:, Antoninus Pius swayed the sceptre of the empire 
twenty-three years, a. d. 138-161. His reign was dis- 
tinguished by equity, peace, and prosperity. When told 
of warlike heroes, he was accustomed to say, with Scipio : 
a J prefer the life and happiness of one suhject to the death 
of a hundred enemies ! ''^ 

la, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, son-in-law, and suc- 
cessor of Antoninus Pius, a. d. 161-180, was noted for 
his austerity as a heathen philosopher, and for his implaca- 
ble enmity to the Christians. In his reign occurred the 
Fourth Persecution^ 163, during which Polycarp, bishop 
of Smyrna, was burned at the stake, and Justin Martyr 
was beheaded, a. d. 166. The venerable Polycarp, who, 
with Ignatius, had been a disciple of the Apostle John, was 
bishop of Smyrna eighty years. As he was about being 
nailed to the stake to be burned, he said ; " Let me remain 
as I am, for He who giveth me strength to sustain the fire, 
will enable me to remain unmoved." Justin Martyr, a man 
of distinguished piety and learning, had rendered himself 
remarkable by his masterly defence of the gospel in two 
^^Apoloyies for the Christians,^'' addressed to the emperor 
and senate of Rome. He was at length accused and 
imprisoned with six of his brethren. When brought before 
the prefect, they were urged to renounce the gospel, and 
sacrifice to the gods ; but remaining faithful to their divine 
religion, they were sentenced to be first scourged, and 
then beheaded, according to the cruel law of persecution. 
Marcus Aurelius died in the nineteenth year of his reign, 
on an expedition against the Marcomanni, then at war with 
Rome. During the reign of Marcus flourished Galen, a 
celebrated physician, who so astonished the world by his 
successful practice, that his cures were popularly attributed 



to A. Jtt. 330.] EOMA]^ EMPIRE. 119 

to magic. He died at Pergamiis, tlie place of his birth, at 
the age of ninety, a. d. 193. 

16, After Marcus Auf^elius the throne of the empire 
was occupied successively by his son, the profligate Cora- 
modus, 180; bf Pertinax, a venerable soldier, who was pro- 
claimed by the army and then assassinated by them, 193, 
and by Didius Julianus, a wealthy senator, who bought 
the empire at auction of the Praetorian Guards, for about 
$9,000,000. The authority of Didius not being recognized by 
the military commanders in the distant provinces, a mutual 
contest arose, which terminated in the triumph of 

17* Septimius Sever us, 193, a despotic soldier, who 
totally defeated his competitors, Niger and Albinus, and 
reigned with firmness and ability eighteen years. During 
this reign occurred — 1. the Fifth Persecution^ a. d. 202, 
in which Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, suffered martyrdom ; 
2. the capture of Byzantium, 195 ; and, 3. the building 
of a wall across Britain, from the Forth to the Clyde, to 
repel the Caledonians, 209. This wall, nearly parallel with 
that of Adrian, was eight feet broad at the top, twelve feet 
high, and defended by means of towers, one mile apart. 
These garrisons communicated with each other by means of 
metallic speaking-tubes built in the wall. About this period 
flourished TertuUian, a Carthaginian, and a man of em- 
inent abilities and learning, which, on his conversion to 
Christianity, he ardently devoted to the defence of the 
gospel. 

18. Aleacander Severus, a mild and beneficent prince, 
ascended the throne at the age of sixteen, 222, after the 
short and turbulent reigns of Caracalla and Geta, 211, 
Macrinus, 217, and Heliogabalus, 218. During the reign 
of Alexander, the Christians enjoyed protection and tran- 
quillity. 

A piece of common land, which had been occupied by 
the Christians as the site of a church edifice, was claimed 



130 GEKEEAL HISTORY. ^ [B. C. 30 

by a lieatheii tavern-keeper. The disputed title to the 
property was referred to the emperor for settlement. "It is 
better," said Alexander, " that God should be served there, 
in any manner whatever, than that a tavern should be made 
of it." 

19, 3Iaaciminf a giant, the son of a Thracian herdsman, 
having incited the soldiers to assassinate Alexander Se- 
verus, succeeded him as emperor of Rome, 235. Dreading 
the opposition of the Christians, whom his predecessor 
had favored and protected, Maximin authorized the Sixth 
Persecution^ 236, ordering the ministers, whom he knew 
Alexander had treated as his intimate friends, to be seized 
and put to death. At the same time, also, suffered Victor, 
bishop of Rome, Leonidas, Perpetua, and Felicitas. 

20. The Seventh Persecution of the Christians, A. d. 
250, one of the most remarkable in its results, took place 
in the reign of the emperor Decius. The most eminent 
martyr at this time was Origen, a distinguished minister of 
the gospel at Alexandria, and the luminary of the age in 
which he flouiished. His great work was The Hexapla^ 
which was the Bible written out in six different languages. 

Until this period few instances occurred of Christians 
apostatizing from the faith of the gospel. But now vast 
numbers in many parts of the empire lapsed into idolatry. 
Among those who, to escape persecution, basely abandoned 
the cause of Christ, was Eudemon, bishop of the church in 
Smyrna. Far different, however, at the same time, was 
the conduct of Pionius, a presbyter in the same church. 
Nobly disregarding both the tortures and entreaties that 
were used to induce him to deny his Redeemer, he remained 
faithful to Christ ; while the unhappy Eudemon, bearing 
the emblems of his apostacy and infamy, bowed before the 
altar of idolatry. The constancy of Pionius served only to 
inflame the rage of his heathen persecutors. The execu- 
tioner having prepared the materials for his martyrdom, 



to A. ». 330.] KOMAlf EMPIRE. 121 

Pionius stretched himself upon the stake, and was then 
nailed to it by the soldiers. " Change your mind," said the 
executioner, "and the nails shall be withdrawn." *^I have 
felt them," exclaimed the martyr; and after a few moments, 
added, "O Lord, I hasten." The stake then being raised 
with the expiring martyr nailed to it, and placed in the 
socket prepared for it, the fire was kindled. For some 
time Pionius remained motionless — his eyes closed, and his 
spirit evidently in holy converse with God. At length, 
with a cheerful countenance, and eyes elevated to heaven, 
he exclaimed, "Amen ! Lord, receive my soul." 

At the breaking out of this persecution, the habit of 
monastic life was introduced by Paul the Hermit, who, 
to avoid persecution, retired to the deserts of Thebais, in 
Africa, where, acquiring a love for solitude, he remained 
from the age of 23 until the close of his life, at the age of 
113 years. 

21^ Valerian, a commander of one of the provincial 
armies, ascended the throne of the empire, a. d. 254, on the 
death of Gallus, a vicious tyrant, who was slain in a civil 
war. In a war with Persia, Valerian was captured by 
Sapores L, the Persian king, and held as an abject prisoner 
for life. To complete his humiliation, Sapores would at 
times compel Valerian to stoop to the earth, and then set 
his foot upon him to mount his horse. The manner of his 
death was most horrible. His eyes were plucked out, he 
was flayed alive, and then rubbed with salt, 261. 

Under Valerian occurred the JEighth Persecution^ pro- 
duced by the influence of the emperor's favorite, the cruel 
Macrianus. It was at this time the crown of martyrdom 
was obtained by Novatian, a presbyter of Rome, and by 
Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, 259. 

22, Aurelian, the most valiant soldier of the age, was 
elevated to the throne, a. d. 270, as was then the custom, 
by the choice of the army. The bodily strength of this 

6 



122 GENERAL HISTORY. [B. C. 30 

emperor is said to have been so great, that in a single 
engagement, with his own hand, he killed forty of the 
enemy, and in different battles, nine hundred ! 

Events during this reign : — 1. the AUemanni and Mar- 
comanni ravaged the empire, 271. 2. The Ninth Persecu- 
tion^ which was instigated by the restless persecuting pagan 
priests, 273; and, 3. Zenobia, the beautiful and valiant queen 
of Palmyra, was conquered and led captive to Rome, 273. 
Palmyra, or "Tadmor in the wilderness," built by king Sol- 
omon, was situated about 180 miles northeast of Damascus. 
In modern history this remarkable place became the capital 
of Zenobia, styled "The Queen of the East." On the cap- 
ture of the city by Aurelian, Zenobia's secretary of state, the 
learned Longinus, was put to death, and the vanquished 
princess led to Rome in triumph. The ruins of this ancient 
city, still arrest the attention of the traveller. Beautiful 
arches, vaults, temples, and porticos abound. One colon- 
nade, four thousand feet long, and terminated by a beauti- 
ful mausoleum, is an object of profound interest. 

23, Diocletian (after Tacitus^ Probus, CaruSy and his 
sons Carinus and N-umerian) w^as declared emperor in the 
year 284. In a short time, finding the burden of so vast an 
empire too great, Diocletian associated with himself in the 
government his friend Maximian ; and in the year 292 
they appointed two subordinate colleagues, whom they 
named Ccesars^ viz., Galerius and Constantius. Among 
these four the administration of the government was for a 
time divided. But this novel state of affairs did not long 
continue. In the year a. d. 304 the two emperors resigned 
their authority into the hands of the Caesars and retired into 
private life. The two Caesars then, adopting the policy of 
their predecessors, associated with them two partners, Se- 
verus II. and Maximian II., so that the empire was again for 
a short space in the hands of four rulers. In the jealousies 
and contests which ensued among the successors of these 



toA. I>. 330.] BYZAKTIXE, OR GREEK EMPIRE. 123 

emperors and Caesars, the Christians suffered long and se- 
verely. In the Tenth Persecution^ 303, inflicted by the two 
Maxiraians, it is stated that not less than 17,000 persons 
were put to death in the space of a month ; and that in the 
province of Egypt alone 150,000 persons died by violence. 
In the year 311, the empire was found in the hands of 
Constantine, the son of Constantius, and Licinius^ who 
had succeeded Galerius. These emperors, agreeing to arrest 
the spirit of persecution, issued a joint edict at Milan, 
granting free toleration to the Christians in the exercise of 
their religion, a. d. 313. On the death of Licinius, 323, Con- 
stantine the Great became sole emperor of Rome. It is 
related that when Constantine was marching^ to battle 
ao^ainst Maxentius, he saw in the air a luminous cross bear- 
ing the inscription: '''■In hoc signo vinces.'''* "By this 
sign thou shalt conquer." Soon after the victory which he 
achieved he became the friend and patron of the Chris- 
tians, and is called the Jirst Christian emperor. 



Period II. — Byzantine, ok Greek Empire. 

RtSE op Greek Empire, ) ( Rise op Saracen Empire. 

A. D. 380. [ 292 years. \ a. d. 622. 

Constantine— C(:>/iste7i'^?e. ; ( Mahomet — Mecca. 

1, The Byzantine Teriod is distinguished by — 1. The 
removal of the seat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, 
330 (thence named Constantinople), resulting in the divi- 
sion of the great empire of the Romans into two parts, 
the eastern, or Greek empire, and the w^estern, or Latin em- 
pire, A. D. 395. 2. By the conquest of the western empire 
by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, a. d. 476. 3. By the estab- 
lishment of the French monarchy, a. d. 486. 4. By the 
conquest of Britain by the Saxons, 450-584. 

I H H 

* The initialgi forming the symbol, — " y' * 



VZ4: GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 330 

II. — The Chronology of the Period. 

A. D, 

330. Byzantium made the metropolis of the empire. 

337. Constantine dies and is succeeded by his three sous, Constan- 
tine II., Constans, Constantius II., and two uephews. 

361. Julian, the apostate, attempts to rebuild the Temple of Jeru- 
salem, 

384. The Roman senate abolishes Paganism as the religion of the 
empire. 

395. The empire divided between Arcadius, emperor of the East and 
Honorius, emperor of the West. 

409. The West invaded by Yandals, Alians, Suevi, Goths, Visigoths, 

and other barbarous tribes from the north of Europe. 

410. Rome captured by Alaric. 

429. Britain, abandoned by tlie Romans, is invaded by the Scots. 

432. St. Patrick introduces the Gospel into Ireland. 

447. Hengist and Horsa invited to aid the Britons. Attila, the Hun. 

ravages Europe. 
455. Rome plundered by Genseric, the Vandal. 
476. Augustulus, the last emperor of Rome, conquered by Odoacer. 
486. The French monarchy founded by Clovis. 
493. Italy conquered by Theodoric, the Ostragoth. 
511. Prince Arthur defeats the Saxons in the battle of Badon Hill, 
516. The Christian .^ra — Anno Domini — introduced. (See Sec. iv.l2.) 
527. Justinian I., emperor of the Eastern empire, 
565. St. Columba founds the schools of the Culdees at lona 
568. The Lombards under Alboin take possession of Italy. 
596. Gregory the Great sends missionaries to Britain. 
606. Emperor Fhocas acknowledges the supremacy of the Pope. 
611. Westminster Abbey founded by Sibert, king of Essex. (See 
Mod. Hist, Int., London.) 

III. — The History^ Hiography., etc., of the Period. 

1» Constantine^ a man of great abilities and of remark- 
able decision of character, has rendered his name famous 
by two important measures of state policy : 1. the favor- 
ing of the Christian religion, which resulted in its becom- 
ing the established religion of the empire ; 2. the removal 
of the seat of government from Rome to Pyzantium, cau^^- 
ing ultimately the division of the empire. It is related 



to 622.] BYZANTIJ^E^ OR GREEK EMPIRE. 125 

that Constantine had selected for his new capital a site near 
Chalcedon, on the eastern side of the Bosphorus; and as 
they were laying out the grounds an eagle seized the meas- 
uring line and flew oif across the water toward Byzantium. 
Acting on this suggestion, Constantine decided upon this 
latter place as the seat of empire. Here he built a capitol, 
an amphitheatre, several churches, and other public edifices. 
Then, dedicating the city to the God of the martyrs, he 
changed its name to Constantinople^ and removed hither 
with his imperial court. 

2, Julian, called the apostate^ from his renouncing his 
Christian education and embracing paganism, was a 
nephew of Constantine the Great. Surviving the sons and 
other nephews of Constantine, with whom he had been 
associated in the empire, Julian became sole monarch a. d. 
361. Nothing could exceed the deep malignity of this 
abandoned man toward the name and cause of Christ. The 
heathen temples were rebuilt and the pagan priests hon- 
ored, while the Christians were deprived of their civil 
rights, their schools closed, and their religion treated with 
contempt and ridicule. His impious attempt to rebuild the 
Temple at Jerusalem, for the purpose of discrediting the 
prophecy of Christ, was of course a signal failure. Being 
at war with the Persians, he was mortally wounded in bat- 
tle with a lance, and he is said to have received in his hand 
a quantity of blood from the wound, and indignantly cast- 
ing it in the air, exclaimed : " Galilean ! thou hast con- 
quered.''^ 

3, Tlieodosius the Great (the son of an eminent Koman 
general) was chosen as the colleague of Gratian, who in 
this way endeavored to atone for the unjust and cruel exe- 
cution of the father of Theodosius. 379. After reigning for 
some years over the eastern division, Theodosius became in 
392, sole emperor, and at his death, 395, the empire was 
permanently divided : his son Arcadius reigning over the 



126 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 330 

eastern division at Constantinople, and his other son, -ffb^io- 
rius, over the western division at Ravenna. 

During the reign of Theodosius the comparative merits 
of Christianity and paganism were debated in the senate 
of Rome ; Ambrose, bishop of Milan, advocating the former, 
and Syinmachus, a pagan philosopher, the latter. At the 
close of the disputation the senate solemnly abolished pa- 
ganism as the religion of the empire, a. d. 384. 

4, The Fall of the Western Empire, — Between the 
years a. d. 409 and 420 the Vandals, Alians, Suevi, Goths, 
Visigoths, Franks, and other barbarous tribes from the 
north of Europe and northw^est of Asia invaded and sub- 
jugated various portions of the western empire. In 410 
Rome was captured by Alaric the Goth, after a seige of 
two years. The plundering of the city occupied six days ; 
the streets were deluged with blood ; and some of the 
noblest edifices were totally demolished, although the con- 
queror endeavored to save them from destruction. 

After the Romans had withdrawn their forces from Brit- 
ain, 426, the ^cots and Picts, warlike tribes from the north- 
ern part of the island, began to make inroads upon the 
defenceless Britons, 429. To repel these hostile incursions 
Sengist and Horsa, leaders of the Saxons and Angles, 
were invited into Britain, and these rapacious allies finally 
took possession of the country, founding the seven king- 
doms of the tSaxon Heptarchy. These seven kingdoins 
were Kent, founded by Ilengist ; Sussex, by Ella ; Wes- 
sex, by Cerdic ; Essex, by Sigobert ; Northumberland, by 
Idda ; East Englia, by Offa ; and Murcia, by Crida, a. d. 
450-584. The valiant Briton, Prince Arthur, who held his 
court at Caerleon, in Wales, defeated the Saxons in the bat- 
tle of Badon Hill, 511; but he was afterward overcome by 
Cerdic, king of Wessex, 519. Atilla the Ilun, who from 
the extent and cruelty of the ravages of his army of 
500,000 men, was designated the /iS'coi^r^e of God, desolated 



to 622.] BYZANTINE, OR GEEEK EMPIRE. 127 

Italy, 447. Genseric^ the Yandal king, plundered Rome, 
455 ; and in 476 Odoacer, the valiant king of the Heruli, 
defeated Augustulus, the last emperor of the west, captured 
Rome, and established the hhigdom of Italy, 1229 years 
from the building of Rome. In 493 Theodoric, king of 
the Ostragoths, became master of Italy, after putting 
Odoacer to death ; and in 568 the possession of Italy was 
obtained by the Lombards under their leader Alboin. 

5, The Eastern Mtnpire dates its establishment from 
the death of Theodocius the Great, a. d.395, and it endured 
in a state of gradual decay 1058 years, to a. d. 1453, when 
Constantinople was captured by the Turks. The eastern 
empire varied in extent at different periods : at one time 
embracing Italy, Greece, and Egypt, it extended to the 
river Tigris. At other times it was limited by the walls of 
Constantinople. 

The government was an absolute monarchy, the emperors 
imitating, in their luxury and magnificence, and in the ser- 
vile obedience which they exacted of their subjects, the 
ostentation and despotism of Asiatic sovereigns. 

6*. Justinian J., 527-565, was the most noted emperor 
during the Byzanti Period. Although personally un- 
worthy and incompetent, his reign was rendered illustrious 
by the genius and valor of his renowned generals, Bellsa- 
rius and Narses, and by the publication of the Pandects, 
or code of laws, compiled by the learned Trebonius. 

The arms of Belisarius supported the throne of the em- 
pire. He defeated the kings of Persia, Cabades, and Cos- 
rhoes in several sanguinary engagements ; suppressed a 
formidable riot in Constantinople that threatened to hurl 
Justinian from the throne; rescued Carthage from the 
dominion of the Vandals, 534, and for a time restored Italy 
to the government of its ancient masters, 547. Although 
Belisarius had been so signally successful, yet the contempt- 
ible Justinian, jealous of his brave lieutenant, recalled him 



128 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 330 

to Constantinople and repaid his eminent services with base 
ingratitude. JVarses, who in 553 succeeded Belisarius, was 
not less successful in arms than he had been wise in council. 
He defeated the Goths and governed Italy as a duke for 
fourteen years. But on sharing the fate of his noble pre- 
decessor in being meanly recalled from his government, 567, 
Narses, in revenge, surrendered Italy to Alboin, the leader 
of the Lombards, 568. 

7. The Habit of Heriinit Life prevalent, — From the 
time of Paul the Hermit, 250, there had been a gradual 
prevalence throughout Christendom of the disposition to 
forsake the active scenes of social Christian life in order to 
pursue a life of austerity in seclusion from the world. In 
the year 356 died Anthony the Hermit, a native of Alexan- 
dria, at the age of 105 years. He had spent the greater 
part of his long life in the practice of the severest austeri- 
ties among the tombs, in ruined towers, and in the desert, 
east of the river Nile. Multitudes were influenced, from 
the imagined superior sanctity of such a life, to imitate his 
gloomy example. 

But one of the most remarkable instances of monkish 
penance is that of St. Simon, a Syrian monk, who lived 
about the year 450. For thirty-six years he lived upon a 
pillar erected on the summit of a mountain in Syria. From 
this pillar it is said he never descended, unless to take pos- 
session of another, which he did four times, having in all 
occupied five of them. On his last pillar, which was sixty 
feet high, and only three feet broad at the top, he remained 
standing for fifteen years without intermission. 

8. The French Monarchy, founded by Clovis, who in 
486 defeated the Roman governor of Gaul. Clovis was 
the grandson of 3Ierov(eus^ a renowned chieftain of the 
Franks, who in 420, under Phara/niond, had settled in the 
northern part of Gaul, then claimed by the Romans. 
Clovis, in 496, being about to engage in battle with the 



to 622.] BYZANTINE, OR GREEK EMPIRE. 129 

Germans, invoked the aid of the God of his wife Clotilda, 
a Christian princess. Gaining a decisive victory, he with 
his sister and three thousand of his army was on Christmas 
day baptized and received into the church. The successive 
2'ieriocl$ of French history are — 1. the 3ferovingian, 186; 
2. the Carlovingian, 800 ; 3. the Capetian^ 987 ; 4. the 
Valois, 1328; 5. the J^oi^7^bon, 1589; 6. the JV^cfpoleonic, 
1804. 

9, Missionary Enterprises, — During the ByzantAne 
Period there were undertaken three important missionary 
enterprises^ — 1. that of St. Patrick to Ireland, 432 ; 2. St. 
Columba to Scotland, 585; 3, St. Austin to Britain, 591 

St. Patrick, whose original name was Saccath^ was a 
native of Bonnaven, a small Scottish village between Glas- 
gow and Dumbarton, at that time considered a part of 
Britain. His father, who was a deacon in the village 
church, gave him a Christian education, and thus prepared 
him for future usefulness. At sixteen years of age he was 
carried off by pirates, taken to the northern coast of Ireland, 
and sold as a slave to an Irish chieftain, who made him the 
keeper of his flocks. In this situation he remained six 
years, during which time he experienced the renewing in- 
fluences of divine grace. 

An opportunity occurring, he escaped from bondage, but 
was soon after recaptured. In a short time, however, he 
was permitted to return to his home, whence, having de- 
voted himself to the work of the Christian ministry, he 
went to Gaul to prosecute his studies in theology. In due 
time he was ordained and sent, in company with several 
others, as a missionary to Ireland, where he preached the 
liberty of the gospel to them who had once held him in 
bondage, and became the devoted and venerated spiritual 
shepherd of the men whose flocks and herds he had for- 
merly fed, 432. 

St. Columba, or Coi.umbakus, a native of Ireland, pass- 



130 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 330 

ing over into the western parts of Scotland, 565, promul- 
gated the gospel of Christ among the northern Picts and 
other pagan tribes. On the secluded and beautiful island 
of lona (in Celtic Ithona, i. e., Isle of Waves) ^ Columba 
established the Seminary of the Ctildees (the family or ser 
vants of God), who were here prepared for their work as 
Christian missionaries to the pagan tribes of northwestern 
Europe. Columba was a man of superior ability, and the 
first author of any distinction in British history. He wrote 
in Latin, according to the custom of the learned at that 
period, and his works are poems and religious treatises. 
He died a. d, 615. 

St. Austin, the missionary who in the year 596 was sent 
with forty others, by Pope Gregory the Great, to convert 
the inhabitants of Britain. The origin of this mission was 
remarkable. While yet a private clergyman in the city of 
Rome, Gregory, one day passing through a slave market, 
became uncommonly interested in the appearance of some 
light-haired, fair-complexioned youths who stood exposed 
for sale. " Whence came these lads ?" he asked. " From 
Britain," was the answer. "Are the people Christians 
there ?" he inquired. " No, they are pagans," he was in- 
formed. " Alas !" he exclaimed, " how grievous it is that 
faces fair as these should own subjection to the swarthy 
devil!" His next question was, " What do they call the 
tribe from which these young people sj)ring ?'' " Angles," 
replied the slave-dealer. "Ah! that is well," rejoined 
Gregory ; ''^Angels they are in countenance, and choirs of 
angels they ought to be." ** Where in Britain do their 
kindred live ?" " In Deura," was the reply. " Well, 
again," said the pious clergyman, " it is our duty to deliver 
them from GocVs ire.''^ " Pray, who is king of the land so 
significantl}^ named?" " Ella," replied the merchant. "Ah !" 
added the earnest inquirer, " //a //eZ?//«/i must be sung in 
that man's country." — (I>ede the Venerable, a, d. 735.) 



to SOO.l SARACEi^^ EMPIRE. 131 

Although Christianity had been introduced into Britain 
at a very early perioc!, probably in the days of the apostles, 
yet some of the Britons, and all their Saxon conquerors, 
were at this time idolaters worshipping Thor, Woden, 
and other heathen divinities. Traces of that idolatry re- 
main among us to the present time in the form of many 
popular superstitions, and in the names of the days of the 
week. 

Ethelbert, who was king of Kent at tbe arrival of Austin 
and his companions, received them kindl}'-, and through the 
influence of his queen, Bertha, who had long been a Chris- 
tian, Ethelbert and most of his subjects were soon con- 
verted, and Austin became the first archbishop of Canter- 
bury. 

10, Siijyrentficy of the BisJiop of Home, — From the 
rivalry between the two great cities of Rome and Constan- 
tinople there had existed for a long time a contest between 
their respective bishops for supremacy over the church of 
the empire. In the year a. d. 6€^ Phocas, a centurion in 
the Byzantine army, having dethroned the emperor Mauri- 
tius and seized the imperial sceptre, made such concessions 
to pope Boniface III., bishop of Rome, as served to con- 
firm the claims of that prelate to universal supremacy in 
opposition to the rival pretensions of the bishop of Con- 
stantinople. 



Period III. — Saracex EairiRE. 

The Hegira, ) ( Rise of German Empire, 

A. D. 622. [ 178 years, -j a. d. 800. 

Mahomet — Mecca. ) ( Charlema.gne — Palatinate. 

1, The Period of the Saracen JEmjjlre is chiefly dis- 
tinguished by — 1. The establishment and progress of the 
Mahometan religion. 2. The establishment of the tempo- 
ral dominion of the pope of Rome. 



132 GEKERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 622 

II. — The Chronology of the Period, 

A. D. 

622. The Hegira, or fliglit of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina. 

632. Dagobert, king of France, creates the office of Mayor of the 
Palace. 

640. Omar conquers Syria and Egypt ; burns the library of Alexan- 
dria. 

644. University of Cambridge founded by Sigebert. 

653. The Colossus of Rhodes demolished and sold by the Saracens. 

673. Calinious defends Constantinople against the Saracens. 

674. Glass introduced into England. 

690. Pepin d'Hiristal wi'ests the sceptre of France from Thierry III. 

726. Leo, emperor of the Eastern Empire, forbids tl\e use of images 

in churches. 

727. The tax of " Peter's pence" instituted. 

732. The battle of Tours ; Charles Martel defeats the Saracens. 

735. Death of Bede the Venerable. 

752. Childeric III., king of France, deposed by Pepin-le-Bref. 

755. The Moors conquer Spain and found the caliphate of Cordova. 

" Pope Stephen II. becomes a temporal prince. 
762. Bagdad built by the caliph Al Mansor. 
785. Haroun Al Raschid, caliph of Bagdad. 

Ill — The History^ Biography^ etc.^ of the Period. 

1, The Saracens, — From the time of Mahomet the 
Arabians are known in history as Saracejis. Descended 
from Ishmael, the eldest son of Abraham, they have lived 
from the earliest times, according to the prophecy (Genesis, 
xvi. 7-12), in a state of continual hostility to other nations, 
and remain to. the present day, to a great extent, an inde- 
pendent people. 

2, MaJiomet, the celebrated Arabian false prophet, and 
the author of the religion which bears his name, was born 
at Mecca, about the year a. d. 570- He w^as descended 
from illustrious ancestors, and was naturally endowed with 
an attractive personal appearance, superior intellectual pow- 
ers, and persuasive eloquence. But losing his parents at 



to 800.] SAKACEiq^ EMPIRE. 133 

an early age, Mahomet's education was totally neglected, 
and he grew up quite illiterate. At the age of twenty-five 
he entered into the service of Cadijah, a wealthy widow of 
Mecca, whom he soon after married, thereby gaining the 
social position formerly occupied by his ancestors. 

From early youth Mahomet was given to retirement 
and contemplation. At certain seasons every year he was 
accustomed to retire to a cave a few miles from Mecca, 
where, it appears, he at length matured that system of 
false religion which he afterward propagated with so great 
success. The doctrines of Mahomet, which he bes^an to 
preach a. d. 612, are contained in the Koran^ a book which 
he pretended he had written with the assistance of an an- 
gel. His chief article of faith was, '■^ There is hut o?ie God, 
and Mahomet is his prophet^ For many years he had 
but four converts — his wife, his servant, a pupil, and a 
friend. In the year 622, having lied to Medina to escape 
persecution at Mecca, and being joined there by a number 
of converts, among whom was the brave Omar, he turned 
upon his persecutors, enforced the religion of the Koran 
at the point of the sword, and founded the empire of the 
Moslems (^. e. True Believers). The Flight of Mahomet, 
(Friday, July 15th, 622) — in Arabic, Hegira or Sejra — 
is the great epoch of Saracen history. 

3. Omar, an energetic successor of Mahomet in the 
military and ecclesiastical despotism which he founded, in 
one campaign conquered Syria, Phoenicia, Mesopotamia, 
and Chaldea, 633; and in 640 his generals subdued Egypt 
and all the northern part of Africa. By the command of 
Omar the famous library of Alexandria was burned, de- 
stroying 700,000 volumes — the accumulated literature of 
antiquity. 

Concerning the loss of this collection, President Way- 
land remarks : " From the remains of antiquity discovered 
in Herculaneum and Pompeii, we learn that every ancient 



134 GEXERAL HISTOKY. [A. ». 622 

work of man was penetrated by corruption and defiled 
with uncleanness. And it is probable that the volumes 
here collected partook the common defilement. So that 
the Almighty, in introducing a better dispensation, deter- 
mined to cleanse the world from the accumulated pollution 
of ages. As, when all flesh had corrupted his way. He 
purified the world by the waters of a flood ; so, when ge- 
nius had covered the earth with images of sin, He over- 
whelmed the works of ancient civilization with a deluge 
of barbarism, and consigned to the flames these splendid 
monuments of polluted literature and art." 

4. DagobeH was the king of France who first com- 
mitted the exercise of royal power into the hands of the 
mayor, or master of the palace, 632. The succeeding kings, 
in the same manner, neglecting their kingly duties, were 
appropriately called *• Sluggards," From the custom thus 
introduced, there resulted in the following century the 
transfer of the sceptre from the Merovingians to the Car- 
lovingians, 752. 

5, The University of Cambridge, — This renowned in- 
stitution was founded by Sigebert, king of East Anglia, 
644. It has, however, no reliable history earlier than 1229; 
and its first charter dates from the time of queen Eliza- 
beth, 1600. This ancient seat of learning now consists 
of seventeen colleges, founded at different times, and all 
richly endowed. 

<?. CalinicuSf the celebrated mathematician who in- 
vented the Greek fire, by which the ships of the Saracens 
were destroyed, in their repeated attacks on Constantino- 
ple, seven years in succession, 673-680. 

7. Tlie Introcluctldn of Glass into England. — Glass 
was introduced into England a. d. 674, by tlie Abbot Ben- 
edict, for the windows of the church of Wearmouth, in 
Durham. The formation of glass was discovered accident- 
ally, before the Christian aera, by the crew of a merchant 



lo SOO.] SABACZX EMPIEE 135 

vessel laden with nitre, or fossil alkalL Being driven 
ashore on the coast of Palestine, they went in search of 
provisions, which they dressed in a kettle supported on 
large lumps of the nitre. The heat of the fire causing the 
nitre to unite with the sand of the beach, produced glass. 
This important hint was soon improved into the manufac- 
ture of glass for various useful and ornamental purposes. 
Italy was the first country, in modem times, in which glass 
was used for windows. It was not generally adopted in 
England until the close of the tenth century. Before that 
period windows were covered with thin linen cloth. 

8. JPepin d'SiristaJ, a man of great ability and un- 
bounded ambition, was mayor of France in the reign of 
Thierry IIL Making war upon his sovereign, and restrict- 
ing him to a small territory, Pepin ruled France for thirty 
years with absolute authority and great wisdom. 699. 

9. Cliarles JIarfel (77/<r Marumer), son of Pepin d'Hir- 
istal, was still more eminent than his father as mayor of 
the palace. Completely victorious over all his domestic 
foes, during the reigns of three kings — Dagobert III., 
Chilperic II., and Thierry IV. — he saved the religion and 
liberties of Europe by the total defeat of the Saracens in 
the battle of Tours, 732. 

10. The Controversy respecting the Use of Images 
in IteUgious IVorship between the emperoi"^ of the Greek 
empire and the popes of Rome, 726-787- Long before 
this period images of the saints had been set up in the 
churches as ornaments, or as aids of devotion ; but now 
they had become, with the ignorant and superstitious mul- 
titude, objects of worship, at least so it appeared to the 
emperor Leo HI., who, in 7!26, issued a decree against the 
veneration of images. Tliis occasioned violent tumults 
throughout the empire for many years. The popes of 
Pome strenuously advocated the retention of images in the 
churches; and after three centuries of fierce contention, 



136 GEJs^ERAL HISTORY. [A. D. G22 i 

the churches of the Eastern Empire renounced the author- ,j 
ity of the pope of Rome, and formed the Greek Church, | 
under the headship of the Patriarch of Constantinople, a. d. 
1054. 

11. ''Peter's Pence,''— In^^ the king of Wessex, when 
on a pilgrimage to Rome, promised the pope the annual f 
contribution of one penny from each family in his king- 
dom, 727. This tax, called "Peter's Pence," was paid 
on St. Peter's day, and was intended to keep in repair the 
tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul, and to support a house in * 
Rome for English pilgrims. In the thirteenth century 
this tax, having been extended to all England and Ireland, | 
exceeded the revenues of the kings of England. It was 
continued until abolished in the reign of Henry VIII. 

12. Bede the Venerable, a monk of Yarrow, stands 
pre-eminent as a British author. His works are Scripture 
translations, commentaries, histories, etc., to the number 
of forty-four. He died 735. 

13. Pepin-le-Bref {Pepin the little), was the son of 
Charles Martel, whom he succeeded as mayor of the palace 
and duke of France, 741. Pepin, inheriting the distin- 
guished talents of his family for government and desirous 
of enjoying the title as well as the actual power of king, 
applied to the pope, who sanctioned his purpose of removing 
the imbecile Childeric HI. from the throne. Then assem- 
bling a parliament at Soisons, 751, he caused himself to be 
proclaimed king of France, while Childeric, the last of the 
Merovingians, was dismissed to a convent, 752. 

Soon after this the Lombards invaded the principality of 
Ravenna, and threatened the conquest of Rome. To repel 
this invasion and to protect the imperial city, the pope 
invoked the aid of Pepin, who expelled the Lombards from 
Ravenna, the government of which he conferred upon the 
pope, 755. This grant, afterward confirmed and enlarged 
by Charlemagne the son of Pepin, is considered the orityin 



to 800.] SARACEK EMPIRE. 137 

of the temporal dominion of the popes as sovereigns of the 
Stales of the Church. 

14, Hie Conquest of Spain hy the Saracens, — A branch 
of the Saracens, having extended their conquests along 
the northern coast of Africa, passed from Mauritania into 
Spain, and were thence called Moors. The Visigoths, retir- 
ing before these invaders, founded the kingdom of Asturias, 
under Pelagius, 718 ; while, in the year 755, the Moors 
under Abderrahman I. founded the Caliphate of Cordova, 
which they held for several hundred years. During the 
tenth century Cordova became under Abderrahman III. 
the seat of Arab learning. Its schools in the arts and sci- 
ences became so famous that Christian princes sent their 
sons thither to be educated. At Granada, the last of the 
Saracen possessions in Spain, still stand the remains of 
their renowned palace and fortress, the Alhambra. 

15, The Caliphate of Bagdad, founded by AlMansor, 
762. Under this enlightened prince, who claimed dominion 
over the more eastern conquests of the Mahometans, sci- 
ence and literature were encouraged, and Bagdad, which 
he had built upon the Tigris, soon became a second Nine- 
veh. Here was held the brilliant court of the Caliphs, and 
here originated so many of those fascinating legends that 
distinguish oriental poetic literature. 

16, Haroun Al HascJiid, the brave and benevolent 
Caliph, whose reign was " the Augustan age" of Saracen 
literature, 785. He presented the emperor Charlemagne 
with a clock, the first ever seen in Europe. This was a 
water clock, similar in construction to the sand hour-glass. 
It was ornamented with automaton figures which moved 
and played on several instruments. Clocks with toothed 
wheels were invented in France by Gerbert, a. d. 996 ; and 
pendulum clocks by Galileo, in Italy, a. d. 1630 or 1640. 



138 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 800 

Period IV. — German Empire. 

Rise of German Empire, ) ( The Pirst Crusade, 

A. D. 800. > 296 years, } a. d. 1096. 

Charlemagne — Palatinate ) ( Peter, Hermit — Holy Sep. 

1, The Teriod of the German Empire is distinguished 
by — 1. The attempt of Charlemagne to revive the western 
empire^ 800. 2. The consolidation of the Saxon Heptarchy 
into the kingdom of England, 827. 3. The rise of the 
Turkish power among the Saracens, 861. 4. By the Nor- 
man conquest of England, 1068. 

II. — The Chronology of the Period. 

A. D. 

800. Charlemagne crowned emperor of the "West. 

827. Egbert, king of Wessex, unites the kingdom of the Heptarchy, 
forming the kingdom of England. Saxon line begins. 

844. Irruption of the Scandinavian sea-kings. 

848. The Saracens attempt the conquest of Sicily and Italy. 

861. Turkish slaves dispose of the throne of the Caliphs. 

867. Basil I., emperor of the Greek empire. 

872. Alfred the Great, king of England. 

901. Edward the Elder, king of England. 

912. Abderrahman IH., caliph of Cordova. 

920. Henry I. of Saxony, emperor of Germany. 

925. Athelstan, king of England. 

936. Otho I. the Great, emperor of Germany. 

946. St. Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. 

060. Wales invaded by Edgar, king of England. 

968. Cairo built by the Caliph Malz ad Din. 

987. Hugh Capet, king of France. 

991. Arithmetical figures and paper introduced into Europe by the 
Saracens. 

997. Mahmud, sultan of Ghizni and conqueror of India. 
1000. Venice, Genoa, and Pisa arise in importance. 
1004. England conquered by Svveyn, king of Denmark. Danish line. 

1016. Edmund Ironside, king of England. 

1017. Canute the Great, king of England. 

1025. The musical scale, consisting of six notes, invented by Guido 
Aretino. 



to 1096.] GEEMAlif EMPIRE 139 

1040. " The Truce of God." 

" Duncan murdered by Macbeth, who thus becomes king ol 
Scotland. 

1041. Edward the Confessor, king of England. 
1054. The schism of the East completed. 

1055-65. Bagdad and Jerusalem captured by the Turks. 
1066. The Norman conquest of England. Norman line. 
1072. The Cid Campeador conquers New Castile. 

III. — The Biography^ History^ etc.^ of the Period. 

1. Charlemagne^ or Charles the Great, was the son of 

Pepin-le-Bref, and the first of the Carlovingian race of 
French kino-s. He founded the new empire of the West, 
being crowned emperor at Rome 800. This ultimately 
gave rise to the German empire, which became so conspic- 
uous in the history of modern Europe. Charlemagne 
defeated the Saxons seven times, 803. He confirmed and 
enlarged the grant of territories made by his father Pepin- 
le-Bref to the popes of Rome, and successfully defended 
the papal dominions against the incursions of the Lombards. 

Chai'lemagne was brave and industrious, a patron of 
learning, and a great statesman. He lived nearly fourteen 
years after becoming emperor, and died at Aix-la-Chapelle 
in the seventy-second year of his age. (See the Palatinate.) 

2, Egbert the Great, king of Wessex, becoming the 
sole descendant of the Saxon conquerors of Britain, 
claimed and achieved the sovereignty of the other six 
kingdoms of the Heptarchy^ thus uniting all Exglaxd in 
one compact and powerful monarchy, four hundred years 
after the withdrawal of the Romans, 827. The successive 
lines of English sovereigns have been — 1, Saxon, of which 
there were seventeen kings, 827 ; 2, Danish, three kings, 
1C17 ; 3, Norman, four kings, 1C66 ; 4, Plantagenet, four- 
teen kings, 1154; 5, Tudor, five sovereigns, 1185; 6, Stu- 
art, six sovereigns, 1603; 7, Orange, one sovereign, 1688; 
8, Hanoverian, or Brunswick, six sovereigns, 1714. 



140 GEKEKAL HISTORY. [A. ». 800 

5. The Korman Sea-Kings were a race of Scandina- 
vian pirates that during two centuries, 800-1000, ravaged 
every coast of Europe. In the year 843 they plundered 
the city of Rouen, in 845 they captured Hamburg and 
penetrated into Germany, and in 912 Hollo the N^orman 
extorted Neustria from the king of France, and founded 
the duJcedom of Normandy. 

4, The Turks are first mentioned in history as merce- 
nary soldiers in the armies of the Greek empire, and as the 
body-guard of the Saracen caliphs. After the assassina- 
tion of the caliph Al Montaser, they disposed of the throne 
of the caliphate at their pleasure, 861. 

5, Sasil I, founds the Macedonian race of emperors 
of the Greek empire, 867. This emperor was of obscure 
parentage, but proved himself worthy of a throne. His 
reign was vigorous. He defeated the Saracens in the east 
and expelled them from Italy, and to a great degree sus- 
tained the declining honor of the empire. 

The followins: incident is related of this sovereisrn : His 
son Leo (afterward Leo VI.) had, on a false accusation, 
been banished from the imperial court ; and the father, 
assured of his son's guilt, became impatient at the repeated 
intercessions of friends for the pardon of the prince, and 
finally forbade the mention of the young man's name in his 
hearing. 

It happened, however, upon a certain occasion, that a 
favorite parrot of the emperor's, having often heard expres- 
sions of regret for the unhappy Leo, suddenly cried out, 
"Alas, poor Leo .^" This so affected the mind of Basil that 
he sent for his son and received him again into favor. 

G, Alfred the Great was the brave and virtuous (Saxon) 
king of England, who is justly styled "the father of his 
country," 872. He defeated the Danes, who had invaded 
England, in eight battles ; he divided England into coun- 



to 1096.1 GERMAK EMPIRE. 141 

ties ; established trials by juries^ that is, men sworn to 
render a just verdict; and founded Oxford University, 
886.* 

Previous to the time of Alfred judicial trials were usually 
conducted by the " Ordeal," or, as it was called, the '* Judg- 
ment of God." It was performed generally with cold water, 
with boiling water, or with red-hot iron. A person accused 
of a crime, who could not otherwise prove his innocence, 
was required, with his naked hand to take from a vessel of 
boiling water a stone immersed in it, or to carry for a cer- 
tain distance in his naked hand a piece of red-hot iron. His 
hand was then wrapped up, and if after three days there 
appeared on it no mark of burning he was pronounced in- 
nocent. The ordeal with cold water was different. The 
accused person was bound hand and foot and thrown into 
a vessel of cold w^ater. If he floated, he was considered 
guilty, taken out, and punished. But if he sank and were 
drowned he was pronounced innocent. The iron and water 
in both instances, before being used, were consecrated by 
many superstitious ceremonies. 

Alfred was succeeded by his son Edward the Elder, 
901, who was a gi-eat warrior, and the first that assumed the 
title Itex Anglorimi. He reigned successfully twenty-four 
years. 

7. Abdert^ahnian III,, the greatest of the Moorish 
princes of Spain, 912. During his reign splendid edifices were 
built, learning was encouraged, and commerce flourished. 
The Saracen city of Cordova became the seat of Arab learn- 
ing. Its schools of mathematics, chemistry, and medicine 
became so celebrated that the princes of Christendom sent 
their sons thither to be educated. 

8, Henry J., the Fowler, of the house of Saxony, 

* This renowned institution now consists of nineteen colleges, five halls, and is 
attended by nearly sixteen hundred students. 



142 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. D. SOO 

emperor of Germany, to which dignity he was elected on 
the death of Conrad I.,* 920. ^ 

Henry was a man of ability, and introduced order and 
good government among the people. He built cities, 
encouraged commerce, and annexed several provinces to 
his dominions. Henry was succeeded by his son — ^ 

,9. Otho J., accounted the greatest })rince of his time, 936. 
Otho prosecuted his father's system of government in ! 
repressing the usurpations of the lords. He conquered j 
Bohemia, 950; expelled Berenger IL from Italy, 961 ; and 
deposing pope John XII., claimed for the emperors of Ger- ' 
many, the right to appoint the popes to their office, and to 
dispose of the crown of the kingdom of Italy, 964. i 

10, Athelsfan, the grandson of Alfred the Great, and 
the eighth king of England from Egbert. He wisely 
encoui-aged the prosecution of foreign commerce by enact- 
ing that any merchant who, on his own account, should 
make three sea voyages, should be rewarded by being raised 
to the rank of " thane," or " gentleman," 925. 

11. St, Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, and afterward 
archbishop of Canterbury, was a celebrated monk who 
exercised great influence in England in the reigns of Edred, 
Edwy, and Edgar, 946. He was remarkable for his cruelty 
to king Edwy, and to his beautiful queen, 955; and for his 
subserviency to the succeeding monarch, the proflio-ate 
king Edgar, 959. 

To atone for the vices of his early life and to gain the 
admiration of the people, Dunstan shut himself up for a 
long time in a cell so small that he could neither stand 
upright in it nor lie down at full length. Here he occupied 
his time in prayers and manual labor. Here, according to 
his own account, "when the devil came to him on a certain 
occasion, in the shape of a beautiful woman, and looked in 

* Conrad, duke of Pranconia. was* the first emperor of Germany that occupied 
the throne by election, 912. His predecessors had been descendants in the male 
line from Charlema£rne. 



♦o 1096.] GEEMAN" EMPIRE. 143 

at his window to persuade him to sin, he caught the tempter 
by the nose with a pair of red-hot pincers, and held him 
till he shrieked aloud with agony, and promised to go away 
and give the saint no more trouble." 

12, Cairo, the modern capital of Egypt, was built about 
the year 968 or 970, by the caliph Malz ad Din, a descend- 
ant of Fatima, a daughter of Mahomet. This renowned 
metropolis is situated about a mile and a half from the 
Nile, and extends eastward nearly three miles. It is sur- 
rounded by stone walls, which are surmounted by fine bat- 
tlements, and fortified with lofty towers at every hundred 
paces. The city is adorned with bazaars, mosques, and 
minarets, and contains a population of 350,000. 

The Fatimite dynasty of the Mahometans, having con- 
quered Egypt and established their capital at Cairo, from 
this time contend with the caliphs of Bagdad and Cordova 
for supremacy, as the only true successors of Mahomet. 
The Fatimites ruled Egypt for ten generations, 1171, when 
they were expelled by the sultan Saladin. 

13, Edgar,, king of England, 959, was a grandson of 
Edward the Elder. Although his private character was 
infamous, yet his public administration was marked with 
energj'- and success. Having invaded Wales, he laid the 
two princes, Javaf and Jago, under the annual tribute of 
three hundred wolves' heads. This expedient soon cleared 
the land of these rapacious beasts, 960. 

'14:, Hugh Capet, the founder of the third or Capetian 
dynasty of French kings, ascended the throne, 987, at the 
death of Louis V. Althouq-h crowned at Rheiras, he es- 
tablished his court at Paris, which had been deserted by 
the sovereigns of France for nearly two centuries. The 
legitimate heir to the throne at this time was Charles of 
Lorrain, who, attempting to secure his rights by force, was 
defeated and imprisoned, and soon after died. Hugh Ca- 
pet, like Pepin-le-Bref, swayed with distinguished ability 



144 GEI^^ERAL HISTORY. [A. D, 800 s) 

the sceptre which he had assumed by usurpation. Yet . 
such were his modesty and prudence, that not even on the j 
most solemn state occasions did he ever appear with the j 
insignia of royalty; but always in the plain and simple ) 
dress of a private person. ] 

15, Arithtnetical Figures were introduced into Eu- | 
rope by the Saracens, who also, about the same time, taught : 
the manufacture of paper from cotton rags, a. d. 991. 

10, Mahniud the Great, sultan of Ghizni, was the | 
first Mahometan invader of India, a large part of which | 
he conquered and annexed to his vast empire, 997-lCCO. | 
The city of Ghizni, once the renowned metropolis of the 11 
Ghiznevide dynasty of the Mahometans, and the home of | 
Ferdusi, the Persian Homer, is now an inconsiderable town 
of Afghanistan, although some antiquities remain to attest 
its former grandeur. The conquest of Mahmud introduces 
the regular authentic history of India. 

17, Siveyn, the king of Denmark, who invaded and 
conquered England in the reign of Ethelred II. to retaliate 
the massacre of the Danes living in England, 1001. 

18, Edmund Ironside, the noble son of Ethelred II., 
and successor of JSweyn as king of England. He bravely 
defended his country against the Danes, but he was mur- 
dered at the instigation of his treacherous brother-in-law, 
Edric, 1016. 

19, Canute the Great was the son of Sweyn the Dane, 
who became king of all England on the death of Edmund 
Ironside, 1017. Though an unprincipled and tyrannical 
usurper, Canute showed great sagacity in governing his 
subjects, and became the most powerful sovereign at this 
period in Europe. 

The court sycophants of this shrewd monarch attempted 
to persuade him that he was so great a sovereign that even 
the elements of nature would do him reverence. In order 
to rebuke these base flatterers he caused a throne to be 



i 



to 1096.] GERMAN" EMPIRE. 145 

erected on the sea beach, at low tide, and ascendin<r it he 
pretended, according to their vain adulation, to command 
the waves, when the tide began to flow, not to approach 
his sacred person. But the advancing waves, regardless 
of the king's command, cast the salt spray over him and 
his royal court, threatening to overwhelm them all. Ap- 
prehensive of the danger they hastily retired from the 
water, when Canute administered to his attendants this 
merited reproof: " Vile sycophants ! did you suppose I 
believed your abject flatteries ? Know there is but one 
Being whom the sea will obey. He alone is sovereign of 
heaven and earth, the King of kings, and Lord of lords. 
He alone can say to the ocean, thus far shalt thou go and 
no farther, and here shall thy proud waves be stayed. Let 
kings from my experience learn humility, and courtiers 
from your disgrace to speak the truth." 

20, The Truce of God was a merciful regulation, intro- 
duced by the clergy during this barbarous age, which for- 
bade private and civil warfare, duelling, etc., from Wed- 
nesday evening till Monday morning. In a state of society 
in which the lords and barons were continually at variance, 
with no restraint from the civil power, this prohibition was 
very salutary, 1040. 

21, Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman who usurped the 
throne of Scotland, after murdering Duncan, the lawful 
king, 1040. 

22, Edward the Confessor, son of Etherald II., suc- 
ceeded Canute 11. as king of England, 1041. In Edward the 
Saxon line was restored and terminated, as he was the last 
English monarch of that race. Edward, having no chil- 
dren, and wishing to defeat Harold, the son of earl Godwin, 
an aspirant to the throne, nominated as his successor Wil- 
limn^ duke of Norinmidy. 

Edward the Confessor was the first English monarch 
that pretended to cure the king's evil by his touch. His 



146 GEi^EEAL HISTOEY. [A. ». 800 

collection of all the laws of England into one body, forms 
the Common Law. 

23, The Schism of the East, — The separation of the 
eastern or Greek church from the church of Rome, in 
consequence of the controversy respecting image-worship, 
which had lasted more than three centuries, 726-1054. 

24, The Conquests of the Turks, — Seljuk, a Turkish 
officer in the army of the kahn of Tartary, having become 
a Mahometan, his grandson Togrul JSeg^ in 1037, assumed 
the title of sultan. In 1042 he conquered Persia, and Bag- 
dad in 1055. To these conquests of the Turks was added 
that of Jerusalem in 1065. From this period the Saracen 
caliphs lost their political power and became the mere pon- 
tiffs of the Mahometan faith. 

Between 1055 and 1080 three Turkish sultanries were 
established : that of Ducas at Damascus, Melech at Aleppo, 
and of Gutlu Muses at Iconium. (See sec. 4, supra.) 

25, William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, hav- 
ing been nominated to the English throne by Edward the 
Confessor, invaded England 1066 ; and in the battle of 
Hastings defeated Harold II., son of the earl Godwin, who 
had been elected king at the death of Edward. 

The duke of Normandy, styled as king of England Wil- 
liam I., introduced the feudal system into England; ordained 
the Norman French language to be used in all law pro- 
ceedings ; ordered a survey of all England, which was re- 
corded in a volume called Doomsday Booh^ and appointed 
the Curfew J3 ell. At the ringing of this bell in each parish, 
at the close of the day, the English were required by their 
Norman conqueror to put out fire and candle in all their 
dwellings. It was called "the Curfew," from a corruption 
of the French, Couvrir Feu — cover the fire. 

26, The Feudal System was that regulation by which 
in the early history of modern Europe the tenant occupied 
an estate on the condition of military service rendered to 



to 1096.1 GERMAN" EMPIRE. 147 

the landlord. It was generally adopted by those migratory 
tribes from the north of Germany that overran the prov- 
inces of the Roman empire, and established themselves in 
the conquered territory. Among these the Lombards, hav- 
ing abandoned their original country and seized upon 
northern Italy, erected there the kingdom of Lombardy, 
about A. D. 568. In order more effectually to secure their 
conquests they divided the conquered country among their 
chief captains under fealty to the king as supreme liege 
lord ; and these captains, after retaining as much as was 
sufficient for themselves, parcelled out the remainder to a 
lower rank of officers, and so on, under a subordinate con- 
dition of fealty and military service. This system became 
very popular in an age of military emulation and adven- 
ture, and was eventually adopted by nearly all the princes 
of Europe. It was adopted by Charlemagne in founding 
the new empire of the West, a. d. 800, and it was introduced 
into England by William the conqueror, who, in order to 
keep the English in the greater subjection, deprived theni 
of nearly all their landed estates, which he divided into 
baronies and distributed, as liege lord, among the chief 
Norman adventurers who had aided him in the conquest of 
the country. 

27* TJie Institution of Chivalry^ an institution which 
arose in the eleventh century, in connection with the feudal 
system, consisted in a romantic spirit of adventure and love 
of arms, courtesy of manners, the point of honor, and a 
devoted and respectful attachment to the fair sex. These, 
together with a love of military display in time of peace, 
by means of tournaments, a strong attachment among the 
knights that professed chivalry, and certain ceremonies 
observed in conferring knighthood, made up the chief ele- 
ments of chivalry. 

Those who were destined for the duties of chivalry were 
generall}'' required to pass through a regular course of sys- 



148 GEN'ERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1096 

tematic training, first as pages^ from the age of seven to 
fourteen ; then as esquires, from fourteen to twenty-one, at 
which age, if found qualified, they were admitted to the 
full honors of hnigUthood. 

Although traces of this institution appear at an early age 
in European history, yet it was not until some time after 
the year 1025 that it began to assume the form of a regu- 
lated institution. The institution of chivalry found its 
appropriate exercise in the abuses of the feudal system ; 
but in the Crusades it enjoyed the opportunity of indulging 
in the wildest extravagance. 

The prevalence of the spirit of chivalry and romance 
tended to restrain lawless violence at a time when civil 
laws were very ineflicient, to promote cultivation and 
refinement in a semi-barbarous age, and to encourage liter- 
ature so far as to celebrate in ballads and romances the 
exploits of brave knights and the beauty and sufierings of 
their fair mistresses. 

28, Don Hoderiffo, a Spanish knight errant, styled the 
Cid Cavnpeador (Lord Gliainpiori),\v. 1072 conquered New 
Castile for his king Alphonso VI., and performed so many 
acts of valor that long after his death his name was terrible 
to the enemies of his country. 



Period Y. — The Crusades. 



First Crusade, ) ( Discovery of America, 

A. D. 1096. \ 396 years. \ a. d. 1493. 

Peter, Hermit — Hy. Sep. ) { Columbus — San Salvador. 

1, The Period of the Crusades is distinguished by — 
1. The wars of the Christians of western Europe for the 
conquest of Palestine, 1098. 2. The conquest of the Mo- 
guls, of the Tartars, and of the Turks, 1218-1153. 3. The 
invention of printing, 1435-1458. 4. The Wars of the 
Roses in England, 1453-1483. 



to 1492.] THE CEUSADES. 149 

II. — The Chronology of the Period. 

A. D. 

1092. Peter the Hermit preaches the first Crusade. 
1095. The Council of Clermont decrees the conquest of the Holy 
Sepulchre. 

1099. Jerusalem captured by the Crusaders 

1100. Henry I., Beauclere, king of England. 
1118. John I., Comnenus, emperor of the East. 
1125. Peter Abelard, scholastic divine. 

1188. Conrad IH , emperor of Germany. Guelphs and Ghibelenes 
1147. The second Crusade by St. Bernard. 

1154. Henry II. of England. Plantagenet — Thomas k Becket 
1171. The conquest of Ireland in the reign of Henry II., chiefly by 

the valor of earl Strongbow. The island had been granted 

to Henry by the pope in 1156. 
1187. Jerusalem captured by Saladin. 

1189. Richard Coeur de Lion, king of England. The third Crusade 

by Richard Coeur de Lion and Philip Augustus. 
1215. Magna Charta signed by king John. 
1218. Genghis Kahn founds the Mogul empire 
1226. St. Louis IX., king of France, defeats Heniy III. of England 

in the battle of Sniiites, 1242. 
1250. Mamelukes rule in Egypt. 

" Marco Polo visits China. 
1272. Edward I., Longshanks, king of England. Roger Bacon. 
1278. Rodolph of Hapsburg, emperor of Germany. 
1282. The Silician vespers. 
1285. Philip IV., the Fair, king of France. 
1297. Battle of Stirlmg. Wallace defeats the English. 

1299. Othman I. founds the Turkish empire. 

1300. Dante, the father of modern Italian poetry. 
1302. Mariner's compass invented, or improved. 
1307. William Tell shoots Gesler. The Swiss revolt. 
1827. Edward III., king of England. 

1340. Gunpowder discovered — or in 1830. 

1342. Fire-arms invented. Petrarch and Boccaccio. 

1364. Charles V., king of France. Du Guesclin. Froissart. 

1369. Tamerlane founds the empire of the Tartars at Samarcand. 

1381. Wat Tyler's insurrection. 

1385. Invention of playing-cards. 

1390. The first paper-mill in the world. 



150 GENERAL HISTORY. LA, ». 1096 

1399. Henry IV. of England. Chaucer. 
1413. Henry V. of England invades France. 
1422. Charles VII. of France. Joan of Arc. 
1435. Printing invented. 
1453. The Turks capture Constantinople. 

The Wars of the Roses begin, and last 30 years. 

1485. The battle of Bosworth Field. Henry VII. Tudor. 
1491. Ferdinand and Isabella expel the Moors from Spain. 

III. — History, Biography, etc., of the Period, 

1, The Crusades were ecclesiastical and military ex- 
peditions undertaken by the Christians of Western Europe 
to rescue Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the possession 
of the Mahometans, 1096. 

They were called " Crusades," or " Croisades," from the 
figure of the " Cross" cut in red cloth, and worn by the 
troops on the shoulder, and borne on their banners, as the 
emblem of their religion, and of the imagined holiness of 
the cause in which they were enlisted. 

2. The Origin of the Crusades. — Helena, mother of the 
emperor Constantine, had from motives of piety visited 
Jerusalem, and caused a spacious church to be built over 
the sepulchre of Christ, and with the utmost diligence 
sought out and distinguished nearly every other place that 
had been rendered sacred in the life of the Saviour. In the 
following ages of ignorance and superstition these places 
were regarded with peculiar veneration. Pilgrims from 
every part of Christendom visited Jerusalem as a religious 
duty. These pious visitors, even after Jerusalem was taken 
by the Saracens, a. d. 637, were treated with respect, and 
wei'e permitted to enjoy free access to the holy places. But 
the ferocious Turks, who conquered the country, a. d. 106a, 
behaved toward the Christian pilgrims in the most unjust 
and cruel manner; and these continued oppressions being 
narrated in the most lively and exciting colors by those 
who were permitted to return to their homes, all classes of 
society were soon aroused with the fiercest indignation. 



to 1492.] THE CRUSADES. 151 

Among them who returned from the east with the tale of 
woe was Peter the Hermit, a native of Amiens, and a man 
of uncommon eloquence, zeal, and perseverance. By the 
authority of pope Urban XL , who had long desired to oppose 
the encroachments of Mahometanism, Peter visited and 
harangued the courts of the kings and princes of Europe, 
exhorting them in fervid strains to march to the rescue of 
the Holy Sepulchre. At a council of the church held at 
Clermont, which was attended by an immense body of 
ecclesiastics and laymen, the impressive eloquence of the 
pope, with his absolutions and benedictions, completed what 
had been successfully begun by Peter. With the enthusi- 
astic approbation of all present, the conquest of Palestine 
was solemnly decreed, 1095. 

3. Tlie Leaders of the first Crusades were Peter the 
Hermit and Gautier sans avoir, or Walter the Penniless, 
a Burgundian gentleman and soldier of fortune, who started 
early in the spring of IC96 at the head of several hundred 
thousand undisciplined troops, which were rather a dis- 
orderly, rapacious rabble, than an army. These, before 
reaching Palestine, were nearly all cut off by the Turks, 
excepting Peter and a slender remnant of his fanatical fol- 
lowers. But they were speedily re-enforced by an effective 
body of 100,000 horse and 600,000 foot, under Godfrey of 
Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois, Robert, duke of Normandy, 
Raymond of Toulouse, Robert of Flanders, Bohemond of 
Tarentum, Tancred of Otranto, Adhemar, bishop of Puy, 
with a multitude of knights, gentlemen, and priests. 

4. The Success icJiieh attended the first Crusade, — The 
troops under Godfrey and his fellow-chieftains, having been 
joined by Peter and the small remnant of his host, besieged and 
conquered JViee, the capital of the Turkish possessions, 1097- 
In tlie capture of Antioch they defeated the Turkish sultan 
/Soli/mcm, and the Persian emir. In the battle of Ascalon, 
they defeated 500,000 Mahometans, under Mustali, 1098 ; 



152 GEl^ERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1096 

and having obtained, in the conquest of Jerusalem, the 
chief object of their expedition, they elected Godfrey of 
Bouillon king of the Holy City, 1099. 

There were in all seven distinct Crusades asrainst the 
Mahometans : six besides that led by Peter the Hermit, ex- 
tending from 1096 to 1270, a. d. 

5. The chief Hesulfs of the Crusades, — In the disasters 
which attended the Crusades from first to last, it is com- 
puted two millions of Europeans were buried in the East. 
Among these there were many noble, chivalrous, and vir- 
tuous men ; but in the loss of the mass, Europe was purged 
of much lawlessness, vice, and ignorance. The Italian cities 
of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa, were greatly enriched by the 
supply of merchandise to the Crusaders. And although the 
immediate influence of the Crusades was unfavorable to 
human improvement, yet indirectly and ultimately they 
tended greatly to promote literature, commerce, and human 
liberty. 

6, The Orders of Knighthood that arose duritig the 
CriisadeSf were those of St. John of Jerusalem, or the 
Hospitalers, the Templars, and the Teutonic Knights. These 
fraternities were of a monastic and military character, and 
were originally designed to protect Christian pilgrims 
visiting the Holy Land, and to provide for them in time of 
sickness. 

On the conquest of Nice by the Mamelukes, 1291, which 
terminated the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, these or- 
ders of knighthood were compelled to seek other fields for 
the display of their piety or valor. 

1, The Knights of St. John conquered the island of 
Rhodes in 1310, and held possession of it until they were 
expelled by the Turks under Solyman the Magnificent, 
in 1522. 

The emperor Charles Y. then became their patron, and 
granted them the island of Malta, upon the condition that 



to 1492.] 



THE CRUSADES. 153 



they would defend the island against the Turks ; five hun- 
dred of the order, with their Grand Master, to reside upon 
the island, and the rest to appear in arms when called upon. 
From this period they were named Knights of Malta, 
In the year 1798 Malta was captured by Napoleon I. on his 
expedition to Egypt, and by him the order was abolished. 

2. The Knights Templars were instituted 1118, and 
were patronized by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem. Attract- 
ing the admiration of all Europe by their deeds of valor 
and by their generous hospitality, they became possessed 
of immense wealth and splendid endowments. After their 
return to Europe, these great possessions proved the de- 
struction of the order. The rapacious monarchs that coveted 
their wealth, charged them with the most heinous crimes, 
and by the General Council of Vienne, 1312— at which were 
present pope Clement V.; Philip the Fair, king of France ; 
and his son Louis of Navarre, and others interested in 
the overthrow of the knights — their order was abolished 
and their property confiscated and divided among their per- 
secutors. Their Grand Master, with many of the brethren, 
was burned at Paris ; and in England, by act of Parlia- 
ment, the whole order were declared convicts and felons. 

3. The Order of Teutonic Knights was founded by a 
German nobleman for the special protection and care of the 
German pilgrims visiting Jerusalem, 1164. On their leaving 
the Holy Land, 1212, they were taken under the patronage 
of the emperor Frederick IL, who conducted them to 
Germany, and employed them in the conquest of Prussia. 
They built Marienhurg in honor of their patroness, the 
Virgin Mary, and held possession of the country until 1525, 
when Albert of Brandenburg, their last Grand Master, was 
created hereditary duke of Prussia as a vassal of Sigismund, 
king of Poland. From Albert, the present reigning family 
of Prussia derive their right. 

7. Henry I„ Beauclerc, king of England, 1100, was the 



154 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1096 

youngest son of William the Conqueror, and succeeded his 
brother, William Rufus, to the exclusion of his eldest brother, 
Robert, duke of Normandy, then absent on the first Crusade. 
On Robert's return to England to claim the throne, he was 
induced by the consideration of a sum of money to relin- 
quish his rights and retire to his dukedom of Normandy. 
But Henry, still not satisfied, invaded Normandy, 1106, and 
having captured his brother in the war, brought him to 
England, caused his eyes to be burned out, and imprisoned 
him for life (28 years). The loss of Henry's son, prince 
William, who was drowned at sea, made so deep an impres- 
sion on him that, it is said, " Ae 7iever smiled again.'''* 

8, John l.f Comnenus, emperor of the East, 1118, a noble 
sovereign, who founded the dynasty of the Cotnneni, by 
whose valor and talents the Greek empire was greatly 
strengthened for nearly a century, until the conquest of 
Constantinople by the French in 1204. 

9, Feter Ahelard was a celebrated French divine, whose 
writings greatly promoted the scholastic philosophy of the 
age in which he lived. This remarkable man was not less 
noted for his genius and learning than for his unhappy 
marriage with the beautiful Heloise, 1125. 

10, Conrad III,, of the House of Suabia, elected emperor 
of Germany 1138, in opposition to Henry the Proud, whose 
cause was warmly espoused by the pope of Rome. From 
this contest arose the two political factions, the Guelphs^ 
and Ghihellines ; the former maintaining the cause of the 
popes, and the latter that of the emperors. Their mutual 
hostilities, for three hundred years, desolated the fairest 
portions of Germany and Italy. 

11, Henry II,, Pkmtagenet, succeeds Stephen as king of 
England, 1154. Henry's mother was Matilda, a daughter of 
Henry L, Beauclerc, and his father was Henry Plantagenet, 
earl of Anjou. Henry, who proved himself the greatest 
sovereign of the age, held dominions which were more ex- 



to 1492.] THE CRUSADES. 155 

tensive than those of any preceding king of England ; as, 
in addition to the throne of England, he inherited from his 
father a large portion of France; and Ireland, which he 
acquired by conquest, 1171. 

12, Tlionnas a Heclcetf the lordly archbishop of Canter- 
burs', who, opposing the administration of Henry IL, king 
of England, was assassinated by four of Henry's courtiers, 
1170. Henry, feeling his culpability in this affair, and to 
appease the public indignation at the murder of Becket, who 
was now regarded as a saint, did penance at the tomb of 
Becket in submitting his bare shoulders to be scourged by 
the assembled monks, 1174. 

Becket's Shritste, or Tomb, in Canterbury cathedral, was 
for ages an object of profound veneration, attracting mul- 
titudes of pilgrims from all parts of Christendom ; and the 
many costly gifts and oiFerings presented by these devotees, 
in honor of the saint, constituted an important revenue of 
the Church. A short time before the Reformation, Erasmus 
was permitted to behold the treasure here deposited. He 
tells us that " the value of it he could not estimate. Gold 
w^as the meanest thing to be seen. The whole place shone 
and glittered with jewels the most rare and precious, the 
greater portion of which were of an extraordinary size." 
At the abrogation of the pope's authority in England, 
Henry VHI. seized and appropriated this immense wealth, 
which was so great that it filled two large chests, each of 
which required six men to convey it out of the church. One 
of the precious stones, csAledi \\\e Regal o/ France^ yA\'\iA\ 
had been presented by Louis YIl., Henry had set and wore 
as a thumb-ring. 

13, Saladiiif sultan of Egypt, an upright and valiant 
prince, who conquered Syria, Assyria, Mesopotamia, and 
Arabia, 1171. He took Jerusalem from the Crusaders, 
1187 ; but was finally defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion, 
in the third Crusade, 1192. 



156 GEi^EEAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1096 

14:. Michard Cceur de Lion, or the lion-hearted, was 
Richard I., king of England, and son of Henry II. He is 
justly celebrated for his personal courage, especially in his 
contests with Saladin, sultan of Egypt, whom he defeated 
in the third Crusade, 1192. But the ingratitude and 
barbarity with which he treated his too indulgent father 
render his name truly infamous. 

The contemporaries of Richard, 1200, were Philip II. ; 
Augustus, of France, who banished the Jews and confis- 
cated their property ; Pope Innocent III, who established 
the Inquisition, 1204 ; Henry VI. of Germany ; and Saladin, 
sultan of Egypt. 

15. Magna Charta. — John, king of England, having 
acted toward his subjects in the most tyrannical and 
oppressive manner, his indignant barons assembled at Run- 
nemede, in 1215, and compelled him to sign a document, or 
Constitution, defining the royal prerogative, and securing 
the rights of all classes of subjects. This document is 
" Magna Charta," or the Great Charter of England. 

16. The Mogul Empire, founded by Genghis Kahn, 
1218, embraced nearly all Asia and the eastern part of 
Russia in Europe. In 1227, Ougtai Kahn succeeded to 
the throne, and he completed the conquest of China. And 
in 1236, Batu Kahn, the nephew of Ougtai, invaded 
Europe with an army of a million and a half, ravaging 
Russia, Poland, and Hungary. 

17. Hie Mamelukes were originally Turkish slaves, 
whom the successor of Saladin had introduced into his body- 
guai'd. They seized on the government of Egypt in 1250 ; 
they took Antioch from the Crusaders in 1268; they put an 
end to the kingdom of Jerusalem by the capture of Nice, 1291 ; 
and, under Othman I., founded a new empire, which is the 
present empii'e of the Turks, 1299. In 1517, Selim I.^ em- 
peror of the Turks, conquered Egypt and Syria, and put an 
end to the dominion of the Mamelukes ; and in 1835, the 



to 1492.] • THE CEUSADES. 157 

whole body of Mameluke soldiers in Egypt was extermin- 
ated in a single hour, by order of the pacha, Mehemet AH. 
The name " Mameluke" is derived from the Arabic word 
Memelik^ which means slave. (See Per. JVi, /Sees. 4, 24.) 

18, Hoger Bacon, — A distinguished English philosopher, 
and a friar of the order of St. Francis, 1214. His attain- 
ments in ancient learning, in mathematics, astronomy, and 
natural philosophy, were truly astonishing. The invention 
of gunpowder is justly ascribed to him, although it was 
claimed by a monk in the following century. His knowledge 
of astronomy suggested the correction of the calendar which 
was adopted by Gregory XHI. in a. d. 1582 ; and his dis- 
coveries in other branches of science anticipated many of the 
improvements of modern times. So vastly superior was he 
to the age in which he lived, that his ignorant and super- 
stitious brethren, the monks, charged him with magic, 
necromancy, and other diabolical arts. In consequence of 
these unjust and malicious slanders, the philosopher was 
forbidden to engage in the instruction of youth, and was 
condemned, for many years, to endure a close and rigorous 
confinement. Bacon was born a. d. 1214, and died 1292. 

19, 3Iarco Polo, — A distinguished Venetian, who, in 
company with his father and uncle, visited China about 
the year 1250, and spent there many years in a high official 
position, observing the manners and institutions of the 
nations in that part of the world. His accounts of those 
regions, which he published on his return, aided materially 
in exciting that spirit of commercial enterprise in western 
Europe which, in the following centuries, resulted in the 
discovery of America and the establishment of the East 
India ti'ade. 

20, Edward I,, surnamed Longsha?iks^ w^as the son 
and successor of Henry HI. as king of England, 1272. 
The Commons had been admitted to form a part of the 
Parliament by Edward's father, and he repeatedly ratified 



158 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. I>. 1096 

Magna Charta, rendering it the permanent law of the 
kingdom. In 1282, Edward conquered Wales — its king, 
Llewellyn, being slain in battle ; and from that time the 
eldest son of the king of England has borne the title of 
Prince of Wales. Being called in as umpire by Bruce and 
Baliol, the competitors for the crown of Scotland, Edward 
decided in favor of Baliol, who received the kingdom as a 
vassal of the English king, 1292. 

21, Modolph of Hapshiirg, the chamberlain of the 
king of Hungary, who, after being elected emperor of 
Germany, 1273, conquered Austria from his former sover- 
eign, 1278. The House of Hapsburg retain the empire of 
Austria to the present time. 

22, The Sicilian Vespers, — In the progress of the con- 
tests between the Guelphs and Ghibellines (see sec. 10, supra). 
Pope Clement IV., to oppose the imperial family of Frederick 
II., who were, from 1208 to 1265, kings of Sicily, authorized 
Charles of Anjou, bro-v'her of Louis IX., king of France, to 
invade and conquer the kingdom of the Sicilies. This 
Charles successfully accomplished, defeating his opponents 
and putting them to death, 1285. This act of aggression 
and usurpation the Sicilians revenged by the massacre, in 
one night, of every Frenchman on the island, amounting to 
10,000. This terrible deed was commenced on Easter 
Sunday, 1282, at the sound of the vesper bell, from which 
it is called " The Sicilian Vespers." 

23, Philip the Fair, — Philip IV., surnamed The. Fair, 
was the son of Philip the Hardy, and king of France, 
1285, contemporary with Rodolph of Hapshurg, emperor 
of Germany, and Fdward I.,\img of England. Philip res- 
olutely opposed the aiithority of Pope Boniface VHI., who 
had forbidden the French clergy to contribute any money 
for the support of the French government. He was guilty 
of commencing a cruel persecution of the Knights Templars, 
seizing their large possessions to replenish his exhaustd^ 



to 1492.] THE CRUSADES. 159 

treasury, 1307. In the reign of this king, The Third 
Estate^ or Commons, were summoned to the National As- 
sembly, or French Parliament, which before had consisted 
only of the nobility and higher clergy. Thus, in both 
France and England, nearly about the same time, t\\e people 
began to be represented in the national legislature. 

The people of western and southern Europe generally, 
had for some time greatly improved in commerce and civil- 
ization, and had thereby become a much more important 
national element than formerly ; but the immediate cause 
of this change, in both England and France, was the mutual 
jealousy and strife between the sovereigns and the nobles. 

24, William Wallace^ the heroic Scottish patriot, who 
defeated the English in the battle of Stirling. 1297. But 
afterward he was basely betrayed by his countrymen into 
the hands of the English king, Edward L, by whom he 
was unjustly condemned as a rebel, and cruelly executed, 

1305. 

25, WilMam Tdl^ the renowned Swiss hero, who by 

shooting Gcsler, 1307, one of the tyrannical bailiffs of 
Albert I., emperor of Germany, began the revolution which 
secured the independence of Switzerland. 

20, Imjirovements and Inventions in the early part 
of the fourteenth century : 

The 3Iariner^s Compass improved by Flavio Gioia, at 
Xaples. It had been known long before to the Chinese and 
Arabians, 1302. 

The Dissection of Dead Bodies^ 1315. But this practice, 
now regarded so necessary, was afterward, from motives of 
piety, forbidden by the pope. 

The Invention of Gunpowder claimed by Schwartze, a 
monk of Cologne, 1340. It was, however, known to Roger 
Bacon, 1250 ; to the Moors of Spain, 1000 ; to the Saracens, 
600; and at a much earlier date to the Chinese. 

Fire-arms. — Cannons were invented in 1342 ; and muskets 



160 GENERAL HISTORY. [A.D. 1096 

111 1370. These were supported on a rest, and discharged 
with a match. Gun-locks were not invented until 1517. 

27, Edward III,, the king of England who, in 1337, 
claimed the crown of P^rance in the right of his mother, 
Isabella, daughter of Philip the Fair, king of France. 
With the assistance of his gallant son, Edward the Black 
Prince^ so named from the color of his armor. King Ed- 
ward gained the splendid victories of Cressy, 1346, in 
which battle cannon were first used ; Calais^ 1347 ; and 
Poitiers, 1356. In this last battle the French king, John, 
was defeated and taken prisoner to England by the Black 
Prince. 

28, The Salique Laws prohibited the su(!cession of 
Edward to the throne of France. 

When the Franks lived in their own country (Germany), 
their whole property consisted in slaves, cattle, horses, 
warlike weapons, and agricultural implements, together 
with a hut or cabin with a small precinct of ground. Lands 
for cultivation belonged to the State, and were assigned to 
the citizens for a year at a time. And even the homestead 
(in German Salbac), although the permanent home of each 
occupant, was held on the condition of military service, and 
therefore descended in the male line only. 

After these warlike tribes had conquered and occupied 
Gaul, they continued to call their lands Salbac, Salic, or 
Salique Lands, and the laws relating to them Salique 
Lav3s. These laws, reformed and published by Clovis, 500, 
were afterward so interpreted and applied as to exclude 
females from the succession to the throne of France. The 
claim of Edward, therefore, in right of his mother, although 
valid in England, was by the Salique Law wholly inadmissi- 
ble in France. {'^Q.Q Feudal System,^. 146.) 

29, Learned 3Ien of the Fourteenth Century : 

1. Dante, the father of modern Italian poetry, died 1321. 

2. Petrarch, a learned Italian, who promoted the study 



to 1492.] THE CKUSADES. 161 

of ancient literature, and Avhose poems have rendered famous 
the name of the young and beautiful JLaura, 1374. 

3. Boccaccio, the father of modern Italian prose, died 
1375. 

4. John Wiclif, the "Morning Star" of the Reforma- 
tion, was a celebrated English reformer in the reio<-ns of 
Edward III. and Richard II. To him belongs the honor 
of giving to his native country the first English translation 
of the entire Bible, 1380. 

5. Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of English poetry and 
the author of The Canterbury Tales, and other poems, died 
1400. 

6. Froissart, a French historian and poet in the reign 
of King Charles YI. Died 1400. 

SO. Tamerlane, a celebrated conqueror of Turkish 
descent, who overthrew the Moguls, and founded the em- 
pire of the Tartars, which included nearly the whole of 
Asia, 1369. On taking Ishpahan, the capital of Persia, he 
slaughtered the inhabitants and built pyramids of human 
heads, 1384. In the battle of Aiigoria^ 1402, Tamerlane 
conquered the Turkish emperor, Bajazetl. ; but in 1404, this 
mighty conqueror died on an expedition to China. 

31. Charles V., the Wise^ king of France, 1364, was 
the eldest son of John II., The Good, and the first prince 
that bore the title Dauphin, so named from the province 
Dauphiny, which had been annexed to France in the pre- 
ceding reign, 1349. Under Du GuescUn, the general of 
Charles V., the French recovered nearly all the places that 
had been captured by the English. 

32. Wat Tyler and Jaels, Straw were the popular lead- 
ers of an insurrection in England, in the reign of Richard II., 
which had been excited by the cruelty and oppression of 
the tax-gatherers, 1381. 

33. Playing-Cards were invented to amuse Charles VI., 
king of France, a weak-minded prince, subject to occasional 



162 GENERAL HISTOKY. [A. B. 109G 

insanity, 1385. What effect this amusement bad in restor- 
ing the mind of a lunatic we cannot say ; but we know 
that the use of cards frequently tends to make sane people 
mad. 

34. The first JPaper-^nill in the world was erected at 
Nuremburg, in Germany, in the year 1390 ; the first in 
England was in 1588. The first in the United States was 
erected in 1690, near Germantown, Pa. (See jo. 144, ;sec. 16.) 

35. Henri/ I T\, king of England, 1399; first of the 
House of Lancaster, and uncle of Richard II., from Avhom 
Henry wrested the sceptre of England. In the battle of 
Shreioshury Henry triumphed over all opposition, but his 
usurpation of the throne originated, a few years later, the 
civil wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster. 

36. Henry V,, the English monarch, who in prosecut- 
ing his claim to the throne of France gained the celebrated 
ViGtoYy oi Agincoiirt, 1415; and who was in consequence 
acknowledged heir to the French throne in the treaty of 
Troyes, 1420. 

37. Joan of Arc, " the Maid of Orleans," was the 
famous French heroine who, in the reign of Charles VII., 
by her undaunted courage compelled the English to raise 
the siege of that place. She was afterward captured by 
the English, tried for sorcery, and inhumanly burned, by the 
command of the duke of Bedford, who led the English 
forces, 1430. 

38. The Art of Printing. — An art of printing was 
known and practised in China at a very early period. But 
the art as known by us was not received from the Chinese. 
It was discovered by Laurentius of Harlaem, 1435, who, 
walking in a wood one day, amused himself by cutting let- 
ters in the rind of a beech-tree; and these being pressed on 
paper, suggested to him the idea of printing from wooden 
types. The use of movable metallic types was invented by 
Guttenberg, at Mentz, in compan}- with his brother, and 



to 1492.] THE CRUSADES. 1G3 

John Faust, 1445. The art of casting the types in a mould 
or matrix, instead of cutting them in the metal, was in- 
vented by Peter SchoefFer, an assistant of Faust, 1458. 
One of the first books printed was the Holy Bible. Faust, 
having printed ofi" a number of copies to imitate those sold 
in manuscript, undertook the sale of them at Paris, 1462, 
where the art of printing was then unknown. As he sold his 
printed copies for sixty crowns, while the scribes demanded 
five hundred, it created universal astonishment ; and when 
he produced copies as fast as they were wanted, and lowered 
the price to thirty crowns, all Paris was agitated. The uni- 
formity of the copies increased the wonder. Informations 
were made to the magistrates against him as a magician ; 
his lodgings were searched, and a great many copies were 
found and seized. The red ink with which they were em- 
bellished was supposed to be his blood. It was thereon 
seriously adjudged that he was in league with the evil 
spirit. But on discovering the method by which Faust 
produced his Bibles, the parliament, in consideration of 
his useful invention, passed an act to discharge him from 
all persecution. The first book printed in the English lan- 
guage was the History of Troy, translated from French 
into English by Wm. Caxton, and published at Cologne, 
A. D. 1471. The next year Caxton returned to his native 
country, England, with the art of printing; and in 1474, 
he printed The Game of Chess, which was the first book 
ever printed in England. The Latin Bible, or Vulgate, was 
first printed on the continent in 1450 ; the Old Testament 
in Hebrew, in 1488 ; and the New Testament in Greek, in 
1518. The first printed edition of the Bible in any modern 
language, was the German, in 1466. The first edition of 
the New Testament printed in the English language was 
Tyndale's translation, executed at Antwerp, 1526. Printing, 
from stereotype plates was invented by William Ged, a 
goldsmith of Edinburgh, 1725. 



164 GEi^^ERAL HISTORY. [A, ». 1096 

39, The Greek Empire ovei^hrown, — Mahomet II., 
emperor of the Turks, at the head of 300,000 men and 300 
ships, conquered Constantinople, 1453. The citizens, how- 
ever, obtained security and the free exercise of their reli- 
gion. The Greek empire originated a. d. 395. It there- 
fore had subsisted 1058 years. The Turks still hold Con- 
stantinople as the capital of the Ottoman empire. {Seel/it. 
Constantin ople. ) 

4:0. The Wars of the Moses, in England. — This name is 
given to the contests for the crown of England, which be- 
gan in 1453, between the houses of York and Lancaster: 
the former of which was designated by a white rose, and 
the latter, by a red rose. The battles fought by these, con- 
tending parties were — 

I. The battle of St. Albans^ in which Henry VI. of 
Lancaster was defeated and taken prisoner, 1455. 2. The 
battle of NoTthamptoyx^ 1460, in which Henry was again 
defeated by the earl of Warwick, who the next year placed 
Edward IV. of York on the throne, 1461. 3. The battle 
of Towton^'xw which Edward IV. defeated the Lancastrians, 
who lost 40,000 slain, 1461. 4. The battle of J3arnet, in 
which the Lancastrians were again defeated, and the brave 
but vacillating Warwick slain, 14T1. 5. The battle of 
Teiokesbury^ proving fatal to the Lancastrians, secured the 
throne to Edward IV. of York, 1471. 

4rl. The Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485.— On the death 
of Edward IV., his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucoster, 
causing his two nephews to be smothered in the Towar of 
London, ascended the throne as Richard IH., 1483. After 
reigning two years, England was invaded by Henry Tudor, 
who in the battle of ^oswJor^A defeated and slew the usurper, 
Richard IH. Henry was descended from John of Gaunt, 
a son of Edward IH., 1327; and by his marriage with Eliza- 
beth, daughter of Edward IV., the houses of York and 
Lancaster were united. 



to 1492.J colo:n^izing. 1G5 

42. Ferdinand and Isabella. — Ferdinand was king of 
Arragon, and Isabella was queen of Castile and Leon. By 
their marriage they united their dominions, forming the 
kingdom of Spain, 1479. 

The reign of these sovereigns was chiefly remarkable for 
the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, and 
for the voyage of Vasco di Gama to India by way of the 
Cape of Good Hope, 1492, 1498. 



Period YI. — Colonizing. 

Discovery of America, ) ( Deo. Am. Independence, 

A. D. 1492. \ 284 years. \ a. d. 1776. 

Columbus — St. Salvador. ) { Washington — Philadelphia. 

1. The Colonizing Period is chiefly distinguished by — 
1. The discovery and colonization of America. 2. The 
Reformation, 1517. 3. The union of the crowns of Eng- 
land and Scotland, 1603. 4. And by the rise of the Rus- 
sian empire. 

II. — The Chronology of the Period, 

A. D. 

1492. St. Salvador discovered by Columbus. 

1497. North America discovered by the Cabots. 

" Vasco di Gaiua doubles the Cape of Good Hope. 

1498. South America discovered by Columbus. 

1499. Vespuccius visits South America. 

1500. Brazil visited by the Portuguese under Cabral. 

" James IV, of Scotland marries Margaret, sister of Henry VIII. 

1508. First African slaves brought to the West Indies. 

1509. First European settlement on the continent atDarien. 
" Henry VIII., king of England. 

1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Balboa. 
" The battle of Flodden James iV. of Scotland defeated by earl 
of Surrey. 



166 GEl^ERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1492 

1515. Francis I., king of France. 

1517. The Reformation begun by Luther. 

1519. Charles V., emperor of Germany. 

'* Cortez invades Mexico. 
1523. The first voyage round the world by one of Magellan's vessels. 

" Rhodes captured by Solyman the Magnificent, emperor of 
the Tuiks. 
1523. Gustavus Vasa, king of Sweden. 

1525. The battle of Pavia. Francis I. defeated and made prisoner. 
1529. The diet of Spire condemns the Lutherans. Ojigin of the 

term Protestant. 
1532. The conquest of Peru by Pizarro. 
1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi. 
1547. Edward VI. of Ecgland. 

'* Henry II. of France. 
1550. Rise of the Puritans in England. 
1553. Mary, daughter of Henry VIII., queen of England. 
1556. Philip II., son of Charles V., king of Spain. 

1558. Elizabeth, sister of Mary, queen of England. 

1559. Peace of Chateau Cambresis. 

" Francis II., king of France, husband of Mary queen of Scots. 
1500. Presbyterian Church of Scotland established. 

1564. Church of England established. 

1565. St. Augustine, Florida, built by Melendez. 
1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's day. 

1579. Holland revolts from Spain. William the Silent. 

1587. Mary queen of Scots beheaded. 

1588. The Spanish Armada defeated. 

1589. Henry IV. of France. House of Bourbon. 
1598. The edict of Nantes. 

1600. British East India Company. Shakspeare, Lord Bacon, Cer- 
vantes, Arminius, Tycho Brahe, Galileo. 
1603. James VI. of Scotland and I. of England. House of Stuart. 
1605. The Gunpowder Plot. 

1607. Jamestown settled. . First permanent English settlement. 
1611. Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden. King James's Bible 

published. 
1614. New Amsterdam (New York) settled. 
1618. Thirty Years' War begins. 
1620. Plymouth, Mass., settled by English puritans. 
" First African slaves brought to Virginia by the Dutch. 



tolT76.] COLONIZING. 167 

1633. Kew Hampsliire settled at Dover. 

1624. New Jersey settled at Bergen 

1625. Charles I., king of England. 

1633. Connecticut settled at Windsor. 

1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's. 
1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence. 

1638. Delaware settled at Christiana Creek. 

1639. First printing press in America. 
1643. Louis XIV. of France. 

1648. Peace of Westphalia, at the close of the Thirty Years' War. 

1649. Charles I. beheaded. Commonwealth of England. Crom- 

well. Milton. 
1660. Charles II. of England. Stuarts restored. 

1665. The Great Plague in London. 

1666. The Gieat Fire in London. The Covenanters defeated at 

Pentland. 
1670. South Carolina settled at Old Charleston 
1682. Philadelphia founded by William Penn. 
1685. Revocation of the edict of Nantes. 
" James II. of England. 

1688. The Revolution. William and Mary of England. Orange. 

1689. Peter the Great, emperor of Russia. 

1700. Locke, Boyle, Boileau, Newton, Leibnitz, Charles XIL, king 

of Sweden. 

1701. War of the Spanish Saccession— lasts fourteen years. 

1702. Anne, second daughter of James IL, queen of England. 

1713. I'eace of Utrecht closes the war of the Spanish Succession. 

Britain acquires Newfoundland, etc. 

1714. George L, king of England. House of Hanover. 
1729. Rise of the Methodists. 

1733. Georgia settled at Savannah. 

1740. War of the Austrian Succession — lasts eight years. 

" Frederick II. (Great), king of Prussia. 
1745-6. The Stuarts attempt to regain the crown of Britain. 
1748. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle determines the Austria Succession. 
1750. Johnson, Hume, Voltaire, Mosheim, Linnaeus. 
1754. The French and Indian war in America begins. 
1760. George III., king of England. 
1763. Peace of Paris. 

1765. Stamp Act passed, taxing the American colonies. 
1774. Louis XVL, king of France. 



X68 GEl!j^ERAL HISTOET. [A. ». 1492 I 



III, — History^ Biography^ etc., of the Period. 

t, Columbus, the Great Discoverer, — The New World 
became known to the people of the eastern continent on 
the 12th of October, 1492. This grand discovery was made 
by Christopher Columbus, or Columbo, a native of Genoa, 
sailing at this time under the auspices of Ferdinand and 
Isabella, the sovereigns of Spain. This important voyage 
was undertaken in order to reach India by a westerly pas- 
sage from Europe, as probably more direct than that around 
the coast of Africa, the route by which the Portuguese 
were attempting to reach that country, with the view of 
enjoying its valuable commerce. 

Columbus was eminently qualified to conduct this great 
enterprise. Both his talents and his education were such as 
to render him distinguished as a navigator. He went to sea 
at the early age of fourteen ; and after making many ex- 
tensive and adventurous voyages, he settled at Lisbon, in 
Portugal, where he married the daughter of Palestrollo, 
a celebrated Portuguese navigator. In perusing his father- 
in-law's journals, Columbus felt desirous of visiting the 
countries with which he thus became acquainted ; and for 
many years he continued to trade with the Canaries, Ma- 
deira, the cost of Guinea, and other regions. In this man- 
ner his experimental knowledge of geography and other 
sciences was matured, which, with his ardent love of adven- 
ture and his exalted genius, prepared him to become the 
leader of this bold expedition. 

The spherical figure of the earth was generally admitted, 
and its size had been ascertained with some desrree of ac- 
curacy; and, the existence of another continent being un- 
known, it was supposed that Asia extended much farther 
to the east than it really does. It therefore appeared evi- 
dent to Columbus that, by sailing directly west from Eu- 



to 1776.] COLOJflZIiq'G, 169 

ropo, he would, in a voyage of no great length, reach the 
eastern coast of Asia. 

This opinion of Columbus was supported by several con- 
siderations. Timber curiously carved, and canes of large 
size, supposed to be from India, borne by the Gulf Stream, 
and driven by westerly winds, were found floating on the 
ocean west of the Madeira Islands. These and similar 
facts confirmed Columbus in his matured theory, and de- 
cided him to seek the means of making a westerly voyage 
to India. 

He patriotically first applied to the government of his 
native country, Genoa. But, from his long absence abroad, 
they were unacquainted with his character ; and being un- 
able to appreciate the importance of his proposed enter- 
prise, they refused the desired aid. He next applied to 
king John of Portugal, who, after hearing his proposed plan, 
basely attempted to rob him of the opportunity of being 
the first to accomplish it, by sending out secretly an expedi- 
tion for that purpose. This dishonorable project completely 
failed, and the treachery which it betrayed determined 
Columbus to break off at once all negotiations with a 
prince so devoid of integrity. 

As a final eflTort, he sent his brother Bartholomew to the 
court of Henry YII., king of England, to solicit the required 
aid of that monarch, while he himself applied to Ferdinand 
xmd Isabella, the sovereigns of Spain, who, after much cau- 
tious hesitation, and a delay of seven years from his first 
application, supplied him with ninety men and three small 
ships, the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nigna, with pro- 
visions for twelve months. 

Columbus thus appointed set sail on the third of August, 
A. D. 1492, from Palos, a port of Spain, and having touched 
at the Canary Islands, he boldly directed his course on the 
6th of September, due west, into an ocean hitherto unknown 
to the Spaniards. 



k 



8 



I 



170 GENERAL HISTORY. A. D. 1492 I 

After beinoj some time at sea his men became alarmed at i 
the variation of the compass, and at being so far from the i 
shores of their native country. They began to mutiny, and 
threatened to throw their commander overboard if he did 
not immediately return. 

In these difficult circumstances Columbus conducted 
himself with the utmost self-possession. He explained the 
variation of the compass (a phenomenon which he did not 
himself fully understand) in a way that allayed the fears 
of his men ; and being convinced from several circum- 
stances that they w^ere not far from land, he prevailed on 
his men to submit to his authority for a few days longer; 
and he promised them that if land was not in that time dis- 
covered he would immediately return. 

A short time after this, as Columbus had anticipated, 
land was discovered. 

On the night of the 11th of October Columbus noticed 
a light moving from place to place, at some distance from 
his ship, and the next morning, the 12th, the delighted 
Spaniards beheld the shores of Guanahani, one of the 
Bahama Islands, to which Columbus, in pious gratitude 
to God, gave the name of San Salvador, that is. Holy 
Saviour. 

The inhabitants of these islands were found to be a 
simple, timid people. They wore no thing; they lived 
chiefly upon the abundant vegetable productions of the 
fertile soil ; and although well acquainted with the precious 
metals, they were ignorant of the use of iron. They re- 
ceived the Spaniards with the utmost kindness and respect, 
regarding them with, superstitious reverence as a race of 
superior beings. 

After visiting Cuba, Hayti, and several other islands, 
and leaving in Hayti a colony of thirty-eight of his men, 
Columbus embarked on his return voyage, taking with him 
several of the natives, a quantity of gold, and some speci- 



to 17T6.] COLONIZII^G. 171 

mens of birds and plants. He reached Palos, the port of 
his departure, on the 15th of March, 1493, after an absence 
of seven months and eleven days. 

To these newly- discovered regions Columbus made three 
other voj^ages, four in all. 

On his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered the continent 
of South America, the year before it was visited by Araer- 
icus Vespucoius. On his fourth voynge Columbus explored 
the coast of Darien, on the Gulf of Mexico, in search of a 
passage which he imagined led into the China Sea, or 
Indian Ocean. After being shipwrecked on the Island of 
Jamaica he returned to Spain, where he soon after died at 
the age of VO years, still under the impression that the land 
he had discovered was a part of the Asiatic continent. 
And this error was not corrected until a. d. 1513, when 
Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. Then, to distinguish 
the lands discovered by Columbus from those of Asia, they 
were respectively named West Indies and East Indies. 

The successful enterprise of Columbus merited from his 
sovereisrn the hio^hest consideration. This, however, he 
did not receive. On the contrary, he was treated by the 
king of Spain with the utmost unkindness and injustice. 
He had been invested by the king with authority to govern 
the regions he might discover as lord high admiral. And 
while exercising this authority over the islands and seas 
which he had discovered, false charges were preferred 
against him by his envious and malignant enemies, and he 
was in consequence deprived of his government and sent 
home in fetters. And although he was there acquitted of 
the crimes laid to his charge, he was never restored to his 
just rights as lord high admiral, but was ever after treated 
by king Ferdinand with a distrust and neglect character- 
istic of that narrow-minded and ungenerous monarch. 

In estimating the character of Columbus we must pro- 
nounce him one of the greatest of men. He was endowed 



172 GEl^ERAL HISTORY. [A. O, 1492 

with a capacity to conceive and an energy to execute the 
greatest designs; a patient perseverance, which no disap- 
pointments could exhaust ; a dauntless courage, which no 
dangers could intimidate; and a composure and self-pos- 
session, which no difficulty could disconcert. To these rare 
qualities he added the ornament of a sincere and humble 
piety, which, at the same time gave direction and efficiency 
to his whole character. 

The tomb of Columbus at Seville bears this beautiful 
inscription: — " To Castile and Leon, Columbus gave a new 
world!" 

2, The Cabofs — John and his son Sebastian, were na- 
tives of Venice ; but they had resided for many years as mer- 
chants at Bristol, England. They sailed in May, a. d. 1497, 
and in June they discovered the coast of Labrador, the 
year before Columbus discovered South America, and two 
years before Vespucci us sailed west of the Canaries. 

3, The New World, named America from Araericus 
Vespuccius, or Vespucci, a native of Florence. This adven- 
turer accompanied the expedition of Alonzo de Ojeda, who, 
in 1499, reached the continent of South America — the year 
after it had been discovered by Columbus, and two years 
after North America had been discovered by the Cabots. 
Vespuccius, on his return, published such an account of his 
voyage as led to the belief that he was the original discov- 
erer of the continent. The honor of giving his name to 
the newly-discovered world was accordingly awarded to 
Vespuccius, in manifest injustice to Columbus, from whom, 
however, no one can wrest the infinitely greater honor, 
that of the original discovery. 

4, The I^ortug lie se, A.J). 1497 — 1500, accomplished two 
important voyages — one by Pedro Alvarez Cabral, who, 
attempting, like Columbus, to reach India by a westerly 
passage, discovered Brazil ; and the other by Vasco di 
Gama, from Portugal to the East Indies by the wny of the 



f« 1776.] COLOIS^IZIXG. 173 

Cape of Good Hope. After this the celebrated Alphonso 
d'AIbuquerque conquered the whole coast of Malabar, and 
took the city of Goa, where the Inquisition was in a short 
time established. The extensive and valuable commerce 
of Africa and India thus acquired by Portugal was, how- 
ever, nearly all lost when Philip II. seized Portugal and 
annexed it to the crown of Spain, 1580. 

5. African Slaves hrought to America. — The Spanish 
adventurers who colonized the West India Islands treated 
the natives of these islands more like beasts of burden 
than human beings. Unaccustomed to severe labor, either 
of body or mind, the eiFeminate and indolent natives were 
incapable of sustaining the oppressive toil which their 
rapacious conquerors imposed on them, in cultivating the 
land and working the mines ; and several of the islands 
were almost depopulated before the court of Spain was 
sufficiently apprised of the matter to interpose its authority 
in behalf of the oppressed Americans. To emancipate 
these unfortunate people and to supply the colonists with 
more competent laborers, Father de las Casas, Cardinal 
Ximenes — and other zealous friends of the West Indians, 
recommended and promoted the introduction of African 
slaves. The first importation of negroes from Africa to 
the West Indies was made in 1503 by the Portuguese, and 
a larger one was made by order of Ferdinand of Spain in 
1511. The first African slaves brouo^ht to the Eno-Hsh col- 
onies were landed in Virginia from a Dutch man-of-war in 
1620. From that period until very recently the African 
slave trade has been carried on or patronized by nearly 
every nation of Europe and America. It was prohibited 
by Great Britain in 1807, and by the United States in 
1794, the law to take effect in 18€8. The institution of 
domestic slavery was abolished in the French colonies in 
1791 ; in the English colonies in 1883; in the United States of 
America, December 18th. 1865 ; and in Brazil, April 8th, 1867. 



174 GEK^ERAL HISTORY. [A. JD. 1492 

6. The Origin of tJie Term '^Slave,'^ — The word slave 
succeeded to the Latin servifs, the Greek doulos, the He- 
brew obed, and the Arabic abd. In the sixth and seventh 
centuries of the Christian sera the vast regions of the Scla- 
vonic tribes, extending from the Baltic to the Euxine Sea, 
were overrun by the Goths, who, according to the common 
practice of war, reduced their captives to perpetual bond- 
age. Multitudes of these were sent to the markets of 
Italy, Gaul, Spain, and other countries, where, being pur- 
chased as bond-servants, their national appellation of Scla- 
vo7iian, Slavonian^ Slava, or slave, soon became the popu- 
lar desiscnation of their condition of servitude. 

The word slava in the ancient Slavonic language means 
glory, which, with its modern signification of degraded 
servitude^ forms a stransje antithesis. 

7, Henry VIII. King of England, 1509, son of Henry 
VII., was remarkable for his intolerant bigotry in religion, 
his cruelty to his wives, and his unscrupulous tyranny over 
his subjects. Henry had successively six wives : Catharine 
of Arragon, Anna Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, 
Catharine Howard, and Catharine Parr, At the besjinnino: 
of the Reformation Henry wrote a book against Luther 
and his doctrines, for which service Pope Leo X., in 1521, 
conferred upon the king the title of Defender of the Faith, 
a title ever since retained by the sovereigns of Great 
Britain. 

Henry, however, did not remain faithful to the Church of 
Rome. Pope Clement VII. having excommunicated him 
for divorcing his first wife, Catharine of Arragon. the rebel- 
lious king in retaliation abolished the authority of the pope 
in his dominions, and proclaimed himself head of the 
Church of England, 1534-39. He dissolved the monas- 
teries and confiscated their immense treasures,* forbade the 

* The annual revenue of all the suppressed houses amounted to £142,914 

lis. gi/a^^- 



«o 1776.1 COLON^IZIJ^G. 175 

payment of Peter's pence, and exposed the immoralities of 
the monks. But still Henry did not adopt the doctrines of 
the Retbrraation. Although he had renounced the author- 
ity of the pope, and had made himself pope of his own 
kingdom, he was, nevertheless, ardently attached to the 
peculiar tenets of the Church of Rome. 

The imjoortant events of the reign of Henry VHI. (38 
years) were — 1. The battle of Flodden Fleld^ in which 
Henry's brother-in-law, James IV. of Scotland, who had 
invaded England, was defeated by the earl of Surrey. 
2. The Pacitic Ocean discovered by Balboa from the 
heights of Darien. 3. The Reformation by Luther. 4. The 
conquest of Mexico by Cortez. 5. The conquest of Peru 
by Pizarro. 6. The discovery of the Mississippi by De 
Soto, 1541. 

The contempararies of Henry were, Francis I. of France> 
1515, and the emperor Charles V. of Germany, 1519. 

8, 3Iartin Luther, an Augustine monk and professor 
of divinity at Wittenburg, began the Reformation by 
preaching against the sale of indulgences. These indul- 
gences were certificates, properly authenticated, by which 
certain degrees of merit were supposed to be transferred 
to the purchasers in order to release them from the guilt 
of the sins which they had confessed, and thus to save 
them from the punishment otherwise due to those sins. 

Such transfers of merit or indulgences were granted by 
pope Urban II., at first to all who went in person on the 
crusades, and afterward to those who hired a substitute for 
that purpose. Pope Julius II. bestowed indulgences on all 
that contributed money toward building St. Peter's church 
at Rome ; and Leo X., in carrying on the same work, re- 
sorted to the same prolific soui-ce of revenue. Albert, 
archbishop of Magdeburg, being authorized by the pope 
to promulgate indulgences in Germany, employed John 
Tetzel, a Dominican friar, to retail them in Saxony. And 



176 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1492 

Tetzel, it is related, recommending the purchase of his 
indulorences in an offensive way, aroused the indigrnant 
opposition of the Augustine profiessor. 

The early religious faith of Luther Avas, of course, in 
entire conformity with the received doctrines of the Church 
of Rome, for in them he had been educated from childhood. 
But while pursuing his studies in the University at 
Erfurth he providentially met with a copy of the Sacred 
Scriptures. Astonished to discover how^ little he knew of 
the inspired volume, he devoted himself to its study with 
the utmost avidity. The result of this was tlie adoption 
of religious sentiments substantially similar to those held 
and maintained by John Calvin, at Geneva, John Knox, in 
Scotland, Ulric Zwingle, in Switzerland, and by other emi- 
nent reformers of that period, and by the Protestant 
churches of the present day. 

These religious opinions, however, did not originate with 
the reformers of the sixteenth century. As they were de- 
rived from the inspired Scriptures, they must have been 
held, with some diversity, no doubt, from the days of the 
apostles, by all that received the Scriptures alone as the 
rule of their faith. They were advocated in England by 
John Wiclif, in the fourteenth century ; by the Waldenses 
in Piedmont, certainly in the fourth century, and probably 
from apostolic times; and by the ancient British Christians 
from the earliest times of the church to a. d. 597, when 
Austin, with forty other missionaries, arrived from Rome, 
with the peculiar tenets of the church of that city. They 
were held also by the ancient Syrian churches on the west- 
ern coast of India, froni apostolic times to the arrival of the 
Portuguese missionaries at Goa with Albuquerque. 

9. Origin of the Term *^ JProtestant," — After the 
Reformation had made some good progress in Germany, 
numbering among its firm advocates sovereign princes, 
electors, the magistrates of free imperial cities, and a vast 



to ITTC.l COLO]!^IZIKG. 177 

multitude of the people, diets and assemblies were held, by 
the authority of the German emperor, to decide the ques- 
tions in dispute between Luther and his followers and their 
opponents, the authorities of the Church of Rome. In one 
of those diets, held at Spire, April 19th, 1529, a decree was 
passed against the Reformers, designed by the emperor to 
arrest the progress of free investigation, and to re-establish 
the authority of the Church of Rome in those states in 
which it had been abolished. Against this unjust decree 
the Beformers protested; and from this they received the 
name of Protestants. And the same appellation has since 
been applied, in a more general sense however, to all that 
reject the peculiar doctrines of the Church of Rome, and 
that adhere to the inspired Scriptures as the only rule of 
their religious faith. 

10, Francis J., king of France, was a brave general and 
a wily politician; he was very popular with his subjects, 
and accounted the most polished gentleman of his day. 
He was the unsuccessful candidate for the throne of the 
German empire, when Charles Y. was elected, and 
hence the jealousies and contests which ensued between 
them, 1515-1547. 

11, Charles V,, who was emperor of Germany, contem- 
porary with Luther, Henry VHL of England, and Francis 
L of France, was at the same time king of Spain and Hol- 
land. Charles was the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, 
and one of the most powerful monarchs that ever occupied 
a European throne. In the controversy with the Reform- 
ers he took a decided part in favor of the Church of Rome, 
to which he was ,ardently attached. In his wars with 
Francis I., king of France, he took that monarch prisoner 
in the battle of Pavia^ a, d. 1525. In the year 1556 Charles 
retired from public life to spend the remainder of his days 
in a convent. He resigned the crowns of Spain and Hol- 
land to his son Philip II., and abdicated the throne of the 

8* 



178 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. D. 1492 

German empire, to which his brother, Ferdinand I., was 
chosen as his successor. 

12, Ferdinand Cortez, the Spanish adventurer who 
invaded the kingdom of Mexico, a. d. 1519. Cortez, at the 
head of 663 Spaniards from Cuba, landed in Mexico, and 
was at first kindly received by the unsuspecting monarch, 
Montezuma. But in a short time the designs of the Span- 
iards became evident. A sanguinary contest ensued — Mon- 
tezuma was slain, and Mexico, with its vast treasures of 
gold and silver, was speedily subdued. In this conquest, 
which was completed 1521, nearly a million of the inoffen- 
sive Mexicans were massacred. 

13, Peru Conquered by Pizarro and Almagro, 
Spanish adventurers, at the head of three hundred men. 
They took the king, Atabalipa, prisoner ; and after receiving 
an immense amount of gold for his redemption (£1,500,000), 
they perfidiously and cruelly put him to death, and massa- 
cred thousands of the simple-hearted natives, a. d. 1532. 

These rapacious invaders perished in quarrelling about 
the division of their ill-gotten plunder. Almagro was be- 
headed, and Pizarro was assassinated. 

14, Edward VI., the son of Henry VIII. and Jane 
Seymour, 1547. Edward was a youth of decided piety, and, 
aided by Archbishop Cranmer, he diligently promoted the 
Reformation in England. At the coronation of this prince, 
when, according to the custom of that period, the three 
large swords were presented to him as emblems of his being 
king of three kingdoms (England, Ireland, and France), he 
observed to the surrounding nobles that there was j^et 
another sword wanting. And when they asked him what 
that was, the king answered, "the Bible." '*That Bible," 
added he, " is the sword of the Spirit, and it is to be pre- 
ferred before these swords. That, in all rio^ht, ouo^ht to 
govern us who use the sword, by God's appointment, for 
the people's safety. He who rules without the Bible is not 



to 1776.] COLOJIS^IZIK^G. 179 

to be called God's minister or a king. Under that we 
ought to live, to fio^ht, to govern the people, and to perform 
all our aifairs. From that alone we obtain all power, vir- 
tue, grace, salvation, and whatsoever we have of divine 
strength." This remarkable prince died at the early age 
of sixteen years, 

15. Queen Mary of England was the daughter of 
Henry VIII. and Catharine of Arragon. In the early 
part of Mary's inglorious reign she procured the unneces-. 
sary condemnation and death of the amiable and accom- 
plished Lady Jane Grey and her husband, Lord Guilford 
Dudley, who had been unwillingly proclaimed king and 
queen by their ambitious relatives. In 1554 Mary married 
Philip II., king of Spain, who readily aided her in the 
determination to abroo^ate the Reformed relifrion, and to 
restore in England the authority of the pope of Rome. In 
accomplishing this she persecuted her Protestant subjects 
in the most cruel manner. During her reign of five years 
she caused to be burned five bishops — Hooper, Farrar, 
Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer,* — twenty-one minor clergy- 
men, and three hundred other persons. The celebrated 
John Rogers, eminent for piety, virtue, and learning, had 
the melancholy honor of being the first victim of this mer- 
ciless persecution, which embraced the old and the young, 
the learned and the uneducated, men, women, and children, 
and which extended to every county in England. 

16, The Puritans were a large and respectable body of 
English Protestants, in the sixteenth century, who, dissent- 
ing from the established religion, professed what they con- 
sidered 2k purer form of religious faith and practice. The 
form of church government which, for the most part, they 
adopted, is that which is known as Congregationalism, or 
Independency. The Puritans were remarkable for their 

» The Martyrs' Memorial, a splendid monument erected at Oxford in 1841, to the 
memory of Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer. is an objact of peculiar interest. 



180 GEis'ERAL HISTOrtY. [A. D. 1492 

energy of character, their enterprising spirit, their intelli- 
gence, and their love of civil and religious liberty. A num- 
ber of these people, in the year 1620, emigrated to the New 
World, to enjoy in a distant land an asylum from religious 
persecution. They landed at a place which they named 
Plymouth, and settled Massachusetts, and other New Eng- 
land colonies. 

17 » Queen Elizabeth^ the daughter of Henry VIII. and 
Anna Boleyn, reigned in England from 1558 to 1003. 
Aided by eminent statesmen, Elizabeth enjoyed a splendid 
reign, which, however, was much disturbed by several con- 
spiracies against the queen's government and life. During 
the reign of this princess — 1, the Church of England was 
established in its present form, 1564 ; 2, seventy thousand 
Huo;uenots were massacred in France on St. Bartholomew's 
day, 1572; 3, admiral Drake made his first voyage round 
the world, 1585 ; 4, Mary, queen of Scots, was beheaded 
for conspiracy against the government of queen Elizabeth, 
1587 ; 5, the Spanish Armada was defeated, 1588 ; and 6, 
the British East India Company established, 1600. Eliza- 
beth ascended the throne at the age of 25 years, as the suc- 
cessor of her half-sister Mary; she lived a maiden queen, 
and died at the advanced age of 70 years, in the forty-fifth 
year of her reign. This princess was not less remarkable 
for her personal vanity and waywardness than for her emi- 
nent talents in bearing the sceptre. 

18, Improvements and Inventions shortly before and 
during ttie reign of Elizabeth. 

The interests of education and of civil and religious lib- 
erty had been greatly promoted by the translation and 
study of the Holy Scriptures in the three preceding reigns. 
Durinsf the rei2:n of Elizabeth coaches were introduced into 
England ; the first astronomical observatory in Europe was 
erected at Cassels in Germany, 1561 ; Sir Walter Raleigh 
brought tobacco and potatoes from America, 1560-1586 ; 



to 1776.] COLONIZIXG. 181 

and in 1588 Lord Burleigh established the English Mer- 
cury^ which was the first newspaper in England. 

19, Etninent Men in Europe in the JReign of Eliza- 
betJi. — Tycho Brahe, the Danish astronomer ; Cervantes, 
the author of Don Quixotte, in Spain ; and the celebrated 
Jolm Knox, the Reformer, who was chiefly instrumental 
in the establishment of Presbyterianism as the national 
religion of Scotland, 1560. The eminent men of Eliza- 
beth's court were Sir Walf«^r Raleigh, who made the first 
efforts to colonize North America ; Shakspeare, the great 
dramatist ; the poet Spenser, who wrote the Fairie Queen j' 
and Sir Philip Sidney, who was styled " the jewel of his 
time." 

Sir Philip was remarkable for his many elegant accom- 
plishments, his love of literature, and his great humanity. 
This was very conspicuous in his last moments. Being 
mortally wounded in the battle of Ziitphen, 1585, and suf- 
fering from intense thirst, his attendants were about to 
present to his parched lips a bottle of water. At this mo- 
ment he caught the eye of a poor soldier, who like himself 
was mortally wounded, and who was looking at the bottle 
with that intense desire which only the fevered dying sol- 
dier can experience. " Give him the water," said the dying 
hero, " his necessity is still greater than mine." 

20, The Massaci^e of St, Bartholonieiv's Dap, — This 
was the murder of 70,000 Huguenots, or Protestants, in 
France, on St. Bartholomew's day, August 24th, 1572, per- 
petrated by the command of king Charles IX., who was 
instigated to this inhuman butchery of his subjects that dif- 
fered from him in religion, by his mother, the infamous 
Catharine de Medici. 

Ihe prince of Navarre, admiral Coligni, the prince of 
Conde, and many of the principal Huguenot nobility and 
gentlemen of France were assembled in Paris, at the invi- 
tation of Charles IX., to attend the marriage of the prince 



182 GEN^ERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1492 

of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenots, to the king's sis- 
ter, Margaret of Valois. A few days after the marriage, 
on the night of St. Bartholomew's day, the great bell of the 
church of St. Germain sounded the appointed signal, and 
the work of bloodshed commenced. It is related that the 
king himself, accompanied by his inhuman mother, beheld 
from a window of his palace the horrid massacre ; and in- 
citing thefury of the murderers, aided in their bloody work 
by shooting down his betrayed and defenceless Protestant 
subjects. 

The venerable Coligni, one of the principal Protestant 
chiefs, was assassinated by the attendants of the duke of 
Guise, in an upper chamber of the admiral's lodgings, and 
his lifeless corpse was thrown from a window into the court- 
yard, where the blood-thirsty Guise awaited to enjoy in 
dastardly triumph the nefarious work of his inhuman 
emissaries. 

The massacre continued in different parts of France with 
unabated fury for three days. Men, women, and children 
were butchered by the royal troops and by the infuriated 
populace. In Paris alone about six thousand persons, of 
whom five hundred were nobility, perished in this base and 
sanguinary affair. 

It is pleasant to record that although the spirit of perse- 
cution actuated the great mass of the Catholics, as well as 
the queen-mother, the king, and the influential court party 
of the house of Guise, there were many noble exceptions in 
the persons of the governors of distant provinces. Among 
these w^ere Claud of Savoy, governor of Dauphine ; Ber- 
trand de Simiance ; St. Heran, governor of Auvergne ; Tan- 
neguy le Veneur of Rouen, who all, humanely disregarding 
the kinjr's command, hindered or restrained the slauorhter 
of the Protestants. But the answer returned to Charles 
by Viscount d'Ortez, governor of Bayonne, is worthy of 
all admiration : " You must not, on this point, expect obedi- 



to 1776.] COLON"IZIKG. 183 

ence from rae. I signified the orders sent from your majesty 
to the inhabitants of the town and to the troops in garri- 
son, and I found them all ready to act like good citizens and 
brave soldiers, but there is not one hangman among themP 

21. Mary^ Queen of Scots, was the daughter of James 
v., king of Scotland, and the second cousin of queen Eliza- 
beth, and is celebrated for her beauty, her crimes, and her 
misfortunes. Her first husband was Francis II., the dauphin 
of France, who, dying in the year 1561, Mary returned 
to reign in her own kingdom. In 1565, she married lord 
Darr.ley, with whom she lived very unhappily, partly in 
consequence of that nobleman's unpleasant temper, but 
chiefly on account of her partiality to foreign favorites. 
This led to the death of her Italian secretary, Rizzio, who 
was assassinated by lord Darnley and a few selected 
friends. After this tragic affair Mary became intimate 
with the atrocious earl Both well, whom it is charged she 
aided in the murder of her husband, lord Darnley. In a 
short time after his decease she married Bothwell, and ele- 
vated him to share her throne. 

Mary's indignant nobles, justly incensed at conduct so 
flagrant, took up arms against her, and making her their 
prisoner, they compelled her to resign the crown to her son, 
James YI. (afterward James I. of England). Escaping 
from Loch-Leven castle, where she had been confined, 
Mary fled, to England, and there, after being held as a cap- 
tive for eighteen years, she was executed at Fotheringay 
castle, by the authority of the English government, and 
with the approbation of the English people, on the charge 
of conspiring against the crown and life of queen Eliza- 
beth. Thus perished Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, the 
victim of the fanatical schemes of base conspirators, of 
whom, however, she appeared to be the willing representa- 
tive and the acknowledged head, 1587. 

22. Peace of Chateau- Canihresis, 1559, concluded 



184 GEI^ERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1492 

between Spain and England on one side, and France and 
l^ope Paul IVi on the other. For some time previous to 
this, Spain, under the powerful sceptre of the house of 
Austria, had predominated in the affairs of Europe. On 
the abdication of Charles V., 1558, his son, Philip II., be- 
came king of Spain, Sicily, Milan, and the Netherlands. 
In addition to this, for a short time, as the husband of 
Mary, he directed the government of England. 

The pope, long jealous of the power of Spain, formed an 
alliance with Henry II. of France to deprive Philip of 
Milan and Sicily. But Philip, aided by England, gained 
the battles of jSl Quintin and Gravelines^ which brought 
on the treaty of Chateau-Cambresis. This secured to 
Philip not merely the possession of his former dominions, 
but also the acquisition from the allies of eighty-nine forti- 
fied cities in the Netherlands and in Italy. During the 
war, however, the English lost Calais, which they had held 
for two hundred years. In 1580, Philip added to his exten- 
sive dominions the throne of Portugal, which he seized in 
right of his mother. 

23. The lievolt of the Netherlands froin Spaing 1579, 
was caused by the attempt of Philip II. to carry on the 
tyranny of his father, Charles V., in the purpose to curb 
the spirit of independence for which the Dutch were noted, 
and to exterminate the Protestant religion, which multi- 
tudes of that intelligent and inquiring people had embraced 
at an early period of the Reformation. During the forty 
years- reign of Charles, 50,000 persons perished for con- 
science' sake. And under the duke of Alva, and other gov- 
ernors appointed by Philip, 18,000 persons were in five years 
delivered to execution, and 100,000 families driven from 
the land. 

At length, driven to desperation, the people arose in 
open and violent revolt, and the seven northern provinces, 
which, were chiefly Protestant, uniting under William, 



to 1776.] COLOIflZIJ^G. 185 

Prince of Orange, as stadtholder, became the celebrated 
Dutch Eepublic. 

24, William of Nassau, Prince of Orange and 
Stadtholder of Holland, \579^Viras one of the most illustri- 
ous of men. Descended from a family that had given an 
emperor to Germany (Adolphus, 1292), he became the 
great-grandfather of the prince of Orange, who was called 
to the throne of Great Britain in 1688, as William III. ; and 
the descendants of his great-granddaughter, the electress 
Sophia, have worn the British crown since 1714. 

At the age of fifteen, William entered the household of 
the emperor Charles Y., and at twenty-two he commanded 
the imperial forces. As he grew older, important affairs of 
state were committed to his charsje. His remarkable reti- 
cence obtained for him the name of William the Silent. 
But while he conversed little he reflected the more pro- 
foundly, and when he did speak he riveted the attention of 
his hearers. To the decision and courage of the hero he 
united the foresight and wisdom of the profound states- 
man. Upright and generous, he scorned the prevailing ser- 
vility of courts, and recoiled from the idea of oppression. 
Instructed in early life both in the faith of the Church of 
Rome and in the doctrines of the Reformation, he became, 
on mature conviction, a zealous Protestant, and devoted 
himself to the cause of civil and religious liberty. In the 
year 1581, in the midst of his noble career, this truly great 
and good man perished by assassination, the work of a base 
fanatic, purchased by the gold of Philip II. 

25. The Spanish Armada, or as it w^as called, "the 
Invincible Armada," was an immense naval armament, 
fitted out by Philip IT., king of Spain, for the invasion and 
conquest of England, 1588. This vast and costly enter- 
prise met with complete disaster. The vessels that escape<J 
the valor of the English navy were nearly all wrecked on 
the coasts of Norway, Scotland, and Ireland. 



186 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. D, 1492 

The motives which probably induced Philip IT. to under- 
take this enterprise were — 1, to prosecute his pretended 
claim to the throne of England, as the surviving husband 
of the late queen Mary ; 2, to resent the refusal of queen 
Elizabeth to marry him ; 3, to retaliate the aid she had 
afforded his revolted subjects in the Netherlands ; 4, to 
avenge the death of Mary, queen of Scots ; 5, to restore 
England to the bosom of the Church of Rome, from which 
it had been wrested by Henry VIII. 

26, The JBritish East India Company was a com- 
pany of London merchants incorporated on the last day of 
the year 1600, by queen Elizabeth, for the purpose of 
trading to the East Indies. From the days of king Solomon 
(b. c. 1000, 1 Kings ix. 26-28), the productions of the East, 
in almost every age, constituted a valuable part of the 
commerce of other nations. And the intense desire of the 
merchants of Western Europe to engage in that commerce 
prompted those great maritime enterprises which resulted 
in the discovery t)f America and the route to India and 
China by way of the Cape of Good Hope. After the success- 
ful voyage of Vasco di Gama, 1597, the Portuguese, the 
Dutch, and the French vied with each other for the monop- 
oly of the East India trade. But wanting the ability to 
comprehend and to prosecute successfully so vast an enter- 
prise, they all, in process of time, retired before the superior 
fortune, address, and prowess of the British. Their first 
permanent station in India was at Surat, which the ambas- 
sadors of king James I. obtained from Aurungzebe, the 
Mogul emperor, 1613. Soon after this they obtained per- 
mission to establish stations on the Ganges and the Bay of 
Bengal ; and in 1668 king Charles H. ceded to the com- 
pany the important island of Bombay, which he had re- 
ceived as a part of the marriage portion with his wife, 
Catharine of Portugal. With these favorable beginnings, 
and taking advantage of the mutual contests that were 



to 1T76.] COLOKIZING. 187 

ever occurring between the Mogul emperor and the rsative 
princes, they succeeded in obtaining absolute dominion 
over large tracts of country; while with their ever increas- 
ing wealth they supported large armies in India, and pro- 
cured any desirable legislation in their favor at home. 

This prosperity and these successes, however, were not 
achieved without corresponding efforts and sacrifices. Many 
desperate battles were fought, in some of which the Eng- 
lish name seemed almost about to perish. In 1 756, Surajah 
Dowlah, the nabob of Bengal, captured Calcutta and mas- 
sacred a large number of the prisoners. But the next year, 
1757, in the celebrated battle of Plaissy^ lord Clive com- 
pletely retrieved the disaster. Some years after, the 
renowned Hyder Ali, prince of the Mysore, aided by his 
son Tippoo Saib, completely devastated the Carnatic with 
a force of 100,000 men; but these valiant Hindoos were, 
however, ultimately defeated by sir Eyre Coote in five 
pitched battles. On the final overthrow of Tippoo Saib by 
lord Wellesley in 1799, his immense dominions were seized 
by the company. In 1815, the marquis of Hastings, whose 
mercenary and despotic administration as governor-gen- 
eral caused his recall and impeachment, added the kingdom 
of Nepaul to the possessions of this monster corporation. 
And in 1848, by the successful termination of the Sikh 
war, the subjugation of the whole of India, reaching from 
the Himmaleys to the ocean, with its exhaustless wealth 
and its teeming population, crowned with success an enter- 
prise the most persistent, energetic, and unscrupulous the 
world had ever witnessed. The most noted event in the later 
history of the company was the Sepoy rebellion in 1857. 

The Sepoys were Mahometan soldiers in the service of 
the East India company, numbering at this time about 
quarter of a million, but commanded by British officers. 
In order to regain the lost Mahometan influence in India, 
and to re-establish the empire of the great Mogul, these 



188 GEKEEAL HISTOEY. [A. D. 1492 

wily Moslems, taking advantage of the confidence reposed 
in them, and of the absence of the main body of European 
troops, and working upon the superstitious prejudices of 
the native Hindoos, formed a wide-spread conspiracy to 
throw oflT the yoke of the British East India Company by 
a general massacre of the European inhabitants. The day 
appointed was Sabbath, the 10th of May, 1857, the one 
hundredth anniversary of the battle of Plaissy, 1757, which 
according to a popular Hindoo tradition was to terminate 
the British rule in India. The mutiny began at Meerut, 
and was speedily followed at almost every other post where 
the Sepoy regiments were stationed, marked by a savage 
and wanton cruelty unequalled in the annals of rebellion. 
The small English garrison at Lucknow suffered in a pecu- 
liar manner. After sustaining a fierce seige for five months 
it was at length gallantly relieved by the heroic Havelock, 
who, after a series of w^eary marches and hard-fought bat- 
tles, at the head of 2,000 brave men, drove off the relent- 
less foe and turned the tide of war, Sept. 25, 1857. 

After the rebellion was suppressed, all the affairs of the 
East India Company were investigated by Parliament, the 
company deprived of its charter, and the government of 
India vested in the crown of Great Britain. 

27 * Henry IV,, Prince of Navarre, who wore the 
crown of France at the death of queen Elizabeth, ascended 
the throne in 1589. Henry had been the leader of the 
Protestants in France, and his accession to the throne was 
very unacceptable to the Catholics. Nevertheless, his supe- 
rior talents as a statesman and soldier, aided by those of 
his minister Sully, rendered his government eminently use- 
ful and popular. In the celebrated battle of Yvri, 1590, 
he triumphed over the League which had been formed 
against the Protestants, In 1593, from motives of state 
policy, he became a Catholic, but his conversion failed to 
conciliate his papal subjects. 



to 1776.] GOLONIZIKG. 189 

In the year 1598, Henry IV. issued the Edict of Nantes, 
granting his Protestant subjects the free exercise of their 
religion, and in 1610 he was assassinated by the fanatical 
Ravaillac, who held, with many others at that period in 
Europe, the lawfulness of assassinating heretical princes. 
Henry IV. was the first king of the House of Boarhon^ a 
family that occupied the French throne for many years. 

^S. The Union of the Croivns of JEfigland and Scot- 
land, in the person of James VI. of Scotland, who thus 
became James I., king of Great Britain, 1603. James I. 
was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and lord Darnley, 
and the first sovereign of England of the Hoitrse of 
Stuart. 

In character James was remarkably cautious and suspi- 
cious, vain of his learning, and studious of peace with for- 
eign nations. And while he was sadly destitute of the 
personal dignity becoming a king, he entertained notions 
of the royal authority so high that he brought himself fre- 
quently into collision with the Parliament. These disputes 
between the king and Parliament, continued and aggravated 
during the reign of his son and successor, the arbitrary 
Charles I., resulted in the establishment of the English 
Commonwealth, 1649. 

The chief events that distinguished the reign of James I. 
were — the Gunpowder Plot, 1605 ; the translation of the 
Bible, 1611 ; the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, 
1618 ; and the permanent colonization of North America, 
1607. 

29, The Gunpowder Plot was a plot to blow up with 
gunpowder the British Parliament house, with the assem- 
bled king, lords, and commons. This plot was formed by a 
small party of highly respectable English Catholics, for the 
purpose of destroying at one blow the Protestant govern- 
ment of England, in order to restore the kingdom to the 
bosom of their church. If their plot had succeeded they 



190 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1492 

intended to place Margaret, the infant daughter of king 
James, upon the throne under a Catholic regency. 

A short time before the meeting of Parliament, and 
when the design was nearly ready for execution, one of 
the conspirators Avrote a letter to a Catholic nobleman, 
alluding to the plot, and warning him to absent himself 
from the approaching Parliament, that he might escape 
the doom about to fall upon their enemies. This letter 
was handed to the king, who at once suspected the nature 
of the threatened danger. On searching the vaults be- 
neath the Parliament house, the night before that body 
was to assemble, thirty-six barrels of powder were found 
beneath a large quantity of fuel, and the chief agent of 
the conspiracy, Guy Fawkes, with matches and tinder, 
ready to fire the train, was arrested and put to death. 

The 5th of November, the anniversary of the Gunpow- 
der Plot, popularly called Guy Fawkes* Day, was cele- 
brated in England by appropriate thanksgiving services in 
the established church for more than two hundred years. 
But recently, by Act of Parliament, those services have 
been discontinued. 

SO, Tlie New English Version of the Holy Scriptures 
was authorized in order to provide a version of the Word 
of God more accurate and uniform than the translations 
previously in use. This translation, called "King James's 
Bible," was executed by men pre-eminently distinguished 
for their piety and for their profound learning in the origi- 
nal languages of the Sacred Writings. It was commenced 
in 1604, and completed and published in a. d. 1611 ; and it 
has ever since been in general use both in England and in 
this country. Of this translation it is justly observed that 
"it is not only a standard translation, but the standard of 
the English language;" and that "so accurately does it 
render the sense of the inspired Hebrew and Greek Scrip- 
tures, that whoever studies this English Bible is sure of 



to 1T76.] COLONIZING 191 

gaining that knowledge and faith which, if duly applied 
to the heart and conversation, will infallibly guide him to 
eternal life." 

31, The Thirty Years^ War resulted chiefly from the 
religious controversies of the sixteenth century. Although 
at the peace of Augsburg, 1555, the free exercise of the 
Protestant religion was secured, yet early in the following 
century renewed efforts were made to suppress the Re- 
formed religion in Germany. 

In Bohemia the Protestant cause had been popular for 
more than two hundred years, and at this time it was the 
religion of the great body of the kingdom. Notwith- 
standing this, the emperor Ferdinand II., who was also 
king of Bohemia, in attempting to impose on them the 
papal religion, pursued a course of the severest persecution. 
An extensive massacre occurred in Prague, and 30,000 fam- 
ilies were banished. This caused a revolt of the Bohemi- 
ans, who renounced their allegiance to Ferdinand and threw 
his viceroy and other imperial ministers out of a window. 
Then, having chosen as their sovereign the elector Palatine, 
Frederick Y., 1616, they united with other Protestants in 
the vindication of their common religious liberty. The 
Evangelical JJnion^ which was led by the elector Frederick, 
was opposed by the Catholic League^ headed by Maximil- 
ian, duke of Bavaria. 

From 1618, when open war began, till the peace of West- 
phalia, 1648, thirty years, Germany was a scene of dread- 
ful devastation. 

In this sanguinary contest the Protestants were aided 
by the noble Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, who 
marched to their defence with 15,000 men. The chief bat- 
tles of this protracted war were those of Leipsic, 1632, in 
which Gustavus defeated the Catholic forces ; Liitzen^ 1632, 
in which the heroic Adolphus, although again victorious, 
fell, bravely defending the cause of religious liberty ; 



192 GEXEEAL HISTOKT. [A. B. 1492 

and Nordlingen^ 1634, in which the Protestants were de- 
feated. 

At length both parties, worn out by the contest, agreed 

to terminate hostilities, which they did by the peace of 

Westphalia^ 1648. This secured freedom to all parties, and 

it has been made the basis of many subsequent treaties 

among the states of Europe. 

32, Eminent Men during the Meign of tTames I, — 
Lord Bacon ^ who introduced the "inductive method of 
philosophy ;" Harvey^ who discovered the circulation of 
the blood, 1619; Arminii/s, a prominent divine of Holland, 
whose peculiar views in theology (since named Arminian- 
ism) were condemned by the celebrated synod of Dort, 
1618 ; and the renowned astronomers, Kepler in Germany, 
and Galileo in Italy. 

Galileo was born at Pisa, February 15th, 1564. Such 
were his attainments in the mathematics that at an early 
age he was made professor of that department of science 
in the University of Pisa, a. r>. 1589. Noticing upon a cer- 
tain occasion the motion of a lamp suspended in the cathe- 
dral of Pisa, he w^as led to the invention of pendulum 
clocks. Having heard in 16D9 of the invention of the tel- 
escope by Jansens, a Dutchman, Galileo at once under- 
standing the principle of its construction, made one for his 
own use, and applying it to the heavens made the most 
astonishing discoveries in astronomy. These discoveries 
coinciding with those already made and published by the 
illustrious Prussian astronomer, Copernicus, in 1530, gave 
great offence to the Roman Inquisition. Accordingly 
Galileo, at '70 years of age, was summoned before the holy 
office and required to abjure, in the most solemn manner, 
the Copernican system of the heavenly bodies as heretical 
and contrary to Scripture, and to bind himself by oath 
never to maintain, either in conversation or in writing, that 
the earth turns on its axis and revolves around the sun. 



to 1776.1 COLONIZING. 193 

This abjuration was signed June 22d, 1633; and it is re- 
lated that on rising from his knees in the presence of the car- 
dinal inquisitor he observed aside, " Nevertheless it turns.'''* 

33, The Eocecution of Charles J. and the Estahlish- 
inent of the Commomvealth of England^ 1649. — Charles 
I., son and successor of James I., ascended the throne of 
England in 1625. The exalted notions of this monarch 
respecting the royal prerogative, and the general despotic 
character both of the king and court party, in repressing 
the prevalent desire on the part of the people for a greater 
degree of civil and religious liberty, soon rendered the 
reign of Charles exceedingly unpopular. The Parliament, 
sympathizing with the people whom they represented, re- 
fused to grant the king the supplies of money which he 
demanded, and the king, setting the Parliament at defiance, 
resorted, in 1630, to the unconstitutional measure of levying 
taxes without their consent. The controversy thus exist- 
ing was aggravated to the last degree by the long-contin- 
ued and persistent persecution of the Puritans and other 
dissenters from the established church. 

The Earl of Strafford, Charles's prime-minister, and Laud, 
archbishop of Canterbury, two of the chief agents of royal 
despotism, inflicted, by means of the High Commissiofi 
Court* and the Star Chamber,^ the severest penalties upon 
all that incurred their displeasure. On a certain occasion 
a nobleman's servant quarrelled with a citizen. The serv- 
ant, to show his importance, displayed his master's badge, 
or coat of arms, which he wore upon his sleeve — the badge 
was a " swan.^'' The citizen replied in great contempt : 
" What do you think T care for that goose ?" For these 
words he was summoned before the Star Chamber, and fined 
an enormous sum for havino^ insulted a nobleman's crest 
by calling the swan a goose. 



* Established by Queen Elizabeth. + Established in 1486. 

n 



194 GEN'ERAL HISTORY. [A. I>. 1402 

The cruelty of Archbishop Land has rarely been ex- i 
ceeded. Dr. Leighton, a Puritan divine, published an ap- i 
peal to the Parliament against the prelates. For this he 
was brought before the Star Chamber, and condemned to be 
punished. When the sentence was pronounced the arch- ' 
bishop took off his cap and gave thanks to heaven. The | 
terrific sentence, when executed, as recorded by Laud him- 
self, was this: "His ears were cut off, his nose slit, his face 
branded with burning irons ; he was tied to a post and i 
whipped with a treble cord, of which every lash brought || 
away the flesh. He was kept in the pillory near two hours 
in frost and snow." He was then imprisoned for eleven , 
years, and when released by Parliament he could neither i 
hear, see, nor walk. The Star Chamber and High Commis- 
sion Court were abolished. Strafford and Laud were both i 
impeached by Parliament, found guilty of treason, and be- 
headed, 1641, 1643. 

The Parliament that so successfully resisted the tyranny 
of King Charles L was named the Long Parliament^ from 
its having continued in session, with some interruption, for 
more than eighteen years, from the time of its first meeting 
in 1640. On the 4th of July, 1642, this body of patriots 
assumed, from the necessitv of the circumstances in which 
they were placed, the executive government of England. 
On that memorable day they appointed a committee to 
take into consideration " whatever might concern the safety 
of the kingdom, the defence of Parliament, the preserva- - 
tion of the peace of the kingdom, and the opposing of any * 
force which might be raised against the Parliament." This 
committee consisted of fifteen persons, of whom five were 
of the House of Lords, with the Earl of Northumberland 
at their head ; and ten of the House of Commons, headed 
by the immortal John Hampden. " That renowned Par- 
liament," says Macaulay, " in spite of many errors and dis» 
asters, is justly entitled to the reverence and gratitude of 



to 1776.] COLONIZING. 195 

all who, in any part of the world, enjoy the blessings of 
constitutional government." 

Some of the more prominent leaders of the Parliamentary 
party at this period were : John Hampden, John Pym, 
Thomas Harrison,* Oliver Cromwell, Lord Fairfax, the 
Earl of Essex, the Earl of Northumberland, Sir Henry 
Yane, and Henry Ireton. 

In this contest, the Scotch having been irritated by the 
unlawful and despotic attempts of Charles to enforce, in 
that part of the kingdom, the establishment of Episcopacy, 
instead of their cherished Presbyterianism, united with the 
English, in the year 164«% in the famous Solemn League 
and Covenant, by which both parties engaged to defend 
each other against all opposition, and " to endeavor to ex- 
tirf»ate popery, prelacy, superstition, heresy, schism, and 
profaneness." It was at the same time agreed that 21,000 
Scotch troops should co-operate with the array of the Eng- 
lish Parliament. 

During the early part of the political troubles in Eng- 
land an attempt was made by the Catholics in Ireland to 
massacre, in one day, all the Protestants in that island. 
This took place on October 23d, 1611 ; and it was resolved 
on to retaliate the act of the British Parliament in refusins: 
to allow them the free exercise of their religion. Upon 
this occasion many thousands of persons suffered death in 
the most appalling manner, for the act of a body over 
which they had no control, and for which they could not 
be responsible. 

One of the most important measures of the Long Par- 
liament was an act "to settle the government, liturgy, and 
doctrines of the Church of England." To this end the 
Parliament authorized the assembling of a body of ap- 
proved divines, and other learned and pious men ; and 

* An ancestor of the Harrison family of Virginia, of which Benjamin wae a 
f itjner of the Declaration of Independence. 



196 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. I>. 149!^ 

appointed to this " extraordinary synod"' the most eminent 
div^inea among Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Indepen- 
dents, as these were the most important denominations at 
that time in England. They also invited to this synod 
commissioners from the General Assembly of the Kirk of 
Scotland. The divines and others, thus called together, 
with the exception of nearly all the Episcopalians and a few 
others, met on the first of July, 1643, in Henry YII.'s 
Chapel at Westminster, and continued their sessions for 
about five years. During that time the Westminster As- 
sembly^ as this synod is named, prepared a Confession of 
Faith, Larger and Shorter Catechisms, a Form of Church 
Government, and a Directory for Worship. These formu- 
laries being approved by Parliament, were adopted as the 
standards of the Church of England. They were adopted 
also by the General Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland, and 
with some modification, they have been adopted by nearly 
all other Presbyterian churches. The Church of England, 
however, as actually established at this time by the Parlia- 
ment, and as it existed during the Commonwealth, was not 
Presbyterian^ but rather "an irregular body made up of a 
lew Presbyteries, and many independent congregations, 
which were all held down and held together by the author- 
ity of the government." — Macaiday. At the same time 
all sects, excepting Episcopalians and Roman Catholics, 
were more or less freely tolerated. 

After the battle of Naseby^ 1645, the victorious army of 
the Parliament, under the efficient disciplineof its energetic 
leader, Oliver Cromwell, gradually became more influential 
in the nation than the Parliament itself. And as this army, 
in opposition to a majority of the Parliament, demanded 
the punishment of the king for his alleged political crimes, 
they forcibly excluded from the Parliament House all ex- 
cept about sixty members. These agreeing with the army 
both in religion and politics, appointed a High Court of 



to 1T76.] colo:n^izikg. 197 

Justice^ by which the king was tried on the charge ot 
" making war on his Parliament;" and being found guilty, 
he was condemned and executed. The president of this 
court was the celebrated John Bradshaw, 1349. 

The men composing Cromwell's army were remarkable, 
not less for an austere morality and the fear of God, than 
for an invincible prowess on the field of battle; and while 
their political sentiments tended to the extreme of democ- 
racy, their military subordination and discipline were with- 
out a parallel. Such a body of men, influenced by an ex- 
alted religious zeal, and led by the commanding genius of 
Cromwell, could not fail to be irresistible both at home and 
abroad. 

As the supreme power had passed from the Parliament 
to the army, so that power, after the death of Charles, nat- 
urally passed into the hands of the cherished head of the 
army, Oliver Cromwell, who, with the eminent abilities of 
a profound statesman, directed during his life the affairs 
of the realm, as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. 

34:, Oliver Cro^nwell was born in Huntingdon, England, 
on the 2oth of April, 1599, of highly respectable parentage. 
After spending some lime at Cambridge University, he 
commenced the study of law, which he soon after aban- 
doned as unsuitable to his taste. His early life was marked 
by great enthusiasm and even turbulence of character. He 
informs us that, on a certain occasion, as he was lying on 
his bed in the day-time, in a thoughtful and melancholy 
mood, a spectre appeared to him and informed him " he 
should become the srreatest man in the kinardom." 

Although raised and educated an Episcopalian, he joined 
the Independents, shortly after his marriage, and at once 
became a prominent leader in that popular denomination. 
Having neglected his affairs and lost his property in his 
devotion to the political and religious controversies of the 
day, he resolved to seek his fortune in America. And hti 



198 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. D. 1492 

had actually embarked with John Hampden, Haselrig, and 
other leading republicans, who were seeking in the New 
World an asylum from tyranny at home. But this pur- 
pose, by a remarkable providence, was defeated by the 
arbitrary Charles, who had issued a proclamation forbid- 
ding the emigration of Puritans, thus detaining at home 
the very men that proved his ruin. In the contest that en- 
sued, Cromwell became a popular leader in the House of 
Commons, and the idol of the troops he so successfully 
commanded. 

The strong points of Cromwell's character vrere an en- 
terprising and ambitious spirit, uncommon personal cour- 
age, a presence of mind and prudence which never forsook 
him, an unquestioning faith in his vocation, and a pro- 
found sagacity in using the men and circumstances which, 
he believed. Providence had placed at his disposal. 

During the protectorate of Cromwell, justice was admin- 
istered between man and man with an exactness and purity 
not before known in England. Property was secure. And 
under no English government, since the Reformation, had 
there been so little religious persecution. The protector's 
foreign policy was such as to extort the ungracious appro- 
bation of those who most detested him. And England, 
from having but little influence in European politics, be- 
came at once, under the master hand of Cromwell, the 
most formidable power in the world. 

In the administration of the government the protector 
was materially aided by his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, and 
by the illustrious John Milton, who, as Latin secretary of 
state, largely contributed, by his exalted abilities, to render 
Cromwell's government, to all its foes, an object of mingled 
aversion, dread, and admiration. 

England, during the time of Cromwell, was engaged in a 
war with Holland for naval superiority, in which De Ruy- 
tcr and Van Tromp were defeated by the gallant x\dmiral 

9* 



tol776.J COLOIS^IZII^G. 199 

Blake, 1653 ; and a war with Spain, in which the triumph- 
ant Blake captured an immense treasure and destroyed a 
Spanish fleet, 1655 ; and in which Admirals Venable and 
Penn* captured the island of Jamaica. It was during the 
Commonwealth of England that the celebrated George Fox 
founded the religious society of the Friends or Quakers, of 
which system, after the restoration of the Stuarts, Robert 
Barclay and William Penrt became able and distinguished 
advocates. 

At the death of Oliver Cromwell, 1658, his son Richard 
succeeded to the protectorate, but he in a short time abdi- 
cating the oflice, a new Parliament assembled in 1660, and 
restored the monarchy. This Parliament proclaimed as 
king, Charles II., who had been in exile during the Com- 
monwealth. 

This event, known in English history as the Restoration^ 
was effected mainly by the influence of General George 
Monk, the commander of the army of the protector, which 
had been for some time stationed in Scotland. But he ap- 
pears to have acted in accordance with the clearly expressed 
wishes of the great body of the people both in England 
and Scotland. 

35, Charles 11,^ son of Charles I., although in his man- 
ners a polished gentleman, yet as a prince and a man, he 
inherited all the faults of his ancestors, especially their 
total want of truthfulness. His court was the theatre of 
extravagance, profaneness, and debauchery, in all of which, 
Charles himself was the most distinguished example. 

Policy of Charles toward the Regicides.— The Parlia- 
ment passed a bill of indemnity, from which only a small 
number of the leading men were excepted ; and Charles 
issued a proclamation ordering the late king's judges to 
surrender within nineteen days, otherwise they should re- 
ceive no pardon. Notwithstanding this, Scrope, one of the 

* The father of William Penn, 



200 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. D. 1492 

judges, who gave himself up on the faith of the king's 
proclamation, was put to death. Even the military officers 
that attended the execution of Charles I. were executed ; 
the bodies of Cromwell, Ireton, and others that had died 
before the Restoration, were dug up, and in indecent re- 
venge hung upon a gallows. Three of the regicides, Ed- 
ward Whalley, William Goffe, and John Dixwell, escaped 
in safety to New England ; while John Bradshaw, the pres- 
ident of the court, died in the island of Jamaica, where his 
remains lie buried on the summit of a hill near Martha 
Brea. 

His grave is marked by a cannon bearing the following 
epitaph ; 

" Stranger, 

Ere thou pass, contemplate this cannon ! 

Nor regardless be told, that near its base, lies deposited the dust of 

JOHN BRADSHAW, ' 

Who nobly superior to selfish regards. 

Despising alike the pageantry of courtly grandeur, the blast of calumny, 

And the teiTors of Royal vengeance ; 

Presided in the illustrious band of heroes and patriots, 

Who fairly and openly adjudged 

Charles Stuart, Tyrant of England, 

To a public and exemplary death : 

Thereby presenting to the amazed world. 

And transmitting down through applauding ages. 

The most glorious example of 

Unshaken virtue, love of Freedom, 

And impartial justice. 

Ever exhibited on the blood-stained theatre of human actions. 

Oh Reader ! 

Pass not on, till thou hast blest his memory ; 

And never, never forget, 

That rebellion to Tyrants is obedience to 

God!" . 

Charles's Policy icith respect to the Estahlishynent of 
Religion. — Although Charles had given repeated and 
solemn promises to grant religious toleration ; and had 



to 1TT6.] COLOKIZi:tTGc 201 

sworn, when in Scotland, to support the Presbyterian 
Church of that realm, according to the terms of the Sol- 
emn League and Covenant ; yet early after his restoration 
Episcopacy was re-established in England, in the most rigid 
form, while all that did not conform to it were visited with 
the severest penalties. By the Act of Unifoiinity^ 2000 
non-conformist ministers were ejected from their livings, 
banished from their homes, and they and their dependent 
families reduced to the utmost distress. 

In Scotland, in violation of the king's oath, the attempt 
to enforce Episcopacy, w^hich had proved so disastrous 
to Charles I., was renewed. A Court of Ecclesiastical 
Commission traversed the kingdom, from place to place, 
whose sentences were pronounced, like those of the Spanish 
Inquisition, without lawful accusation, evidence, or oppor- 
tunity of defence. The brutal soldiery were let loose upon 
the people. All who attended, or were suspected of attend- 
ing, Presbyterian worship, were lined, imprisoned, trans- 
ported, or mercilessly hunted and shot down like beasts of 
prey. 

When Rufferinofs too o-reat for human endurance had at 
length driven the Scottish Presbyterians to insurrection, 
their defeat at Pentland aiforded the pretext for judicial 
bloodshed. McKail, a young Presbyterian minister, whom 
the prelates had tortured with the '•^Iron Boot^''"' to extort 
a confession of his associates, endured the agony till his leg 
was crushed and broken ; and then expired in triumph upon 
the scaffold, exclaiming, with a sublime enthusiasm, " Fare- 
w^ell, thou sun, and moon, and stars ! farewell, world and 
time ! farewell, weak and frail body ! welcome, eternity ! wel- 
come, angels and saints ! welcome, Saviour of the world ! and 
welcome, God, the judge of all !" But besides all this stern 
and dishonorable enforcement of Episcopacy in Scotland, 
Charles, in 1670, entered into a secret alliance with Louis 
XIV., king of France, for the destruction of the Protestant. 

9* 



202 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. ». 1492 

Dutch Republic, and for the re-establishmeut of the Romish 
religion and despotic power in England, upon the condition 
of receiving from France £200,000 per annum. 

SO. Tlie Conspiracy of Titus Dates and others against 
the Roman Catholics of England. Titus Oates, an unprin- 
cipled and infamous informer, with two abandoned accom- 
plices, Kirby and Tonge, pretended to have discovered, in 
1678, an alleged Popish plot for the assassination of the 
royal family, the burning of London, and the massacre of 
the Protestants of England. The agitation of the public 
mind by the evident designs of the faithless Charles, the 
popular abhorrence of the king's brother, James, Duke of 
York, as a bigoted Romanist, and a general consternation 
for the safety of the Protestant religion, had prepared the 
nation to receive such a rumor at this time. And the state- 
ments of these base and artful informers were corroborated 
by the discovery of a criminal correspondence between the 
Duke of York and Louis XIV. of France, respecting the 
religion and liberties of England ; and by the well remem- 
bered actual plots of Romanists in former reigns. 

So intense was the national panic for two years, that 
judges and juries, blind to the chicanery of incredible wit- 
nesses, seemed really the patrons and abettors of perjury 
in their judicial murder of innocent men^ 

57. The Habeas Corpus Act, — an act passed by 
the British Parliament in 1679, to prevent unlawful and 
arbitrary imprisonments. By this law, when a person is 
imprisoned on mere suspicion of any offence, or by the 
malice of a despotic ruler, the judge, on being petitioned, 
issues a " Writ of Mciheas Cor2yys.^'' This requires the 
person unlawfully imprisoned to V>e brought into court, that 
the charges against him may be fairly examined. If these 
charges appear to be well founded, the prisoner is detained 
for trial ; but if they are not properly sustained, the pris- 
oner is at once set at liberty. This writ, so important to 



10 1T76.] COLOXIZIi^^G. 203 

personal liberty, cannot be lawfully suspended, except in 
time of civil war, or in other extreme cases of great pub- 
lic danger. 

38, The Hi/e-House JPlot, 1683. — This was an alleged 
conspiracy for the assassination of King Charles II. of 
England, and is so named from a farm called Ht/e-JTouse, 
the place where the so-called conspirators usually met. Upon 
testimony of base government spies and detectives, there 
wereimplicated in this affair, Monmouth, Shaftsbury, Russell, 
Essex, Algernon Sidney, and Hampden, the grandson of 
the patriot who figured in the reign of Charles I. Upon 
perjured testimony, two of their number, the illustrious 
Sidney and Russell, w^ere executed ; Hampden suffered only 
by a heavy fine; and Essex, one of the greatest men of the 
age, fell by a voluntary death. While nothing treasonable 
was proved against this band of patriots, it is conceded 
they were secretly associated to devise means for deliver- 
ing their oppressed country from the base servitude in- 
flicted by the false, despotic, and remorseless Stuart?. 

39, TJie Revocation of the Edict of Nantes^ 1685. — 
Henry IV., king of France, had in the year 1598, issued 
the Edict of Nantes^ which granted i-eligious toleration to 
his Protestant subjects. Under this protection they had 
lived for nearly a century in the free enjoyment of their 
religion, greatly promoting, by their industry and enter- 
prise, the best interests of France. But Louis XIV., in 
1685, in wanton despotism, revoked the Edict of Nantes, 
reviving against his Protestant subjects the murderous 
spirit of Charles IX. (See p. 181, sec. 20.) By this most 
injudicious policy, France lost more than half a million of 
her best citizens. Of these, more than 20,000 took refuge 
in Prussia, many escaped to England, and many more 
found an asylum in America; benefiting the countries to 
which they fled, not less by the purity of their lives, than 
by their mechanical skill and commercial enterprise. Those 



204 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. «. 1492 

who were unable to leave France, and who refused to re- 
nounce their religion, were reduced to abject poverty, and 
subjected to the most inhuman persecutions. 

40. James JI,, who in 1685 succeeded his brother, 
Charles IT., as king of England, distinguished his reign 
chiefly by his inhuman persecution of the Scottish Covenan- 
ters ; by the merciless measures adopted to suppress the 
rebellion, headed by his nephew, the Duke of Monmouth ; 
and by his persevering endeavoi*s to restore the Roman 
Catholic religion in England. 

James's chief agent in the Scottish persecutions was the 
inhuman Claverhouse, whose enormities in profanity and 
bloodshed have never been exceeded. John Brown, a poor 
carrier, who was, for his eminent piety, commonly called 
" the Christian carrier," was arrested by Claverhouse and 
condemned to death for no other crime except that he ab- 
sented himself from the Episcopal worship. The prisoner, 
in the near pros]3ect of eternity, prayed long and fervently, 
as one inspired, till Claverhouse, in a fury, shot him dead ; 
for his dragoons, although men hardened in crime, were too 
much affected to execute the inhuman sentence. And 
when Brown's widow, who had witnessed the bloody trans- 
action, cried out in her agony, " Well, sir, well; the day 
of reckoning will come :" the assassin replied, "To man 
I can answer for what I have done; and as for God, I will 
take him into my own hand." 

Upon another occasion, a base apostate from the Cov- 
enanters named Westerhall, to signalize his loyalty to the 
tyrant of England, having pulled down the house of a poor 
woman for having given shelter to a dying Covenanter, 
seized one of her young sons and dragged him before 
Claverhouse. The order for his death being given, the 
guns were loaded, and the youth told to pull his bonnet 
over his face. This he refused, and stood bravely confront- 
ing his murderers with the Bible in his hand. ^' I can look 



to 1776.] coLOi;riziifG. 205 

you in the face," he said ; " I have done nothing of which 
I need be ashamed. But how will you look in that day 
when you shall be judged by what is written in this book ?" 
He fell dead at the feet of those who despised both the 
book and its glorious author, the Righteous Judge of all 
the earth. 

The base minister of James II., in the suppression of the 
rebellion led by the Duke of Monmouth, was the infamous 
Judge Jeffries, whose fierce and vindictive proceedings 
have been properly named " The Bloody Assizes.^^ 

41, The devolution, 1688. — The event in English 
history so named was the transfer of the sovereignty of 
Great Britain from James II., the brother of Charles IL, to 
William III., prince of Orange, and his wife Mary, eldest 
daughter of James II. 

The causes which produced this revolution were — the 
general bad government of King James, but more especially 
his unlawful attempt to subvert the established Protestant 
religion of England, and to introduce the Roman Catholic 
religion in its stead. To arrest the mal-administration of 
James, William, prince of Orange, James's son-in-law, was 
invited to England. On his arrival, with a large army. King 
James fled to France, and a convention-Parliament, haVing 
voted the throne vacant, proclaimed William III. and 
Mary joint sovereigns, 1689. From this period the gov- 
ernment of England became more settled and constitu- 
tional. 

42. Willia^n III,, Prince of Orange, great-grand- 
son of W^illiam the Silent, was, at this time, stadtholder or 
chief magistrate of Holland, having been invested with 
that office on the 4th of July, 1672, on the invasion of Hol- 
land by the French and English. Upon that occasion, as 
there appeared at first but little prospect of successfully 
repelling the immense army of France and England, Cor- 
nelius and John De W^itt, two eminent men of Amster- 

5* 



206 GENERAL HISTORY. fA. D. 1492 

dam, proposed surrendering. This suggestion was rejected 
by the indignant people, who, preferring their national in- 
dependence to every other consideration, slew the brothers 
De Witt on the spot, and proclaimed the young prince of 
Orange stadtholder. And he, at the head of a few deter- 
mined troops, opened the sluices of their sea-dykes, caus- 
ing an overflow of the whole country, which promptly and 
effectually expelled the invaders. 

The chief events of William and Mary's reign were:— 

1. The celebrated siege of Londonderry by James II. 
■with 20,000 troops, successfully sustained by 7,360 citizens, 
headed by the Rev. George Walker and Major Baker, 1689. 

2. King William's War with France, 1689-1697, which 
extended to the American colonies. During this contest, 
which terminated with the Peace of Ryswich, the French 
and Indians burned Schenectady, New York, and massa- 
cred its inhabitants, 189D. 

3. The Battle of the Boyne, July 1, 1690, in which the fu- 
gitive James II., who, aided by France, had invaded Ireland, 
was triumphantly defeated by King William III., leaving 
2,000 killed and wounded on the field. 

4. T lie Massacre of Glencoe, January 31, 1692, in which 
perished nearly the whole clan of the MacDonalcJs, men, 
women, and children, in pursuance of authority from King 
William, obtained, however, by the false representations of 
Lord Stair, Earls Braedalbane, Dalrymple, and other vindic- 
tive Scottish officials. The MacDonalds of Glencoe were 
among the last of the Highlanders who abandoned the 
cause of the exiled King James ; but their submission to 
William came so late that their resentful countrymen de- 
frauded them of the pardon it should have secured. 

4:3, Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, 1689. — 
This remarkable man became a great benefactor to his 
country. Leaving his throne and his empire, he went 
incognito to Holland aiid England, where he learned ship- 



to 17T6.] COLONIZING. 207 

Imilding and other useful arts. On his return to Russia 
he taught his subjects what he had learned abroad, thus 
greatly promoting the commerce and general influence of 
his people. He built St. Petersburg, promoted learning, 
and laid the foundation of the future greatness of the Rus- 
sian empire. 

44, Charles XII,, King of Sweden, 1697, was remark- 
able for his passion for war and conquest. Russia, Denmark, 
and Poland having united against him, he defeated 
Frederick IV. of Denmark ; overcame the King of Poland, 
Frederick Augustus, in the battle of Riga ; and in the 
battle of Narva he defeated the Russians. But in the 
battle oi Pultowa^ 1T09, he was so completely overcome by 
Peter the Great, that he was obliged to seek refuge for a 
time in Turkey. After collecting another army he laid 
siege to FredericJcshall^ Norway, where he met with his 
death : his head being shot off by a cannon-ball. No 
conqueror ever had a more enthusiastic passion for military 
glory than Charles XII. His preceptor, on a certain 
occasion, asked him, when a pupil, what he thought of 
Alexander the Great. "I think," said Charles, " that I 
should desire to be like him." " But," said the tutor, 
" Alexander lived only thirty-two years." " Well," replied 
the prince, " that is long enough, when a man has conquered 
the world." 

45, Eminent Literary Men of the 17th Century - 

1. In France, Cardinal Richelieu, prime-minister of Louis 
XIII.; Cardinal Mazarin, prime-minister of Louis XIV. ; 
the theologians Jansenius and Pascal ; the poets Corneille 
and Boileau, and Fenelon, the author of *' Telemachusy 

2. In Prussia, Fahrenheit, the great improver of the ther- 
mometer. 3. In England, John Milton, who wrote ''''Para,- 
diseljost f"^ Dryden, the author of the '''•Ode on jSt. Cecilia^ s 
Day /" Daniel de Foe, the author of ^^Pobinson Crusoe ;" 
Joseph Addison, the chief writer of the " Spectator ;" 



208 GENERAL HISTORY. [A. O. 1492 

Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of England ; and 
John Bunyan, the author of " The Pilgrim's Progress j^^ 
John Locke, the philosopher, who wrote the ^''Essay on the 
Hainan Understanding f"^ and Sir Isaac Newton, who dis- 
covered the laws of gravitation and of light. 

46. Tlie War of the Spanish Succession — 1702-1714 
— during the reign of Queen Anne of England, was under- 
taken to prevent Philip V., a grandson of Louis XIV., king 
of France, from ascending the throne of Spain, and thus 
to hinder a union between France and Spain that might 
prove dangerous to the interests of the other European 
powers. In this contest Great Britain and nearly all Eurojje 
were united against France and Spain. The British forces 
were led by the Duke of Marlborough, and the allies by 
Prince Eugene. These successful leaders defeated the 
French in the battles o{ Blenheim^ 1704; Mamillies, 17C6; 
Oudenarde, 1708; and Maljylaquet^ 1709. In 1704 the Brit- 
ish, under Admiral Rooke, took from Spain the fortress of 
Gibraltar, which they retain to the present time. This 
war closed with the Peace of Utrecht^ 1713, which se- 
cured to Philip the crown of Spain. 

4:7 • The Hanoverian Succession to the throne of Great 
Britain, 1714. 

At the death of Queen Anne, the House of Planover or 
Brunswick acceded to the British throne in the person of 
George I., who was the son of the elector of Hanover and 
Sophia, daughter of Frederick V., elector Palatine, and 
Elizabeth, daughter of James I., of England. George, 
therefore, was a great-grandson of James I., and his 
mother, Sophia, was grand-daughter of James I., and 
great-grand-daughter of William the Silent, prince of 
Orange. 

48, George II,, the son and successor of George L, 
ascended the throne of Great Britain in 1727. This reii^n 
is chiefly distinguished by — 1, The rise of the Methodists 



to 1776.] COLOKIZIIs^G. 209 

in England, under the eloquent preaching of John and 
Charles Wesley, George Whitefield, and other eminent men 
of God, 1729; 2, The war of the Austrian Succession; 
and, 3, Renewed attempts of the exiled Stuarts to regain 
the British crown. 

49, Frederick II,, the Great, ascended the throne of 
Prussia in 1T40. Intellectual, ambitious, and unscrupulous, 
he proved himself the greatest warrior of his time. Inher- 
iting a small principality, but with a well-disciplined army 
of sixty-six thousand, he enlarged his dominions by the 
conquest of Silesia, 1742, and a part of Poland, 1772. 
Frederick's ambition, however, was not confined to martial 
exploits. He aimed at the reputation of a poet and phi- 
losoj^her, and was a voluminous writer. But it is to be 
regretted that talents so extraordinarj' were not exercised 
in a more worthy manner. His martial prowess was con- 
fined to self-aggrandizement, and his literary labors were 
devoted to the cause of irreligion, while his court was the 
rendezvous of atheists and libertines. 

50, The War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748, 
in which nearly all Europe was involved, was caused by 
the Pragmatic Sanction^ a decree issued by the emperor 
Charles VI. of Germany, who, having no son, desired to 
secure his hereditary dominions to his daughter, Maria 
Theresa, queen of Hungary. The most energetic of Maria's 
opponents was Frederick the Great of Prussia ; but, aided 
by England and Holland, she secured the election of her 
husband, Francis I., to the imperial throne, 1745; and at 
the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle flliS, she obtained possession 
of her father's dominions. 

51, The Exiled Stuarts f in the year 1745, renewed the 
unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne of Great Britain. 
Charles, son of the old Pretender, James, aided by Louis 
XV., in that year invaded England, and after gaining 
victories over the royal forces in the battles of Preston 



210 GEi^ERAL HISTORY. [A. D. 1776 

Pans and Falkirk^ he was totally overthrown in the decisive 
battle of Cidloden^ 1746. This war soon extended to the 
American colonies, where the most important event was 
the capture of the island of Cape Breton from the French, 
1745. But at the Peace ofAix-la- Chapelle, 1748, the island 
was restored to France. 

I>2, Some of the Eminent Men of the ISth Century 
were Linnajus, in Siceden ; Mosheim, Kant, Heyne, and 
Klopstock, in Germany / Montesquieu and Voltaire in 
France; Dr. Johnson, Hume, Gibbon, Pope, Thomson, 
Watts, Covvper, Burns, Burke, and Lord Chatham in Great 
l^ritain. 



Period VII. — American Progress. 

Dec. of Independence, ) ( 

A. D. 177:5. V 94 years. ] Present Time— 1870. 

Washington — PhiladelpJda. ) ( 

The period of American Progress^ as a division of Gen- 
eral History, is distinguished chiefly by — 1. The war be- 
tween Great Britain and her American colonies, which 
resulted in the independence of the United States of Amer- 
ica. 2. The overthrow of the Bourbons in France, and the 
wars of Napoleon L 3. The rapid development of Ameri- 
can wealth, civilization, and power. 



Part I. — General History of the Period. 

The Chief Events in the general history of this period 
are the following : — 

1, The French Bevolution, 1789, which led to the 
overthrow of the regal government, the execution of 
King Louis XVI. and his queen, Marie Antoinette; the 
abolition of the Christian religion ; and the introduction 



to 18 70.] AMEKICAIf PROGRESS. 211 

of "The Reign of Terror," 1793-4, under Robespierre and 
other despotic public leaders. During this period multi- 
tudes were sacrificed by the sanguinary aspirants to power; 
and the very streets of Paris ran with the blood that flowed 
from the guillotine.* 

The Causes of this Popular Outbreak. — The people of 
France, exhausted by royal oppression, irritated by the 
licentiousness of the nobility and clergy, and encouraged 
by the success of the American Revolution, arose in fury 
against their tyrants, and swej^t away all government and 
all religion. 

The French devolution distinguished from that of the 
American Colonies. — The patriots of America, putting 
their trust in God, and depending upon the favor of his 
providence, contended for the great principles of human 
justice and regulated liberty ; whereas the infuriated pop- 
ulace of France, with no aim but A^engeance, and led for the 
most part by unprincipled, infidel, and incompetent men, 
madly confounded royal despotism with the fear of God, 
and profligate superstition with the pure and holy Gospel 
of the blessed Jesus. And in their hatred of earthly 
kings and priests they enacted blasphemy against the God 
of Heaven. 

The Anarchy of the so-called Repuhlic of France suc- 
ceeded by the Imperial Government of Napoleon Pona- 
parte, v^ho caused himself to be proclaimed Empyer or .^ 3Ia,y 1, 
1801. — Napoleon I., a native of Corsica, was the greatest 
soldier of his day. Having received a military education, 
he entered the French army at an early age, and very soon 



*The name of the machine ueed for decapitation, so called from Dr. Guillotine, 
who, however, was not, as generally eupporied, its inventor, but who was merely 
the framer of a humane law passed by the Constitueut Assembly in 1790, to the 
effect that the mode of capital punishment should be uniform in all cases, and 
that decapitation by a simple michine should be the mode for all, whether noble 
or plebeian. The guillotine was invented at the suggestion of Dr. Louis, who 
was at that time secretary of the Academy of Surgery. 



312 GEiq^EEAL HISTORY. [A. », 17-36 

distinguished himself as an officer. The distracted condi- 
tion of France presented him the opportunity of gratifying 
his ambition, and his talents as a soldier and statesman 
were such as to secure a rapid advancement to supreme 
power. 

After occupying the imperial throne of France for ten 
years, and successfully contending against the allied armies 
of Europe in many splendid battles, Napoleon was defeated 
by the allies, under Wellington and Blucher, in the battle 
of Waterloo, June 18, 1815 ; and having surrendered to the 
English, he was banished to the island of St. Helena. 

2, Political changes in France since 1789 — 

1. King Louis XVI. accepts the Limited Monarchy, 
which had been established by the National Assembly, 
Aug. 1, 1789. 

2. France declared a Repuhlie, Sept. 23, 1792. Louis 
XVL and his queen, Marie Antoinette, beheaded. " Reign 
of Terror." 

3. The Directory of Five : Reubel, Barras, La Reveil- 
liere-Lepaux, Merlin, and Treilliard, Oct. 28, 1795. 

4. The Consulate: Napoleon for ten years, Cambaceres 
and Le Brun, each for five years, Nov. 9, 1799. 

5. The Consulate for life : Napoleon, Aug. 2, 1802. 

6. The Empire : Napoleon, May 1, 1804 ; crowned, 
Dec. 2. Napoleon defeated in the battle of Leipsic^ Oct. 
19, 1813, is dethroned by the Allied Powers and permitted 
to retire to the island of Elba, March 31, 1814. 

v. Bourbons and Monarchy restored : Louis XYIIL, 
April 6, 1814. 

8. Imperial Reign of the " One Hundred Days:'''* Na- 
poleon, March 20, 1815. Finally defeated in the battle of 
Waterloo, June 15-18, 1815, Napoleon is banished to St. 
Helena, where he lands Oct, 13, 1815, and dies in 1821. In 
the year 1840, his remains were brought to France by the 
Prince de Joinville. 



to 1870.] AMERICAiq^ PROGEESS. 213 

9. JBourhons restored : Louis XVIII., July 6, 1815. 
Louis dying, Sept. 1824, is succeeded by his brother, 
Charles X. 

10. Revolution of 1830 : " Glorious Three Days of 
Julyy Louis Philippe, " citizen king," Aug. 9, 1830. 

IL Second Republic: Lamartine President, Feb. 26, 
1848. 

12. Dictatorship of Louis Napoleon, Dec. 2, 1851. 

13. Empire restored: Napoleon IIL, Dec. 9, 1852. 

14. Napoleon having declared war against Prussia, July 
15, 1870, is defeated at the battle of Sedan^ and surrenders 
to King William I., of Prussia, Sept. 2. France the third 
time attempts a Republic. 

3, The Bevolutioii of Greece, 1821. Fiom the capture 
of Constantinople by the Turks, 1453, Greece formed a part 
of the Turkish empire. But the government of that power, 
as administered by the Beys and other officers of the Sultan, 
becoming intolerable, the Greeks, under Ypsilanti, Marco 
Bozaris, and other popular leaders, threw oft* the Turkish 
yoke and declared their independence, 1821. To suppress 
this revolution the Greeks, not only in Greece but also in 
all parts of Turkey, were treated in the most inhuman man- 
ner. In Constantinople multitudes were slain or imprisoned ; 
and at Scio, 40,000 were massacred and 30,000 sold as 
slaves. At length, after a desperate contest, during which 
all Greece was desolated, the decisive battle of JVcivarino, 
October, 1827, in which the Turko-Egyptian fleet, under 
Ibrahim Pasha, was destroyed by the combined fleets of 
England, France, and Russia, effectually secured the inde- 
pendence of Greece. At first their government was a 
Republic; but in 1832 it became a Monarchy^ under 
Otho Z, a Bavarian prince, who in 1863 was succeeded 
by George Z, King of the Hellenes, a son of the King of 
Denmark. 

4:, JRevolutimi of Meooico and of the Spanish Colqiiies 



314 aEXERAL HISTORY. [A. ». i7t6 

of South America. From the period of their settlement or 
conquest by the Spaniard;*, these countries remained subject 
to the mother county until she was no longer able to retain 
them in subjection. Mexico became independent in 1822, 
with Iturbide as emperor. After various political changes 
under a series of presidents, or dictators, Maximilian, 
Arch-Duke of Austria, was in 1864 placed on the throne by 
the aid of the Emperor Louis Napoleon ,who, withdrawing 
his forces, left his protege to the mercy of the Mexican re- 
publican authorities, by whom the unfortunate prince was 
shot. Peru became independent in 1822, with San Martin 
as protector. Chili, under the auspices of the patriots San 
Martin and O'Higgins, became independent in 1823, and 
the remaining Spanish colonies about the same period. 
Brazil, the only remaining monarchy on the western con- 
tinent, became independent of Portugal, Oct. 12, 1822. 
The present emperor is Don Pedro XL, who ascended the 
throne April 7, 1831, on the abdication of his father, Don 
Pedro I. 

5. The Crimean War, between Russia and Turkey, 
1853-1856. — The origin of this contest was partly a dispute 
between Russia and Turkey respecting the holy places in 
Palestine. (See tTerusaleni 2^x\dL Holy Sepulchre.) The 
Turks were aided by England, France, and Sardinia, whose 
united forces captured Sebastojyol, September 10th, 1855. 
In 1856 the belligerents entered into a treaty of peace, ac- 
cording to which Christians in Turkey are entitled to equal 
rights with the Turks. 

6. The Sepoy JRebellion in India, 1857. — For which 
see page 18 V. 

7. Tlie Carlist War in Spain,. — Ferdinand YII., King 
of Spain, having abolished the Salique law (seep. 160), his 
daughter Isabella ascended the throne at his death in 1833. 
Iler uncle, Don Carlos, the brother of Ferdinand VII., con- 
tested her right to the succession, and raised a civil war, 



to 1870.] DISCOVERT. 215 

vvliich continued several years with great violence, and 
which terminated in the suppression of the Carlists in 
1840; and Queen Isabella, proving herself unworthy of a 
crown, was banished September, 1868. Since that period 
a provif^ional government has administered the affairs of 
Spain, and their recent offer of the throne to a Prussian 
prince furnished a pretext to Louis Napoleon to declare 
war against Prussia, July, 1870. 

8, The Sovereigns of Great Britain during tJiis 
Period: — George III., 1760, during whose reign occurred 
the American War of Independence. Grorge IV., 1820, 
under whom, as Prince Hegent^ occurred the second 
war between England and the United States, 1812-1814. 
William IV., brother of Geoi-ge IV., 1830. Victoria 
(daughter of the Duke of Kent and niece of George IV. 
and William IV.), who ascended the throne in 1837, and 
married Prince Albert in 1840. 



Part II. — The History of the United States, 

The History of the United States may be conveniently 
divided into JViree Periods^ viz., I. Discovery ; II. Colo- 
nial; III. Federal. 

Period I. — Discovery. 

1493.... A. D....1607. 
CoLUJiBus John Smith. 

861. Iceland, an American island, discovered by the Nor- 
wegians. 

982. Greenland settled by Eric Rufus, a Norwegian. Be- 
fore the eleventh century churches were established and 
considerable progress made in civilization. 



216 HISTORY OF THE UKITED STATES. [A. D. 1492 

1C02. Viuelaiid, which is probably Labrador or Newfound- 
land, discovered by Biorn, an Icelander. A Norwe- 
gian colonv was soon after established here; but of their 
fate we have no record. 

1492. Guanahani, or St. Salvador, Cuba, and Hispaniola, 
discovered by Columbus on his first voyage. 

1493. Columbus, sailing in September on his second voyage, 
discovered the islands of Dominica, Jamaica, Porto 
Rico, and several others. And having founded the 
city of San Domingo^ in Hispaniola, he returned to 
Spain in 1496. [San Domingo, therefore, is the oldest 
European settlement in the New World. It was at 
this place the conquerors of Mexico, Chili, and Peru 
formed their vast designs, and fitted out their suc- 
cessful expeditions. Here, too, the ashes of Columbus 
reposed for a time, after being removed from Se- 
ville, but finally his coffin was deposited in the cathe- 
dral of Havana.] 

1496. John Cabot, a Venetian, sailing under a commission 
of Henry VII. of England, discovered the coast of 
Labrador ; and the next year, 1491, with his son Se- 
bastian, he discovered Newfoundland^ and explored 
the coast of North America as far as the southern 
cape of Florida. 

1498. Columbus, on his third voyage, August 1st, discovered 
the continent of South America at the mouth of 
Orinoco river, together with the island of Trinidad. 
On his return to San Domingo he was arrested and 
sent home in chains. 

1499. Americus Vespuccius visited the coast of South 
America, and gave name to the New World. 

1500. Pedro Alvarez Cabral, a Portuguese, on a westerly 
voyage to the East Indies, discovered the coast of 
Brazil. 



to 1607.] DISCOVERY. 217 

15C2. In this year, Columbus made his fourth and last 
voyage, during which he explored the Gulf of Mexico, 
in search of a westerly passage to India. Returning, he 
was shipwrecked on the island of Jamaica. 

1509. The Spaniards under Vasco Nunez de Balboa estab- 
lished a colony at Darien^ on the isthmus, which was 
the first European settlement on the continent. 

1513. Balboa, from the mountains of the isthmus, discov- 
ered the Pacific Ocean ; and having descended to the 
coast, he waded into the water and took formal posses- 
sion of it in the name of the King of Spain. In 
the same year John Ponce de Leon, on Easter Sun- 
day, discovered and visited a coast which, from its 
abundance of flowers, and from the Spanish name of 
the Easter festival, II Pascua Florida^ he named 
Florida. 

1520. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, in the 
service of Spain, discovered the straits that bear his 
name, sailing through them into the Pacific. 

1521. The conquest of Mexico accomplished by Cortez, 
after a struggle of two years. 

1532. The conquest of Peru by Pizarro and Almagro. 
1534. James Cartier, in the service of Francis I. of France, 

on the day of the festival of St. Lawrence^ discovered 

the bay and river which bear that name. 
1534-6. The Spaniards settle JVew Grenada, Buenos Ayres, 

and Chili, South America. 
1541. De Soto, governor of Cuba, having explored Florida, 

passed on and discovered the Mississijypi* river, and 

dying shortly after, he was buried beneath its waters. 
1548. Brazil, settled by Jews banished from Portugal ; and 

the next year, 1549, the governor, De Sonza, founded 

the city of Jiio Janeiro. 

* From Meschacebe, eignifying the Father of Waters. 
10 



218 HISTORY OF THE tJI^ITED STATES. [A. », 1493 

1553. Sir Plugh Willoughby discovered the island of 
Spitzbergen. 

1565. The Spaniards under Melendez built the city of St. 
Augusti?ie, Florida, after having destroyed a colony of 
French Protestants, that had been planted on the St. 
John's river in 1562, by John Ribault. St. Augustine 
is, therefore, the oldest city extant in the United States ; 
Mexico the oldest in America; and San Domingo in the 
Western hemisphere. 

1578. Sir Francis Drake, during this year, explored the 
western coast of South America; and in 157^ he dis- 
covered California, naming it JVew Albion. Sailing 
thence westward to the East Indies, he returned to Eng- 
land in 1580, having accomplished the circumnavigation 
of the world in two years and ten months. 

1585. John Davis, an English navigator, sailing west of 
Greenland, discovered the sti^aits which bear his name. 
Subsequently, he discovered Disco island and Cumber- 
land straits. 

1598. The Isle of Sable^ on the coast of Nova Scotia, was 
peopled by a colony of French convicts, left there by 
the Marquis de la Roche. 

1604. Henry IV. of France, having granted a patent of 
American territories from latitude 40° to 48° to the Sieur 
de Monts, that adventurer, the next year, 1605, founded 
Port 72oya^ (now Annapolis, Nova Scotia). 

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1583-1587, Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh, and others, 
made great efforts to form settlements in the extensive 
region then designated Virginia. But all those attempts 
proved unsuccesisful. Many of the colonists perished 
by disease and famine ; some were destroyed by the In- 
dians, whose hostility had been provoked by the impru- 
dence or injustice of the whites; and the survivors 
were carried back to Ensfland, . 



tol607.] COLOXiAL. 210 

1606. In this year James I., having chartered two compa- 
nies, the London Company and the Plymouth Company, 
granted to the former the region lying between the 34th 
and 38th degrees of north latitude, and to the latter 
that lying between the 41st and 45th degrees, for the 
purpose of establishing colonies. 



Period II. — Colonial. 

1607. ...A. D... 1789. 

John Smith George Washington. 

1607. — Virginia. — The London Company sent out a col- 
ony of 105 persons under Captain Nev/port and Edward 
Wingfield, who, sailing up the James river, began the 
settlement of Jamestown. The most eminent person 
among these colonists was Captain John Smith, whose 
fame is identified with this, the first successful attempt 
of the English to settle America, 115 years after its 
discovery by Columbus. 

The same year the Plymouth Company sent out a 
colony of 100 persons under George Popham and 
Raleigh Gilbert, who sailed to the mouth of the Ken- 
nebec river and began a settlement, which they named 
Fort St. George. The following spring it was abandoned. 

1608. — Canada. — The French under Champlain settled 
Canada at Quebec. 

1609. Henry Hudson, sailing in the service of the Dutch 
East India Company, discovered the river to which he 
gave his name, and which he ascended as far as Albany. 
The next year, 1610, he discovered and named Hudson's 
straits and Hudsori's bay. 

1614. — New York. — The Dutch, claiming the regions vis- 
ited by Hudson, began the settlement of Kein Kether- 



320 HISTORY OF THE UITITED STATES. [A. jtt. 1607 

lands (New York), by planting a colony on Manhattan 
island, which they named Weio Amsterdam^ and another 
far up the Hudson river, which they named Fort Orange 
(Albau}^). In 1664, a war having arisen between Eng- 
land and Holland, Charles If. seized New Netherlands 
and the other Dutch settlements, and granted them to 
his brother James, Duke of York and Albany, who 
changed the name of this colony to Wew ITorh. At 
the Treaty of Breda, 1668, the Dutch ceded the colony 
to England. 

1620. — Massachusetts. — A company of English Puritans, 
a part of Rev. Mr. Robinson's Congregational Church, 
under Elder Brewster, Governor Winslow, John Carver, 
Miles Standish, and others, made the first permanent 
settlement of Massachusetts at Plymouth. The same 
year African slavery was introduced into Virginia by 
the Dutch. 

1623. — Neiv Hampshire. — The Plymouth Company hav- 
ing granted this region to Ferdinando Gorges and John 
Mason; they made their first settlement of the colony 
at Dover, on the Piscataqua river. 

1621. — Neiv Jersey. — This colony was commenced at 
Bergen by a number of Dutch settlers, who claimed the 
country as a part of their colony of New Netherlands. 
In 1661, Charles IL, having seized the Dutch possessions 
in America, granted them to his brother James, Duke 
of York and Albany, who immediately conveyed this 
part of his province to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret, naming it I^ew Jersey, in compliment to Sir 
George, w^hose family came originally from the Isle of 
Jersey. 

1^27. — Delatvare. — So named from the Bay, but originally 
from Zord Be la War, one of the early governors of 
Virginia, was settled by a colony of Swedes and Finns, 
first at Cape Henlopen, which they named Paradise 



to 1789 ] C0L02^IAL. 221 

Point ; but abandoning this in 1638, they made another 
at Christiana CreeJc, naming it JSTew Sweden, 

1630. — Maine. — The earliest attempt to settle Maine was 
made in the year 1607, by a company of colonists under 
George Popham, who had received a charter from the 
Plymouth Company. This settlement, however, was 
soon after abandoned, and nothing further was attempted 
till 1630, when York was permanently settled by a col- 
ony of English from Massachusetts. In 1635, the dis- 
trict was granted to Sir Ferdinando Gorges by Charles 
I. Subsequently the colony was incorporated with Mas- 
sachusetts, and it so remained till 1820, when it was 
admitted into the Union as a State. 

1631. — Maryland.— '^o named in honor of Queen Marie, 
was settled by Lord Baltimore, an English nobleman, 
with 200 colonists, who purchased a village from the 
Indians, which they named St. 3fary^s. Clayborne, an 
English surveyor, had previously made a settlement on 
Kent island, and for some time gave trouble to the 
government of Lord Baltimore. 

1635. — Connecticut had been granted by the Plymouth 
Company in 1630, to the Earl of Warwick, and he in the 
following year conveyed his rights to Lords Say and 
Seal and Lord Brooke. Under their authority, Wi^idsor 
and Weathersfield were settled by emigrants from Mas- 
sachusetts. 

1636. — Hhode Island. — This colony was settled at Prov- 
idence^ by Roger Williams, who, on account of a change 
in his religious views, had been banished from Massa- 
chusetts. 

1638. — Harvard College was this year founded at Cam- 
bridge, Mass., and the following year, 1639, the first 
printing-press S^ America, was erected at the same place. 

1660. — NoHh Carolina, — The first attempt of the Eng- 
lish to settle America was made in this State, 1585, by 



1 
223 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. ». 1607 



Sir R. Grenville. under the auspices of Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh. He established a colony on Roanoke island, and 
left it under the care of Ralph Lane. But becoming 
discouraged, they all, early the next year, returned to 
England with Sir Francis Drake. The first permanent 
settlement was made in 16SD, by~ emigrants from Vir- 
ginia, who settled on the east bank of the Chowan 
river, naming the place Albemarle^ in compliment to 
General Monk, Duke of Albemarle, who had been chiefly 
instrumental in restoring Charles II. to the throne of 
England. 

1664. — Elliot's Indian Bible was this year printed on the 
Cambridge press. 

1670. — South Carolina was settled by English emigrants 
under Governor Sayle, first at Port JRoyal^ next at old 
Charleston, on the Ashley river, and finally, nine years 
afterward, 1679, at the present city of Charleston. 

1675. — King Philip's War. Philip defeated at Mount 
Hope, 1676. 

1681. — Pemisylvania, settled at Chester, by Friends, 
under William Penn, who in 1682 founded the city of 
Philadelphia. 

1690. — King William's War terminated by the Peace of 
Eysivick, 1697. 

1692.— The Salem witchcraft. 

1702. — Queen Anne's War, ended by the Peace of Utrecht, 
1713. 

1704. — First American newspaper, Poston JSfews-Ijetter. 

1710. — First Post Office in America. 

1733. — Georgia settled by English colonists under General 
Oglethorpe at Sa/vannah. 

1744. — King George's War, ended by the Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1748. 

1752. — Dr. Franklin discovers the identity of lisfhtnincr 
with electricity. 



1 



to 1789.] COLOiflAL. 223 

1754. — The Fkench and Ijstdian War, ended by the Peace 

of Paris, 1763. 
1765. — The Stamp Act extended to the American Colonies. 



Observations on the early History of the Colonial Period. 

1, The Right to Colonize the New World. — In an age 

of ignorance and superstition, the profession of Christianity 
as the only true religion, and the misapprehension or per- 
version of certain prophecies (Psalm ii. 8, 9) were made to 
justify the invasion and seizure of any part of the heathen 
world, without the least regard to the rights of the original 
inhabitants. On this unrighteous principle the pope 
granted to the sovereigns of Spain all the regions that 
might be discovered by their subjects. 

Columbus was appointed admiral of all the seas which 
he should explore, and governor of all the inlands and 
countries which_ he should discover and subdue. The 
Cabots, in virtue of a similar commission from Henry VII., 
took, for the crown of England, formal possession of that 
part of North. America which they had discovered, by 
erecting crosses along the coast, from Newfoundland to 
Floi-ida, And Queen Elizabeth granted to Sir W. Raleigh 
a commission " to discover, occupy, and govern, remote 
heathen, and barbarous countries, not previously possessed 
by any Christian prince or people." And thus, in the 
name of "the glorious gospel of the blessed God," which 
proclaims '' peace on earth, good will toward men," every 
species of injustice, cruelty, and oppression was perpe- 
trated on the ignorant aborigines of America, not only by 
the rapacious and inhuman Cortez and Pizarro, but also by 
nearly all besides that visited or colonized the newly-dis- 
covered regions, 

2, The Motives which actaated the First Colonists, — 



224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. ». 1607 

The Spanish adventurers that first emigrated to America 
were for the most part influenced by an insatiable thirst for 
wealth. So fierce was this passion that they endured in- 
credible hardships to gratify it ; and in compelling the 
poor Indians to aid them in their search for gold and silver 
they sacrificed thousands of those unoffending and effemi- 
nate people. 

The New England colonies were established by the Pu- 
ritans, that they might profess and enjoy their cherished 
religion, at once safe from the persecution of the established 
church at home, and free from the molestation of all that 
held any opinions different from their own. 

Virginia, New York, Maryland, and the other parent col- 
onies, appear to have been chiefly commercial enterprises, 
undertaken by men in search of such homes, fortunes, and 
privileges in America as they did not desire, or could not 
hope to obtain at home. But without exception the lead- 
ing colonists were all men of uncommon energy, dauntless 
courage, and indomitable perseverance. 

3, Eminent Men of the Colonial Perioc?.— Captain 
John Smith, in Virginia; Peter Stuyvesant, in New York; 
John Carver and Elder Brewster, in Massachusetts; Lord 
Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland ; Roger Williams, 
the founder of Rhode Island; William Penn, the propri- 
etor of Pennsylvania ; and General Oglethorpe, the founder 
of Georgia. 

4. The Colonial Wars.— In nearly all the original 
English colonies much trouble was experienced from the 
hostility of the Indian tribes. This, however, was in gen- 
eral caused by the injustice and cruelty of the whites. 
Among the more hostile tribes were the Pequods, in Con- 
necticut, who were subdued in 1637 ; the Powhattans, in 
Virginia, who were conciliated by Captain Smith ; and 
the Wampanoags^ under King Philip, who was shot at 
Mount Hope, in Rhode Island, 16T6. 



to 1789.] COLONIAL. 225 

Besides these Indian troubles the colonies were generally- 
involved in the wars that at any time existed between the 
mother country and her continental neighbors. Amonf>- 
these were — 

1. King William's War with France, 1689-1697, 
which was occasioned by the effort of that power to re- 
place the exiled James II. on the Enorlish throne. During 
this contest in America the town of Dover was destroyed, 
Schenectady was burned, and many inhabitants massacred 
by the French and Indians, 1690; and unsuccessful attempts 
were made by the English against Quebec and Mon- 
treal. By the Treaty of Bysicick, 1697, which ended 
the war, William's sovereignty was acknowledged by 
France. 

2. Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713, known in European 
history as the War of the Spanish Succession, was waged 
between England on one side and France and Spain on the 
other. In this war Deerfield, Mass., was burned and its in- 
habitants killed or carried prisoners to Canada. Port Royal 
was captured by the English and its name changed to An- 
napoUs,Y\\^. By the Treaty of Utrecht^ which terminated 
the war. Great Britain acquired possession of Newfound- 
land and Nova Scotia, and procured the liberation of the 
numerous French Protestants that had been confined in 
prisons and galleys in consequence of the revocation of 
the edict of Nantes, by Louis XIY., 1685. 

3. King George II.'s War, 1714-1748, which occurred 
during the latter part of the War of the Austrian Succes- 
sion, was occasioned by the invasion of Great Britain by 
the exiled Stuarts, aided by the French, to recover the 
throne. The contest, as in King William's war, soon ex- 
tended to the colonies. The chief event of the war was 
the capture of Louisburg and the whole island of Cape 
Breton, by William Pepperell, with 3,200 colonists, aided 
by a British fleet, commanded by Admiral Warren, 1745. 

10* 



226 HISTORY OF THE UiflTED STATES. [A. ». 160T 

The Treaty of Aix-la-ChcqDelle^ 1748, which concluded the 
war, restored this conquest to France. 

4. The Fkexcii and Indian War, 1754-1763, was occa- 
sioned by the encroachments of the French upon the colo- 
nial possessions of the English. The French claimed Can- 
ada from its discovery by Cartier, and had settled Quebec 
in 1608 under Champlain. From Canada they extended 
their explorations down the Mississippi ; M. de la Salle, in 
1682, being the first European that descended that river. 
In 1699 M, Ibberville, from Canada, made the first French 
settlement on the Mississippi, and claiming the extensive 
region on the west, named it Louisiana. 

In order to confine the English colonies within their 
original limits, the French attempted to connect the ex- 
treme points of their possessions by erecting a chain of 
forts from Lake Erie down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers 
to the Gulf of Mexico. In executing this design they in- 
terfered with the claims of a number of English colonists, 
named the Ohio Company^ who had received a gi'ant from, 
the King of England of 600,000 acres of land on the Ohio 
river, for the purpose of trading with the Indians. In 1753 
a collision occurred between the .French authorities and 
some of the English traders, who were seized and impris- 
oned at Presque Isle, a French fort on the southern shore 
of Lake Erie. From these circumstances originated a war 
which, although at first disastrous to the English, termin- 
ated in the most important results, both to the colonies and 
to the parent country. 

The Chief Events of the 'War were the following : — 

1753. — George Washington sent by Governor Dinwiddle 
with a letter of remonstrance to St. Pierre, the French 
commander at Fort Du Quesne, on the Ohio. 

1754. — The reply of St. Pien-e being unsatisfactory, Wash- 
ington is sent against Fort Du Quesne with 400 men. 



to 17S9.] COLONIAL. 2'27 

He captures a body of French, but is afterward com- 
pelled, by a suj)erior force, to surrender his post, J^ort 
Necessity^ J^ily 4th. 
1755. — Braddock, the coinmander-in-chief of the English 
forces, marching against Fort Du Quesne, is defeated 
and mortally wounded by a body of French and In- 
dians, in ambush, on the Monongahela. Colonel Wash- 
ington saves the remnant of the army. The same year 
the French under Dieskau are defeated by General 
Johnson at Lake George. 
1757. — Fort William Henry captured by the French and 
Indians under Montcalm, and the garrison, although 
promised protection, are massacred by the Indians. 
1758. — Loidsburg^ Ticonderoga^ and Groimi Point cap- 
tured b}^ the English under Amherst ; Fort Du Qcesne 
by Forbes ; and Niagara by Prideaux. 
1759. — Quebec captured by General Wolfe. 
1760. — Montreal surrenders to General Amherst. This 
closes the war. 
At the Treaty of Paris, 1763, France ceded to Great 
Britain Canada, and all her other possessions in North 
America lying east of a line passing through the middle 
of the Mississippi and Ibberville rivers to the lakes 
Maurepas and Ponchartrain, and thence to the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

5. The Stamp Act, 1765. — This was an act passed by 
the British Parliament, creating, in the form of stamp duties, 
a revenue to reimburse the national treasury for the ex 
penses incurred in carrying on the French and Indian war. 
The colonies, denying the right of the Parliament to tax 
them without their consent, resisted the execution of the 
Stamp Act. And the Parliament, asserting their right to 
tax and bind the colonies in all cases whatever, by force of 
arms, brought on 

6*. The War of the American Kevolution, — During 



228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. ». 1607 

this contest, which lasted eight years and five months, the 

chief events were: — 

1765. — Great commotions on account of the passing of the 
Stamp Act. The legislatures of Massachusetts and 
Virginia adopt resolutions denouncing it. Deputies 
from nine of the colonies, meeting at New York and 
composing the First Colonial Congress^ publish a Dec- 
laration of lights. 

1766. — Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, but in the fol- 
lowing year, 

1767, impose duties on paper, tea, glass, and painters' colors. 

1768. — British troops occupy Boston to suppress the con- 
tinued popular opposition. 

1770. — All duties except that on tea repealed by Parliament. 

1773. — A cargo of tea thrown into Boston harbor. 

1774. — Boston Port Bill^ prohibiting all foreign commerce 
at that place. 

1774. — The First Continental Congress assemble at Phila- 
delphia Sept. 5th, and while expressing all due allegi- 
ance to the Crown, resolve to suspend commercial inter- 
course with England. 

1775. — The skirmish at Lexington^ April 19th. Battle of 
Bunker Hill {Breed'^s Jlill), June iVth: — Howe (loss 
1054) defeats Prescott (loss 453). Gen. Warren slain. 
Washington, as commander-in-chief, arrives at Cam- 
bridge, July 3d. Battle of Quebec/ Montgomery slain, 
and the Americans defeated, December 31st. 

1776. — Boston evacuated by the British forces under Howe, 
Burgoyne, and Clinton, March 17th. Battle of Fort 
3Ioultrie, Charleston harbor : — Col. Moultrie (loss 10) 
defeats Sir Peter Parker, commanding a fleet of seven 
ships (loss 225), June 28th. The Declaration of In- 
dependence, July 4th. Commissioners sent by Con- 
gress to solicit a treaty with France. Battle of Flat- 
bushj Long Island: — Howe (loss 400) defeats Putnam 



to 1789.] COLONIAL. 229 

and Sullivan (loss 2,000), August 27th. The British 
occupy New York, September 15th. Battle of White 
Plains, 'New York : — Howe (loss 400) defeats Washing- 
ton (loss 300), October 28th. Washington retreats be- 
yond the Delaware, November 28th. Congress adjourns 
to Baltiuiore, December 12th. Battle of Trenton, 
Washington (loss 9) defeats Rahl (loss 1000), Decem- 
ber 26 th. 

1777. — Battle of Princeton, New Jersey : — "Washington (loss 
100) defeats Mawhood (loss 400), Jan. 3. Battle of i?e?i- 
92ington,Yermont: — Starke (loss 100) defeats Baum and 
Bremen (loss 600), August 16th. Battle of Brandy- 
wine : — Howe (loss 500) defeats Washington (loss 
1000), September 11th; La Fayette wounded. The 
British occupy Philadelphia, September 27th. Battle 
of Gerrnantown: — Howe (loss 600) defeats Washington 
(loss 1200) Oct. 4th. ^2iii\e of Saratoga : — Burgoyne, 
with 5,000 men, surrenders to Gates, October 17th. 

1778. — France having entered into treaty with the Ameri- 
cans, sends a fleet of eighteen ships and a body of 
troops under Count D'Estaing. The British evacuate 
Philadelphia, June 18th. Battle of Monmouth: — Wash- 
ington (loss 230) defeats Clinton (loss 400), June 28th. 
Battle of Rhode Island: — Sullivan (loss 200) defeats 
Pigot (loss 260), August 29th. Savannah, Georgia, 
captured by the British general, Campbell, December 
29th. The Wyoming 3Iassacre, July. 

1779. — Stony Point, New York, captured by the Ameri- 
cans, July 16th. 

1780. — Charleston, South Carolina, captured by the British 
general, Clinton, May 12th. Battle of Camden, ^owlh. 
Carolina: — Cornwallis (loss 325) defeats Gates (loss 
730). The treason of Arnold. Andre executed. 

1781. — l^^it\Q oi Cowpens : — Morgan (loss 72) defeats Tarle- 
ton (loss 800),. January 17th. ^ditt\Q of Eataw Springs, 



230 HISTORY Cr THE UXITED STATES. [A. I>. 1607 

South Carolina: — Greene (loss 5o0) defeats Stewart 
(loss 1100), Sept. 8th. Battle of Torktown, Virginia : — 
Cornwallis, with 7,073 men, surrenders to Washington, 
October 19th. 
1783. — Peace of Versailles. Independence acknowledged. 



Observations on the Revolutionary War. 

1, Tlie Declaration of Independence^ July 4th, 1776, 

was the adoption and publication, by the Continental Con- 
gress, of a carefulh^-prepared document, absolving the peo- 
ple of the colonies from all allegiance to the British crown, 
and assuming existence as an independent nation ; together 
with a statement of the causes whicli impelled them to this 
assertion of their rio-hts. 

2, The Author sMjy of the Declaration,— On the 11th 
of June, 1776, the Congress, then sitting in Philadelphia, 
appointed a committee to prepare a Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. This committee consisted of Thomas JeiFerson 
of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin 
Franklin of Pennsylvania, lioger Sherman of Connecti- 
cut, and R. R. Livingston of New York, who agreed 
among themselves that each one should draw up such a 
paper as his judgment should suggest, and that from these 
the committee would select one as their report to Congress. 
When the committee met, Mr. Jefferson's paper was read 
first ; and being regarded by each of the other members of 
the committee as vastly superior to what he had prepared, 
they spontaneously agreed to suppress the other papers, 
and to recommend Mr. Jefferson's as their report to Con- 
gress. On the 4th of July, 1776, that memorable document 
was adopted and published to the world, 

3. The Foxivth of July remark able in the History 
of Human Liberly.—li was on the 4th of July, 1612, 



fo 1789.1 COLOls^IAL. 231 

that the Lono^ Parliament rescued Great Britain from the 
tyranny of Charles T. ; and on the 4th of July, 1672, Wil- 
liam, Prince of Orange, was elevated to that position in 
the Netherlands, from which, in 1688, he was called by the 
British nation to become the champion of constitutional 
government. 

4. The Causes ivJiich produced the Declaration, — 
The despotism which had so frequently distinguished the 
government in England during this period had been ex- 
tended in full measure to the colonies. Their charters, in 
many instances, had been either annulled or altered at the 
king's pleasure; tyrannical governors were frequently ap- 
pointed over them ; their commerce had been restricted ; 
and finally, when the oppressed colonists had refused to be 
taxed by a legislative body (the British Parliament) in 
which they were not represented, armed troops were sent 
and quartered among them to enforce submission at the 
point of the bayonet. A people that for the most part 
were descended from those who had been driven from the 
land of their fathers by the lash of tyranny, could hardly 
be expected to submit meekly and permanently when thai 
lash pursued them to their heaven-appointed home in the 
New World. Not to revolt would have been to renounce 
the manhood of the noble race from which they sprang. 

The mere defraying of the expenses of the French and 
Indian war was, in all probability, not the sole motive with 
Parliament in taxing the colonies, but rather to establish a 
despotic government over them. For while the colonies 
very properly objected to the principle of taxcdion xoithout 
representation^ they had never refused, during the long and 
expensive war in which they acted so conspicuous a part, 
to contribute to the utmost of their ability, and in many 
instances beyond their fair proportion, when contributions 
were asked for in a constitutional manner. And when, 
under the violent popular opposition to the Stamp Act, it 



232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. ». 1607 

was repealed, 1766, yet immediately afterward other acts 

were passed asserting the right of Parliament to tax the 

colonies and to govern and bind them in all cases whatever. 

S, Eifiinent IMen in the JBritish JParliament who 

opposed the passage of the Stamp Act and advocated the 
cause of the colonies: — General Conway, a prominent 
member of the House of Commons, during the passage of 
the Stamp Act denied in strong language the right of Par- 
liament to tax the colonies. Col. Barre, upon the same 
occasion, eloquently maintained, in opposition to the speech 
of Mr. Charles Tovrnsend, that the colonies had been 
planted in America, not as Mr. T. had affirmed, bt/ the care, 
but bi/ the op2^ression of the government at home; that 
they had grown up and prospered under the neglect of 
that government ; that they had nobl}'' taken up arms in 
defence of the colonial interests of the mother country ; 
and that, while he believed the Americans were as loyal as 
any subjects the king had, yet they were a people jealous 
of their liberties, and would vindicate them if ever they 
should be violated. 

William Pitt, the enlightened patriot and eloquent 
friend of liberty and equal rights, in advocating the repeal 
of the Stamp Act, in 1766, said : "It is my opinion that 
this kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies ;" 
(for the reason that the colonies were not represented in 
Parliament). " I rejoice," said Mr. Pitt, " that America 
has resisted ; three millions of people so dead to all the 
feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves, 
would have been fit instruments to make slaves of all the 
rest." 

And Lord Camden, advocating the repeal of the stamp 
duties, in the House of Lords, declared that "the insepara- 
bility of taxation and representation is a position founded 
on the laws of nature ; that it is, in fact, itself an eternal 
law of nature ; that no man has a right to take another's 



to 1789.] COLO^nTIALc 233 

property from him without bis consent. Whoever attempts 
to do it," said the noble lord, "attempts an injury; who- 
ever does it commits a robbery." And King George HI., 
in his speech at the opening of the Parliament which re- 
pealed the Stamp Act, said: "I have nothing at heart but 
the assertion of legal authority, the preservation of the 
liberties of all my subjects, the equity and good order of 
my government, and the concord and prosperity of all parts 
of my dominions." And when asked privately if he desired 
to enforce the Stamp Act, he replied : " I do not desire 
that it should be enforced unless it can he done without 
bloodshed.'''* 

6, On the other side, they who maintained the right 
of Parliament to tax the colonies were : — George Gren- 
ville, Charles Townsend, Lord Bute, with most of the no- 
bility, and the whole bench of bishops. These were so 
intent upon carrying out their arbitrary measures that they 
were for forcing the Americans to submit with fire and 
sword. And Lord North, upon a subsequent occasion, de- 
clared that " a total repeal of all taxes on the colonies could 
not be thought of till America is prostrate at our feet." 

7. Effect of the Stamp Act in the Colonies, — The peo- 
ple of America were affected by this measure just as they 
should be who were, for the most part, the worthy descend- 
ants and representatives of that old renowned party in 
England which had ever contended so nobly for the inter- 
ests of constitutional liberty. In some parts of the country 
the popular indignation was expressed in such ways as 
burning the stamps and the Stamp Act, burning in effigy 
the stamp officers, throwing overboard cargoes of tea in 
Boston harbor, and attacking the British soldiers in a riot- 
ous manner, as in Boston. 

But throughout the colonies there prevailed a remarkable 
degree of dignified moderation, which expressed itself in 
acts of the colonial lesfislatures, or of other lawful asseni- 

O 7 



234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. D. 1607 

blies, discussing great principles of public liberty, protest- 
ing against abuses, and petitioning for redress of griev- 
ances. 

It was not until all such peaceful and conciliatory methods 
entirely failed to change the evil counsels of the mother 
country and to arrest the progress of ministerial despot- 
ism, and not until after precious blood had been shed in 
defence of their inalienable rights, and after they had been 
declared "out of the protection of Great Britain," that, 
" with a firm reliance on the protection of divine provi- 
dence," and "mutually pledging to each other their lives, 
their fortunes, and their sacred honor," they gave to the 
world their ever memorable Declaration of Independence. 

8, Prominent Leaders in the Revolution, — Peyton 
Kandolph of Virginia, the first president of Congress ; 
John Hancock of Massachusetts, who succeeded him in 
that office ; Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, who made the 
first motion in Congress to declare independence of Great 
Britain; Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, who wrote the ^ec- 
laration ; John and Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, and 
Patrick Henry of Virginia, who, by their wisdom and elo- 
quence, supported that declaration ; Benjamin Franklin of 
Pennsylvania, the printer, philosopher, and patriot, who, 
with Silas Deane and Arthur Lee, effected a favorable 
treaty with France ; Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, the 
treasurer of Congress ; and George Washington of Vir- 
ginia, who, as commander-in-chief, under divine provi- 
dence, led forth the armies of the Republic to final victory. 
These illustrious men, with their noble compatriots, in the 
history of human greatness, have never been excelled. 

9, The Treaty with France — Foreign Auociliaries of 
the Americans, — Louis XVI., King of France, desiring 
to be avenged for the loss of Canada, which had been con- 
quered by Great Britain, 1760, and being willing to cripple 
a rival power, readily consented to aid the Americans. In 



tolTSO.] COLONIAL. 235 

the year 1778 he acknowledged the independence of the 
United States, and sent a large land and naval force to 
their assistance under Admiral D'Estaing, Count Rocham- 
beau, Count de Grasse, the Chevalier de Ternay, and 
others. 

Besides this aid from the French government, a number 
of brave and generous foreigners volunteered in the strug- 
gling cause of American independence, among whom 
were : Richard Montgomery, John Paul Jones, Count 
Pulaski, Baron de Kalb, Baron Steuben, Kosciusko, and 
the Marquis de la Fayette, noble men who, being ardently 
attached to the cause of the Americans, came and fought 
bravely in the glorious struggle for our national existence. 

1. Gilbert Motier de la. Fayette was born at the Cas- 
tle of Chavaniar, in Auvergne, September 6th, 1757. He 
was educated at the University of Paris, and at the early 
ag:e of 16 he married a dauojhter of one of the most distin- 
guished families of France. At the age of ]9, relinquish- 
ing his domestic felicity and his home of refinement and 
affluence, he espoused the cause of American liberty, and 
identified himself, in toil, in danger, and suffering, with 
America's noblest sons. On the Yth of December, 1776, 
La Fayette was appointed a major-general in the United 
States army. He was wounded at the battle of Brandy- 
wine, September 11th, 1777, and distinguished himself as 
a brave soldier in manv other eno-ao^ements. He was with 
Washington at the siege of Yorktown, and aided in the 
capture of Lord Cornwallis. Having returned to France 
after the successful termination of the war, he revisited 
this country in 1784, and again in 1824, upon which latter 
occasion he was welcomed as the nation's guest with every 
demonstration of public gratitude. This distinguished 
hero died at his home in France, May 20th, 1834. 

2. Count Pulaski, a distinguished Polander, who nobly 
oifered his services to the United States, and was appointed 



236 EISTORY OF THE UKITED STATES. [A. D. 1607 

a brigadier-general in the army. He was mortally wounded 
in the attempt to recapture Savannah from the British, 
October 9th, 1779. 

3. Baeon de Kalb, by birth a German, was in the early 
part of his life an officer in the French array. At the 
breaking out of the American Revolution he espoused the 
cause of the United States, and was promoted to the rank 
of major-general. He was killed while commanding the 
Maryland and Delaware troops, in the battle of Camden, 
South Carolina, August 15th, 1780. 

4. Frederick William, Baron de Steuben, a native of 
Prussia, and an aid-de-camp of King Frederick the Great, 
volunteered his services in the cause of American inde- 
pendence. His great military knowledge and experience 
rendered his services highly valuable. He died at Steu- 
ben ville. New York, 1794. 

5. Thaddeus Kosciusko, a native of Warsaw, Poland, 
was in the Revolutionary war an aid-de-camp of General 
Washington. After the successful termination of the war 
he returned to his native country, and subsequently aided 
his countrymen in their unsuccessful attempt to become 
independent of Russia. He was wounded and made pris- 
oner by tlie Russians, who treated him with great respect, 
the Emperor Paul presenting him with an estate. He 
died in 1817. A beautiful monument has been erected to 
his memory at West Point, New York. 

6. Richard Montgomery, a native of Ireland, where he 
was born 1737, distinguished himself as a hero in the cause 
of American independence. In the autumn of 1775 Major- 
General Montgomery invaded Canada, captured St. John's 
and Montreal, and, being joined by General Arnold, who 
had marched a body of troops through the forests, made 
an assault on Quebec. In this attack, December 31st, the 
l)rave Montgomery was slain and his troops defeated. 

7. John Paul Jones, a native of Scotland, came to 



to 1789.] COLOisIAL. 237 

to America at the commencement of the war, and received 
a commission in the United States navy. He was distin- 
guished as a man of desperate courage, and by his remark- 
able success in several naval engagements. After the close 
of the war he was for some time in the service of Russia. 
He died at Paris in 1792. 

10, Foreign Auxiliaries of the JBritish in the Hevo- 
tionary War. — In the attempt to subjugate the American 
colonies the British government entered into a treaty with 
several German princes to furnish 17,000 men (Hessians, 
Brunswickers, Waldeckers, etc.), at a cost, it is said, of 
£1,500,000 per annum. Besides these foreign mercenaries 
the British government secured the aid of a large number 
of Indians. 

In the early part of the war the cruelty of the Indians 
was particularly displayed in the celebrated Wyoming 
Massacre. The scene of that atrocious deed was the beau- 
tiful valley of Wyoming (now Wyoming county, Pennsyl- 
vania), near Wilkesbarre, on the north branch of the Sus- 
quehanna river. In the month of July, 1778, a band of 
four hundred Indians, led by Brandt, a merciless savage, 
and about eight hundred Tories,* led by John Butler, a 
more merciless white man, entered this peaceful settlement, 
and having drawn a large body of the male inhabitants out 
of their fortifications into the wilderness, under a pretext 
of friendship, they massacred nearly four hundred of them. 
Then returning to the village of Kingston, where a large 
number of men, women, and children were crowded to- 
gether in the small fort which they had hastily constructed, 
the savage Tories and Indians set fire to the fort, whilst 
they offered the unhappy inmates no terms of escape from 
the devouring flame but the hatchet. Thus perished this 
devoted band of martyrs in the sacred cause of American 

* A name given to those colonists who favored the arbitrary measures of the 
Biitish government, andoppcsed the Narional independence. 



238 HISTORY OF THE UKITED STATES. [A.D.I 607 

national independence. [Campbell's poem, Gertrude of 
Wyoming, celebrates in beautiful and touching verse this 
dark scene of carnage.] 

11, The Treason of Benedict Arnold^ 1780. — This 
unprincipled officer, by his daring courage and a few other 
good qualities as a soldier, had so gained the confidence of 
General Washington as to be placed in command of West 
Point, a highly important military post on the Hudson 
river. This valuable fortress, with all its men, stores, and 
ammunition, Arnold offered to betray into the hands of 
General Clinton, the British commander in New York, for 
£30,000, and a commission as brigadier-general in the Brit- 
ish army. 

This offer was of course readily accepted by the British 
commander, who sent Major Andre, his adjutant-general, 
to arrange with Arnold all the particulars of the transac- 
tion. Just as this base design was about to be accom- 
plished Andre was captured by three New York militia- 
men, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wert ; Arnold escaped 
to the British, and General Washington reached West 
Point in time to save the place. 

Major Andre was tried by a court-martial and hung as a 
spy, a sentence which, although fully justified by the laws 
of war, was universally lamented ; while the traitor Ar- 
nold, receiving the wages of his iniquity, was treated dur- 
ing life by friend and foe with merited contempt, and his 
name, branded with the infaray of treason, will ever soil 
the record of his country's wronofs. 

12, The Surrender of Cormvallis at YorJitown, Va., 
October 19th, 1781, closes the war. This brilliant termin- 
ation of the revolutionary contest sent a thrill of joy 
throughout the country. General Washington ordered 
divine service to be performed in the different brigades of 
the army, and the members of Congress marched in pro- 
cession to church, and there oflfered up thanksgiving to 



to 1789.1 , FEDEEAL. 259 

Almighty God for the signal success of the American arms. 
The many remarkable instances of God's interposing prov- 
idence were recounted, and public acknowledgment made 
that their victory was due to God, whose voice alone com- 
mands the winds, the seas, and the seasons. And Wash- 
ington, whose sincere and unostentatious piety had sus- 
tained him during the arduous struggle, declared that " the 
unparalleled perseverance of the armies of the United 
States, through almost every possible suffering and dis- 
couragement, for the space of eight long years, was little 
short of a startlinoj miracle." 



Period III, — Federal. 

1789.... A. D....1870. 

George Washington .... Ulysses S. Grant. 

1, George Washington, the father of his country, and 
one of the purest of men, was endowed by the Almighty 
with the elements of character that adapted him to the 
exalted position which he so nobly occupied. In childhood 
Washington was remarkable for truthfulness and filial affec- 
tion ; in youth, for skill and perseverance in his enterprises ; 
and in manhood, for self-denial, the love of country, and 
the fear of God. 

George, the son of Augustine Washington, was born in 
Westmoreland county, Virginia, February 22d, 1732. His 
father dying in early manhood, left George an orphan 
quite young, to the care of his pious and excellent mother, 
to whom he was indebted for that early moral training 
which, by the blessing of providence, prepared him for 
usefulness and honor. 

At the age of fifteen he obtained, at his own solicitation. 



240 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. ». 1TS9 

the appointment of midshipman in the British navy. But 
his mother disapproving his choice, George, with filial piety, 
abandoned his cherished purpose, and awaited in the exer- 
cise of heroic self-denial the opening of another path to the 
profession of arms. The desired opportunity at length oc- 
curred in the breaking out of the French and Indian War ^ 
1754-1763 At nineteen years of age he was appointed 
adjutant-general of Virginia, with the rank of major. At 
twenty-one he distinguislied himself as the successful bearer 
of despatches from the Governor of Virginia to the French 
commander at Fort du Quesne, traversing with only a sin- 
gle attendant an extensive resjion infested with hostile 
Indians. The following year, as colonel, and at the head 
of four hundred men, we find him bravely sustaining an 
unequal contest at the Great Meadows in Western Vir- 
ginia, and finally capitulating to a A^astly superior force of 
French and Indians, Lo save the useless efi'usion of blood. 

We next behold the youthful hero on the fatal field of 
Braddock, July, 1755, rallying the discomfited forces of the 
brave but unwary British commander ; and although him- 
self exposed to the Indian ambush, yet at the head of his 
colonial regiment he holds in check the victorious savages, 
and covers the retreat of the remnant of Braddock's well- 
appointed army. During the remainder of the war, which 
in the colonies raged with great fury. Colonel Washington 
commanded the troops of Virginia in the defence of the 
frontier settlements. 

From the close of the war Washington lived, with little 
interruption, in domestic retirement at Mount Vernon, until, 
by the unanimous voice of the Continental Congress, of 
which he was an honored member, he was placed at the 
head of the forces which were to vindicate the national 
independence. Having prosecuted the war to a successful 
termination, and having served as president of the con- 
vention appointed to frame a national Constitution ; and 



do 1870.] FEDERAL. 241 

then serving as chief magistrate of the Republic under 
that Constitution during two terms of four years each, de- 
clining a third election, he retired, like Cincinnatus, crowned 
with glory, to the peaceful occupations of agriculture. 

Perhaps few incidents related of General Washington 
Iraore strikingly illustrate the magnanimity by which he 
was distinguished than the following : — 

Soon after the close of the Rev^olutionary War an Eng- 
jlish gentleman, being in the United States, paid a visit to 
General Washington at Mount Vernon. The stranger was 
received with great hospitality, and entertained with pleas- 
ant conversation on topics connected with the recent great 
contest. At length Washington asked his visitor if he had 
met any one in England whom he thought capable of writ- 
ing the history of the war. The stranger replied that he 
knew of but one person fully competent to execute that 
important work. The general eagerly inquired: "Who, 
sir, can that be ?" " Sir," replied the gentleman, " Caesar 
wrote his own Commentaries." The general, bowing mod- 
estly, replied : " Caesar could write his Commentaries ; but, 
sir, I know the atrocities committed on both sides have been 
so great and numerous that they cannot be faithfully re- 
corded, and had better be buried in oblivion." 

The Washington Monument^ at Baltimore, Maryland, a 
marble shaft 168 feet high, surmounted by a colossal statue 
of the patriot, bears upon the base these inscriptions : — 

BoutU Face \ ^""^^^ February 22, 1732. 
\ Died, December 14, 1799. 

E(ut Face 5 CoMMANDER-m- Chief, June 15, 1775. 

\ Resigned Commission, December 23, 1783. 

W tl F \ Battle of Trenton, December 25, 1 776. 

'■* \ Siege of Yorktown, October 19, 1781. 

West Face,,.. \ P^^^esident, March 4, 1789. 
\ Retired, March 4, 1797 
11 



242 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. D. 1789 

2, The Federal Constitution, — Among the thirteen 
separate English colonies three kinds of government at 
first existed. 1. The Charter Government^ in which the 
powers of legislation were vested in a governor, council, 
and assembly, chosen by the people, such as Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, and Rhode Island. 2. The Proprietary Gov- 
ernment^ in which the proprietor was governor and the 
assembly only chosen by the people, such as Maryland and 
Pennsylvania. 3. Royal Government^ in which the gov- 
ernor and council w^ere appointed by the king, and the 
assembly elected by the people, such as Virginia, New 
Tork, New Jersev, the Carolines, and Georma. From 
1777 to 1789 the united colonies were governed by a plan 
of union styled Articles of Confederation ; but that plan 
proving inefficient for the purposes of good government, 
the present Federal Constitution was framed iu 1787, and 
having been ratified by all the States, it went into operation 
March 1, 1789. 

This document consisted originally of seven articles. In 
1791 it received ten amendments; in 1798 an eleventh 
amendment; a twelfth in 1804; a thirteenth in 1865; a four- 
teenth in 1868 ; and a fifteenth amendment in 1870. 

3, The Chief Departments of the Federal Government, 
as created by the Constitution, are : — 

1. The Legislative, which makes the laws; 

2. The Judicial^ which expounds the laws ; and, 

3. The JExecutive, which attends to their due administra- 
tion. 

The legislative power is vested in a Congress, which is 
composed of a senate and house of representatives, whose 
joint acts, when signed by the president, become, with the 
several articles of the Constitution, the laws of the land. 
Tiie judicial power is exercised by a supreme court and a 
number of inferior courts, whose office it is to decide ques- 
tions of law under the jurisdiction of the general govern- 



to 18 TO.] FEDEKAL. 243 

ment. And tlie executive power is committed to a presi- 
dent, who is elected to his office for a term of four years; 
and is eligible to re-election. 

The president must be a native of the United States, and 
must have attained the age of 35 years. Reappoints, with 
the approbation of the senate, all other officers of the govr 
ernment, not otherwise appointed ; and is ex officio the 
commander-in-chief of the army and navy. The counsel- 
lors of the president, named the Cabinet^ are the secretary 
of state, of the treasury, of war, of the navy, of the inte- 
rior, the postmaster-general, and the attorney-general. A 
bill passed by Congress, in order to become a law, must 
receive the president's signature. When he vetoes a bill 
he returns it to Congress with his objections ; and if they 
re-pass it, by a vote of two-thirds, it becomes a law without 
his signature. In case of the president's death, resigna- 
tion, or other disability, the vice-president becomes the 
president. 

4. Under this Constitution eighteen Presidents have 
been inaugurated, viz. — 

1. Washington, Va., served two terms from April 30, 1789. 

2. John Adams, Mass., " one term, '* March 4, 1797. 

3. Jefferson, Ya., " two terms, " " " 1801. 

4. Madison, Ya., " " " " " " 1809. 

5. Monroe, Ya., " " " " " « 1817. 

6. J. Q. Adams, Mass., " one term, " " " 1825. 

7. Jackson, Tenn., " two terms, " " " 1829. 

8. Yan BuREN, K Y., " one term, " " " 1837. 

9. Harrison, O. (who died at the end of a month), " 1841. 

10. Tyler, Ya, (Yice-Pres.), completed the term, Apr.5, 1841. 

11. Polk, Tenn., wdio served one term from March 4, 1845. 

12. Taylor, La. (who died July 9, 1850), " '' 1849. 

13. FiLLMORE,N.Y.(Yice-Pres.)completed term,JulylO,1850. 

14. Pierce, N". H., who served one term from March 4, 1 853. 

15. Buchanan, Pa.," " " " " " 1857. 



244 HISTORY OF THE UKITED STATES, [A. ». 1T89 

16. Lincoln, III., who served one term from March 4, 1861. 

(Re-elected, but assassinated April 14, 1865.) 

17. Johnson, Tenn. (V.-R), completed 2d term, Apr.l5, 1865. 

18. Grant, 111., inaugurated . . March 4, 1869. 



I. — The Administration of George Washington. 

1789—1797 : 8 years. 

President, .... George Washington, Ya. 
Vice-President, . . . John Adams, Mass. 

The First CaUiiei.'^ 

Secretary of State^ . . . Thomas Jefferson, Va. 

Secretary of the Treasury^ . . Alexander Hamilton, N. Y. 

Secretary of War, . . . Eenry Knox, Mass, 

Postmaster- General,^ . . . Samuel Osgood, Mass. 

Attorney -General,^ . . . Edmund Randolph, Ya. 

Th£ First Supreme Court. , 

Chief-Justice — John Jay, N. Y. 

Associate Justices — John Rutledge, S. C. ; William Gushing, Mass. ; 
James Wilson, Pa. ; John Blair, Ya. ; Robert H. Harrison, Md. 

1, The Administration of the government by General 
Washington, partaking his character, "was mild and firm 
at home, noble and prudent abroad." 

2, The Chief Events were the following : — 

1. 7'he Indian War in Ohio^ September 30, 1790-1794, 
in which General Harmer, with 1400 men, and General St. 
Clair, with a much larger force, were successively beaten 
with great loss. But General Wayne, failing to obtain 
peace by treaty, attacked the Indians on the banks of the 
Miami, and, completely routing them, reduced the whole 
body of Indians in the northwest to terms of peace. 



* For Cabinet officers of the following Administrations, see Ajjpendix. 
+ Not members of the Cabinv.'t at this lime. 



to 18 TO.] FEDERAL. 245 

2. The establishment of the 3fint and a National Bank 
in Philadelphia, 1791. 

3. The Proclamation of Neutrality in the war between 
France and the Allied Powers, 1793. The French revolu- 
tionists, presuming on the sympathy of the people of the 
United States, were both urgent and insolent in their de- 
mands for aid, and many were in favor of granting it. But 
Washington, adopting the wise policy of neutrality in all 
contests among the nations of the Old World, issued a proc- 
lamation to that effect. Notwithstanding this, M. Genet, 
the French minister, landed at Charleston, and in defiance 
of the proclamation, began to fit out armed vessels in the 
service of France. At the request of Washington he was 
recalled. 

4. The Whisky Insurrection in western Pennsylvania, 
1794. As one of the means of revenue for the support of 
the government Congress laid a tax upon stills and distilled 
spirits. The act being considered by many unconstitu- 
tional, a large public meeting was held at Pittsburg, Sep- 
tember, 1791, which adopted resolutions declaring all such 
acts hostile to liberty, and denouncing all oflicers that 
would attempt to collect such taxes. In this spirit of an- 
tagonism a large number of armed men in western Pennsyl- 
vania attacked the United States marshal and the revenue 
ofiicers and drovje them from the region. To suppress this 
serious riot the president sent General Lee, of Virginia, 
with a large force, upon whose approach the insurgents laid 
down their arms. 

5. New States. — ^Vermont, which had been first settled 
at Fort Dummer (Brattleboro') 1725, was admitted as the 
fourteenth State, February 18, 1791. Kentucky, explored 
by Colonel Boone in 1770, and settled by him at Boones- 
horo\ 1775, was admitted as the fifteenth State, June 1, 
1792. Tennessee, first settled at Fort Loudon, 1757, was 
admitted as the sixteenth State, June 1, 1796. 



246 HISTORY OF THE U:N^ITED STATES. [A. ». 1789 

II. — The Administration of John Adams. ' 

I 

1797—1801 : 4 years. . 

Tlie Chief Events of Mr. Adams' administration were : — i 

1. The Difficulties with France^ arising from the war in 
Europe, 1797-1799, which now were become so serious that i| 
the president was authorized to increase the navy, and to ' 
raise an army, of which General Washington was appointed i 
commander-in-chief. The French government refusing to 
treat for peace, the capture of the French ships U'lnsur- 
gente and La Vengea?ice by Captain Truxton, of the frigate 

Constellation, suggested to the French the propriety of 
opening negotiations for that purpose, and peace was finally 
concluded September 30th, 1800. 

2. The Alien Law and the Sedition Law, which origi- 
nated in the difficulties with P" ranee. By the former the 
president was empowered to order from the Unite*! States 
any foreigner whom he might judge dangerous to the peace 
and liberty of the country. This was a very unpopular 
measure with the friends of France, and called forth vio- 
lent attacks on the government, in public speeches, news- 
papers, etc. To suppress this license of speech and of the 
press was the design of the sedition law, which punished 
with fine and imprisonment "all that should write, print, 
or publish, any false, scandalous, or malicious writing 
against the government, either house of Congress, the pres- 
ident," etc. 

3. The Death of General Washington, at Mount Ver- 
non, December 14th, 1799, aged 68 years. 

4. The Occupancy of Washington City as the seat of 
government, 1800. The District of Columbia, in which 
the city of Washington is situated, was originally a tract 
ten miles square, on both sides of the Potomac, about 160 
miles from the mouth of the river. This district was ceded 



to 1870] FEDERAL. 247 

by the States of Maryland and Virginia to the United 
States in 1789, and accepted by the general government in 
1790. That portion at first belonging to Virginia was in 
1846 retroceded to that State, leaving the present district 
an area of about 55 square miles. 

The city of Washington, bounded on the south by the 
Potomac, on the east by the Eastern Branch, and on the 
west by Rock Creek, occupies an area of about 14 miles in 
circumference. The capitol, situated on an elevated pla- 
teau, near the longitudinal centre of the city, is the largest 
and most imposing legislative edifice in the world. The 
entire length from north to south is 751 feet, and the great- 
est depth, including the magnificent porticoes, flights of 
steps, etc., is 324 feet. The height of the building from 
the eastern base line to the top of the balustrade is 10 feet. 
From the central division of the edifice rises a stupendous 
dome of cast-iron to the height of 217 feet 11 inches, and 
upon the summit of the dome stands a colossal image of 
the goddess of liberty, of bronze, 19 feet 6 inches in height, 
making the entire elevation from the base to the crown of 
the image 307 feet 5 mches. The corner-stone of the orig- 
inal building was laid by General Washington in 1793, and 
that of the extension in 1851, by President Fillmore. The 
cost of the capitol has exceeded six millions of dollars. 



III.- — The Administration of Thomas Jefferson. 

1801—1809 : 8 years. 

The Chief Events of Mr. Jefferson's administration : — 

1. The Purchase of Louisiana from France, April 30th, 

1803. The vast region named Loxdsiana. as acquired by 

the United States from France, embraced 930,928 square 

miles. It was first visited by De Soto, 1541 ; but subse- 



248 HISTORY OF THE U:&iriTED STATES. [A. ». 1789 

quently settled and claimed by the French, 1682-1699. (See 
French and Indian War.) In 1762 France by a secret 
treaty ceded the whole region west of the Mississippi to 
Spain ; but the inhabitants opposing this unjust transac- 
tion, Spain did not obtain full possession till August, 1769. 
By the Treaty of Ildefonso^ October 1, 1800, Louisiana 
was retroceded to France, and from France it passed to 
the United States, April 30, 1803, for the sum of |15,D00, 000. 
Soon after this the upper waters of the Missouri river were 
explored by Captains Lewis and Clarke^ while Major Pike 
explored the sources of the Mississippi. 

2. The War vyitli Tripoli., \%^'^-\%^\:^ was occasioned by 
the depredations of that piratical power on the commerce 
of the United States in the Mediterranean Sea. During 
the attack on Tripoli, commanded by Commodore Preble, 
the ship Philadelpthia^ striking on a rock in the harbor, was 
captured by the Tripolitans. The next year, 18C4, Lieu- 
tenant Stephen Decatur, with sixty men, boarded and 
burned the captured vessel. In 1805 the Bashaw of Tripoli 
was reduced to terms of peace, by which he consented to 
release from bondasje a laro^e number of Americans that 
had been captured and enslaved. 

3. The Conspiracy of Aaron 5wrr.— Aaron Burr, a son 
of a distinguished clergyman and a president of Princeton 
College, was a prominent politician, of brilliant and fas- 
cinating address, and of unscrupulous vaulting ambition. 
He had been vice-president during the first term of Mr. 
Jefferson, 1801-1805, but having slain General Hamilton in 
a duel, he fell into public odium, and remained for some 
time in obscurity abroad. In 1806, however, he was 
charged with a conspiracy, the design of which was either 
to wrest from the United States the lower Mississippi val- 
ley, and establish a separate government, with New Orleans 
as its capital, or to invade the provinces of Mexico and 
found an empire there. In 1807 he was brought to trial on 



to 1870.] FEDEKAL. 249 

the charge of treason against the TInited States j but from 
want of sufficient evidence he was acquitted. 

4. Disputes respecting Neutral Rights with England and 
France, being a continuation of the difficulties which had 
arisen in the administration of General Washington. Great 
Britain insisting upon the right to search neutral vessels, 
her ships of war had upon several occasions boarded Amer- 
ican vessels, and impressed their crews on the pretext that 
the men wei-e deserters from the British service. The United 
States frigate Chesapeake, when off the capes of Virginia, 
1807, refusing to submit to this indignity, was attacked by 
the British ship Leopard., and four of her men taken as 
British subjects, of whom three were native Americans. In 
consequence of this all British armed vessels were ordered 
from American waters. And to protect American com- 
merce from the hostility of both France and England, Con- 
gress in 1807 laid an embargo on all United States merchant 
vessels, forbidding them to leave their ports. In 1809 the 
embargo law was repealed, and non-intercourse wdth France 
and England substituted. 

5. In 1802 Ohio, the seventeenth State, was admitted 
into the Union. The first settlement was made at Marietta 
in 1788 by emigrants from ISTew England. 

6. In 1807 Fulton's first steamboat, the Clermont^ com- 
menced to navisrate the Hudson river. 



lY. — The Administkation of James Madison. 

1809—1817 : 8 years. 

1. The Second War with Great Britain, 1812-1814. 

— The chief event of this administration, was occasioned 
by the continued aggi'essions of that government on the 
rights of the United States as a sovereign neutral power. 

11* 



250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. ». 1789' 

Some reparation had been made for the attack on the Ches- 
apeake (June 22, 1807) ; but the persistent hostility of the 
British government produced ultimately a declaration of 
warhy the United States against that power, June 18th, 
1812. 

2, During this Contest^ which was distinguished by a 
devoted patriotism and a determined bravery, unexcelled 
in the annals of war, there were fought between forty 
and fifty battles on land^ and about twenty-five or thirty 
brilliant actions at sea. The loss in men of the Americans 
is stated to have been 11,978, while that of the British is 
estimated to have been 14,096. 

3, Afnong the more noted American Generals were — 

1. General Harrison, who defeated the Indians under 
Tecumseh, in the battle of Tippecanoe, November 7th, 1811, 
and the British and Indians under General Proctor, in the 
battle of the jTA^we^, October 5th, 1813, in which engage- 
ment Tecumseh was killed by Colonel Johnson of Kentucky, 
and the British nearly all slain or taken prisoners. 

2. Generals Brown and Scott, who in the battle of JVi- 
agara, July 25th, 1814, defeated the British under Generals 
IviALL and Drummond. 

3. General Macomb, who defeated Sir George Prevost 
in the battle of Plattsburghy Septemhev llth, 1814. 

4. General Winder, who was defeated by the British 
under General Ross in the battle of JSlade?isbur(/, August 
24th, 1814. No further opposition was made to the ad- 
vance of the British except that by Commodore Barney and 
Captain Miller, who commanded a small body of marines 
and sailors. But this Spartan band being soon overpow- 
ered, General Ross proceeded to Washington with about a 
thousand men. The capitol, president's house, and other 
public buildings were burned ;• while Admiral Cochrane, 
who commanded the British fleet, captured and plundered 
Alexandria. 



to 1870.] FEDERAL. 251 

5. General Smith, wlio commanded the forces collected 
to defend Baltimore^ September 12th, 13th, 14th, 1814. 
General Ross and Admiral Cochrane, elated at their success 
in the District of Columbia, proceeded to North Pointy 
about fourteen miles southeast of Baltimore, where they 
landed 5,000 men, and whence they advanced toward the 
city. A sharp engagement occurred about eight miles 
from the city between the head of the British column and 
a body of the Americans numbering 3,000, under General 
Stryker, at the close of which the latter began to fall back 
toward their entrenchments ; and the incautious British 
commander, pressing on at the head of his troops, was shot 
by two young Baltimoreans named Wells and Mc Comas, 
who were lying in ambusli for that purpose. Upcm this 
Colonel Brooke, who succeeded to the command of the 
British land forces, halted to await the result of the pro- 
gressing bombardment of Forts McHenry and Covington,* 
by Admiral Cochrane. But the gallant defencef of those 
posts by Major Armistead of the army and lieutenant 
Newcombe of the navy, effectually repulsing the fierce 
attack, and the British commanders being unable to agree 
with respect to further operations against Baltimore, aban- 
doned the enterprise. 

6. General Jackson, who had distinguished himself by 
several victorious campaigns against the Creeks and other 
Indian tribes, obtained a brilliant triumph over the British 
in the renowned defence of New Orleans, Louisiana, the 
crowning victory of the contest. In this noted battle, 
fought January 8, 1815, the brave General Pakenham 
was slain, and 2,600 men, the flower of the British army, 
were killed or wounded ; while the Americans, protected by 
breastworks of cotton bales, lost but thirteen ! 

* At the entrance of the harbor of Baltimore. 

+ Celebrated in the patriotic song, ''•The Star Spangled Bailor,''' by the late F. 
S. Key, of Maryland. 



252 HlSTOliY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. I>. 1T89 

4. Of the Menoivned American Naval Heroes durmg 

this war may be named : — 

1. Commodore Rogers, of the frigate President^ who 
captured the British sloop-of-war Xz^^^e Belt, Captain Bing- 
ham, off the coast of Virginia, May 16, 1811. 

2. Commodore Hull, of the frigate Constitution, who 
captured the Querrier, Captsiin. Dacres, August 19lh, 1812. 

3. Commodore Porter, who, commanding the Essex, 
captured the Alert, August 13th, 1812, but who was com- 
pelled to surrender his vessel to two British men-of-war 
after a sanguinary action, in the harbor of Valparaiso, 
March 28, 1814. 

4. Commodore Decatur, who, as a lieutenant under 
Commodore Preble, distinguished himself in the war with 
Tripoli, 1804 (see ji?a^e 247) ; afterward arose to the first 
rank of naval heroes. As commander of the frigate United 
States he captured the Macedonian, Captain Carden, Oc- 
tober 25th, 1812. Subsequently, in command of the Pres- 
ide7it, he was defeated off the coast of Long Island, Jan- 
uary toth, 1815, by a British squadron of four ships. 

5. Commodore Perry, who, on Lake Erie, with a fleet 
of nine vessels (54 guns), captured a British squadron of 
six vessels (63 guns). Commodore Barclay, September 
10th, 1813. Perry's announcement of this victory was: — 
" We have met the enemy, and they are ours.'*'' 

6. Commodore McDonough, w^ho defeated Commodore 
DowNiE on JLahe Champlain, Seiptemher 11th, 1814. The 
American fleet mounted 86 guns, and that of the British 95. 

The war closed with the Treaty of Ghent, signed De- 
cember 24th, 1814, and ratified by the United States Senate 
February 18th, 1815. 

During this administration, Louisiana, the eighteenth 
State, was admitted in 1812 ; and Indiana, the nineteenth, 
in 1816. Indiana was settled first at Yincennes, 1700, by 
French emigrants from Canada. 



to 1870.] FEDERAL. 253 



V. — The Administeation of James Monroe. 

1817—1825: 8 years, 

Tlie Chief Events oi this administration were : — 

1. The admission of Jive new States to the Federal 
Union, viz. : — 

Mississippi, twentieth, December 10th, 1817. Settled 
by the Spaniards in 1540, and by the French at Natchez in 
1716. 

Illinois, twenty-first, admitted December 23d, 1818. 
Settled by the French at Kaskashia 1683. 

Alabama, twenty-second, admitted December 19th, 1819. 
Settled by the French at Mobile, 1713. 

Maine, twenty-third State, settled by the English at 
York, 1630; admitted to the Union in 1820. 

Missouri, settled at St. Genevieve in 1763 by the French, 
and admitted into the Union December 14th, 1821. The 
act of Congress admitting this State, named " The Missouri 
Comprondse^'' permitted the existence of slavery in Mis- 
souri, but prohibited that institution in all United States 
territory west of the Mississippi river and north of latitude 
36° 30' north. 

2. " The Monroe Doctrine^'' that " the American conti- 
nent is not to be considered as subject for future coloniza- 
tion by any European power." This ground was taken by 
the president in his proclamation recognizing the independ- 
ence of the republics of South America, 1822. 

3. The Purchase of Florida from Spain, by which the 
United States acquired 59,268 square miles additional ter- 
ritory. This region, originally occupied and claimed by 
Spain, was by the Peace of Paris, 1763, ceded to Great 
Britain in exchange for Havana, which city the English 
had seized in 1761. In 1781 Spain seized and re-occupied 
West Florida, and in 1783 obtained possession of the re- 



254 HISTORY OE THE UKITED STATES. [A. ». ITSQ 

mainder of the country by the Treaty of Versailles. In 
1821 the whole region was purchased from Spain by the 
United States for the sum of $5,000,000. 

4. Marquis de la Fayette, as the nation's guest, visited 
the United States in 1824. 



VI. — The ADMiNTSTRATioisr of John Quincy Adams. 

1825—1839 : 4 years. 

During this administration, which was distinguished by 
peace at home and abroad, and universal prosperity in all 
sections of the country, there were few events of great im- 
portance. 

1. The completion of the JErie and Hadson Canal, in 
1825. This valuable work of internal improvement, the 
longest canal in the world, excepting the Imperial canal of 
China, extends from the Hudson river at Albany to BuiFalo 
on Lake Erie, a distance of 362 miles. It w^as commenced 
July 4th, 1817, and completed October 26th, 1825, at a cost 
of about $8,000,000. 

2. The death of the venerable patriots John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson, two of the illustrious heroes of the Rev- 
olution, and both of them ex-presidents, on the fourth of 
July, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the day, which by 
their devotion to the cause of enlightened and regulated 
liberty, they had contributed to render ever memorable in 
the annals of time. 



YII.— The Administration of Andrew Jackson. 
1829—1837 : 8 years. 
Tlie most Important Events of this administration 



were :- 



HplSTO.] FEDERAL. 255 

1. TJie War icith the Winnebago and Seminole Indians. 
The leader of the Winnebagoes was the celebrated chief 
Black HawJc^ who, after the defeat of his confederates, the 
,Sacs and Foxes^ in northern Illinois, still continued the con- 
test for a time with fierce determination. This hostile chief 
jwas finally defeated and captured by General Atkinson, 
August 27th, 1832; and General Scott, superseding Atkin- 
jison, concluded a treaty with the Indians, which secured for 
[the United States nearly all Wisconsin and Iowa. The 
Seminole and Creek Indians in Flo rida had aofreed to re- 
.move to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi; but 
jtinder the chieftainship of the famed warrior Osceola and 
others, they determined to remain in their old hunting- 
grounds, and in retaliation of former injuries made war upon 
tlie whites in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, 1835-42. In 
the early part of this sanguinary contest Major Dade, with 
jllO men, and General Thompson, with a party of friends, 
Avere nearly all massacred, December 28th, 1835. At 
length Generals Clinch, Gaines, and Scott successively 
obtained such advantages over them that many were in- 
duced to remove to the west ; and the heroic though savage 
Osceola, being dishonorably seized by General Jessup, was 
sent to Fort Moultrie, where he died in 1838. 

2. The Nidlijication ordinance passed by the legislature 
of South Carolina, setting aside the authority of Congress 
5n passing certain tariff laws by which additional duties 
were imposed on foreign goods. South Carolina regarding 
the operation of this high tariff law as injurious to her in- 
terests, threatened resistance to its execution. But the dif- 
ficulty was speedily removed by the firmness of the presi- 
dent, aided by the influence of the Compromise Act, 
adopted b}^ Congress, at the suggestion of Mr. Clay. 

3. The Removal of the Funds of the United States, 
jamounting to about 110,000,000, from the United States 
[Bank to the State banks, October 1st, 1833. The Specie 



256 HISTORY OF THE UI^ITED STATES. [A. ». 17S9 

Circular^ issued by the treasury department, requiring 
gold or silver in payment for the public lands, July, 1836. 
The Distribution Act, which ordained that all money in the 
national treasury on the 1st of January, 1837, should be 
divided among the States. 

4. AiiKANSx\s, settled at ArJcansas I^osthy the French in 
1685, was admitted, twenty-fifth State, June 15th, 1836. 
Michigan, twenty-sixth State, was settled by the French 
at Detroit, 1670, and admitted to the Union January 26th, 
1837. 

5. Death of Mninent Men. — John Jay, one of the 
presidents of the Continental Congress, and the first chief- 
justice under the Federal government, died at Bedford, 
New York, May 17th, 1829, aged 84 years. James Mon- 
roe, the fifth president of the United States, died in New 
York, July 4th, 1831, aged 73, being the third ex-president 
that had died on the 4th of July. Charles Carroll, of 
Carrollton, Maryland, the last survivor of the illustrious 
signers of the Declaration of Independence, died in Balti- 
more, November 14th, 1832, aged 96. John Randolph, of 
Roanoke, Virginia, a descendant of Pocahontas, and for 
thirty years a distinguished member of Congress, died in 
Philadelphia, May, 1833, at the age of 60. John Mar- 
shall, of Virginia, who for many years presided in the su- 
preme court with an ability and a dignity which have not { 
been surpassed, died in the year 1835, at the age of 85. 



VIII. — The Administration of Martin Van Buren. 

1837—1841 : 4 years. 

1. In this administration were experienced some of the 
results of the measures of the preceding administration. 
The banks throughout the country suspended specie pay- 
ments, and great pecuniary distress generally prevailed. 



to 1870.] FEDBRAL. 257 

2. In the year 1837 an insurrection broke out in Canada, 
which was aided from the opposite shore of the United 
States by a number of those restless spirits which are ever 
ready to engage in questionable enterprises. After several 
fruitless attempts to revolutionize Canada, the American 
aiders and abettors of the so-called patriots were dispersed 
by the authorities of the United States. 

3. August 18th, 1838, the United States Exploring Ex- 
pedition^ consisting of six vessels, under Commodore 
Wilkes, sailed from Hampton Roads, Virginia. And hav- 
ing visited and explored many places before unknown, 
among others that which is supposed to be the coast of an 
Antarctic continent, the squadron returned in June, 1812, 
bringing home a great variety of rare and valuable speci- 
mens of natural history. 



IX. — The Administratioit of Harrison and Tyler. 
1841—1845 : 4 years. 

1, William Senry Harrison^ the son of Benjamin 
Harrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and 
the hero of Tippecanoe, the Thames, and other battles in 
the war of 1812-1814, became, by a large popular vote, the 
ninth president of the United States, March 4th, 1841. But 
the president lived only one month after his inauguration, 
dying April 4th, when, according to the Constitution, John 
Tyler, the vice-president, became president for the remain- 
der of the term. This was the first instance of the death 
of a president while in office. 

2, The Chief Events occurring during this administra- 
tion : — 

1. The Eunher Hill Monument completed after a prog- 
ress of seventeen years, July 23d, 1842. 



258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. ». 1789 

"2. The Kortlieastern Boundary lAne botween Maine and 
New Brunswick ratified by the Senate as determined by 
the commissioners, Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton, 
July, 1842. 

3. S. I^\ B. Morse enabled, by a Congressional grant of 
$30,000, to erect an experimental telegraph between Balti- 
more and Washington cities, March 3d, 1843. 

4. The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island, 1843, was occa- 
sioned by an effort on the part of some of the people to 
substitute a State Constitution for the old charter granted 
by Charles 11., 1663, under which the State had remained 
until this time. The movement, led by Thomas W. Dorr, 
designed to set aside the old charter, not according to legal 
forms but by a spontaneous revolutionary act of the people. 
The party opposed to Dorr's movement, called the Charter 
Party ^ were not unwilling to adojjt a new Constitution, but 
were determined it should be accomplished in a regular and 
peaceful manner. This party at length triumphed. Dorr 
was ti'ied and imprisoned, but was aiterward released. 

5. Florida, settled at 8t. Augustine by the Spaniards in 
1565, was admitted into the Union as the twenty-seventh 
State, March 3d, 1845. 



X. — The Admhstistration of James K. Polk. 

1845—1849 : 4 years. 

1, Three new States were received into the great family 
union durincf this administration : — Texas, Iowa, and Wis- 
consin, making the whole number thirty. 

1. Texas was settled at Bexar (San Antonio), in 1694, by 
the Spaniards; and although it had been explored botli by 
Ponce de Leon and La Salle, yet until 1836 it was consid- 
ered as subject to Mexico. At that time the people, being 
for the most part immigrants from the United States, threw 



to 1870.] FEDERAL. 259 

off the oppressive and degrading government of Mexico 
and declared thennselves independent. This act being re- 
cognized by the United States, Great Britain, France, and 
other powers, Texas was acknowledged as an independent 
republic. But it was rather a small and feeble nation, and 
being unable at once to sustain itself as an independent 
power, application was made for admission into the Federal 
Union. This was readily granted, and Texas became the 
twenty-eighth State, in 1845, adding to the area of the 
great Republic 237,504 square miles. 

2. Iowa at first formed a part of the territory purchased 
from France as Loidsiana, in 1803. Permanent settlements 
were made about the year 1830, at Dubuque, and Hurling- 
ton by colonists from Michigan and Illinois. Iowa was ad- 
mitted as the twenty-ninth State, December 25th, 1846. 

3. Wisconsin, originally a part of the Northwest Terri- 
tory, was settled by the French at Green 3ay in 16G9, and 
admitted to the Union, the thirtieth State, May 29th, 
1848. The Northwest Territory was at first a part of Vir- 
ginia, extending north to the Lakes and west to the Missis- 
sippi. 

^. Tlie War ivith Mexico was the result of the annex- 
ation of Texas to the United States, as Mexico had not re- 
linquished her claim to Texas. During this contest, which 
began April 26th, 1846, General Taylor defeated the Mex- 
icans in the battles of J^alo Alto, Hesaca de la Palma, 
Monterey ; and in 1847, Buena Vista. In these engage- 
ments the Mexicans were commanded by Generals Arista 
and Ampudia. In 1847 General Scott captured Vera Cruz, 
and prosecuting the war defeated the Mexicans in the suc- 
cessive battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Cheruhusco, 
Molino del Hey, Chapultepec, and finally captured the city 
of Mexico. In these battles the Mexicans were generally 
led by the celebrated Santa Anna. By the Treaty of 
Guadaloupe Hidalgo, February 2d, 1848, California and 



2G0 HISTORY OF THE U:N^ITED STATES. [A. B. 1789 

New Mexico were ceded to the United States for 
$15,000,000. Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, was 
settled in 1682. 

3, The Oregon Boundary Line determined to be the 
forty-ninth degree of north latitude by the commissioners, 
James Buchanan and Sir R. Packenham, 1846. 

4, Obituary. — On the 8th of June, 1845, ex-president 
Andrew Jackson died at the Hermitage^ in Tennessee, at 
the age of 78. He was a native of South Carolina, where 
he was born March 15th, 1767. He was a man of great 
firmness and energy of character, not kss popular as a pol- 
itician than admired as a soldier, and no man was more 
sincerely regarded than he in the relations of private life. 

On the 22d of February, 1848, ex president John Quincy 
Adams expired in the capitol at Washington, at the age of 
81. Having devoted his life to the service of his country, 
he had occupied with distinguished ability every position 
to which he had been called. His last words were : " This 
is the last of earth — I am content.'^'* 



XL — The Administration of Taylor and Fillmore. 

1849—1853: 4 years. 

1, The Ifiiportant Matters at this time were the ad- 
mission of California into the Union and the settlement 
of the exciting questions which arose in connection with it. 
The people of California had adopted a constitution prohib- 
iting domestic slavery, and applied to be admitted as a free 
State. This was violently opposed in Congress, because a 
large part of the proposed State lay south of the Missouri 
Com2)romise Line. To obviate the difficulty Henry Clay, 
the great pacificator, introduced a compromise bill into Con- 
gress, familiarly named the Omnibus Bill, arid wliich was 
finally adopted, providing, 1. That California should be ad- 



to 1870.] FEDEKAL, 261 

mitted as a free State. 2. That the territories of Utah and 
New Mexico should be erected without mention of domestic 
slavery, and that $10,000,000 should be paid to Texas for 
her claims on New Mexico. 3. That the slave-trade should 
be abolished in the District of Columbia. 4. That a law 
should be passed for the return of fugitive bond servants. 
Upon the adoption of this bill, September, 1850, California 
was admitted to the Union, being the thirty-first State. It 
was settled by the Spaniards in 1769, at Los Angelas. 

2, Obituary. — On the 9th of July, 1850, died President 
Zachary Taylor, after an illness of a few days : a brave 
soldier, a pure patriot, and an upright man. 

At the city of Washington, March 31, 1850, died John 
C. Calhoujst, of South Carolina, agod 68 years ; at the 
same place, June 29, 1852, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, in the 
75th vear of his as^e : and on the 24th of the following: Octo- 
ber, at Marshfield^ Massachusetts, Daniel Webster, aged 
70 years. Men of peerless renown : their history is the 
record of their country's fame. 



XII. — The Administration of Franklin Pierce. 

1853—1857 : 4 years. 

Chief Events, — 1. Death of the Vice-President. — Wil- 
liam RuFus King of Alabauia, who had been elected as 
vice-president with Mr. Pierce, died on the 18th of April, 
1853, not having been inaugurated, and leaving the mce- 
presidency vacant during this administration. 

2. The Purchase of A^^izona, 1853. — The boundary-line 
between Mexico and the territories of New Mexico and 
California not having been accurately defined when those 
regions were obtained by the United States in 1848, a dis- 
pute arose between the two governments respecting it. In 
order to settle this question amicably an additional region 



362 HISTORY OF THE UKITED STATES. [A. ». 1789 

named Arizona, embracing an area of 27,500 square miles,|l 
and including the territory in dispute, was purchased from 
Mexico for $20,000,000. 

3. Treaty with Japan, March 23d, 1854. — Commodore] 
Perry* having been sent on a friendly expedition to Japan,: 
succeeded in negotiating between that empire and the I 
United States a treaty of commerce, which has proved mu-' 
tually advantageous. 

4. The Civil War in ITansas, 1855. — The Congress hav- 
ing passed an act named the Kansas- N^ehraska JMll, organ- 
izing those territories, with the privilege of coming into the 
Union either as free States or slavery States ; and one of 
the provisions of this act repealing the Missouri Compro- 
7nise, the old question respecting the extension of the insti- 
tution of domestic slavery was reopened with great vio- 
lence. Yery soon the two parties. Pro-slavery and Anti- 
slavery, were slrongly represented in Kansas, and for a long 
time they engaged in a fierce civil w^ar, which resulted ulti- 
mately in the triumph of the anti-slavery or free-soil party, 
and the admission of Kansas in 1861 as a free State. 



XIII. — The Administratioi^ of James BucHANAif. 

1857—1861 : 4 years. 

Chief Events, — 1. The Mormon Rebellion. — The Mor- 
mons, a sect of fanatical religionists, now occupying Utah 
Territory, originated in 1827, at Palmyra, New York, with 
one Joe Smith, who pretended that he had by a divine rev- 
elation discovered an ancient book called the Book of Mor- 
mon, containing the doctrines and laws of the only true 
church. Smith soon collected a number of ignorant or 
designing followers, from nearly all parts of the world, who 

* A brother of the hero of Lake Erie. 



tolS70.j FEDERAL. 263 

proclaimed themselves The Latter-day Saints, who are to 
possess the earth. They formed a settlement at JVauvoo, 
Illinois, where in 1845 Joe Smith and his brother Hiram 
were shot in a riot occasioned by their disorderly and im- 
moral practices. Being driven from Illinois they emigrated 
beyond the Rocky Mountains, and in 1847 established 
themselves near the Great Salt Lake, where they founded 
a state, which they named Deseret, built a city and a tem- 
ple, and lived under their own laws as an independent peo- 
ple : ^righam Young being their acknowledged prophet, 
priest, and king. In 1850 this region, having been origi- 
nally a part of Upper California, was organized by Con- 
gress as the Territory of Utah ; and Brigham Young was 
appointed the first governor by President Fillmore. Young 
was continued in this office until 1857, when, in consequence 
of the repeated outrages committed by the Mormons upon 
all government officers in the territory who were not Mor- 
mons, their constant molestation of emigrants going through 
the territory, and their frequent destruction of the provi- 
sion trains of the United States army. President Buchanan 
appointed another governor, a Mr. Cumming, and with him 
sent an army to sustain, if necessary, the Federal authoi-ity. 
Upon this the saints submitted reluctantly to the new order 
of things ; but subsequent events render it evident that, as 
Mormons, these misguided people can never be law-abiding 
citizens of the United States. 

2. Three New States — Minnesota, Oregon, and Kansas. — 
1. Minnesota formed a part of the Louisiana purchase, 
1803. It was visited by traders and trappers from Canada 
about 1654. In 1680 Louis Hennepin explored the Upper 
Mississippi region ; and again in 1766 the territory was ex- 
plored by Jonathan Carver of Connecticut. The first set- 
tlement was a fort on Lake Pepin, by Perrot and Le Sueur, 
in 1689. Minnesota was organized as a territory in 1849, 
and admitted as a State May 1 Ith, 1857. 2. Oregon was vis- 



264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A.U. 1789 

ited by the Spaniards at an early period, but Captain Gray 
of Boston, sailing in the ship Columbia, took possession of 
the country in 1792, naming its principal river Columbia, 
after his vessel. It was afterward visited by Captains Lewis 
and Clarke, 1804-6. Organized as a territory in 1848 ; di- 
vided from Washington territory in 1852, and admitted as 
a State February 14th, 1859. 3. Kansas, after some delay, 
was admitted into the Union, the thirty-fourth State, Janu- 
ary 29th, 1861 (see p. 262). 

3. The Secession of eleven Southern States from the 
Federal Union, December 20th, 1860— May 21st, 1861, viz., 
South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, 
Alabama, Texas, Arkansas, Virginia, Tennessee, and North 
Carolina. This movement orig^inated in a determination not 
to ^submit to the rule of the political party that had elected 
Mr. Lincoln to the presidency, and it was justified on the 
principles of a class of politicians, the State Mights party, 
which, confined to no section, had existed from the origin 
of the government, and which held among other things 
that " the sovereis^n States which had formed the Federal 
compact were competent at any time, for cause, to with- 
draw from it." The States that had thus seceded formed 
for themselves a general government as The Confederate 
States of America, of which Jefferson Davis of Missis- 
sippi was chosen president, and Alexander H. Stephens 
of Georgia vice-president, February 9Lh, 1861. 



XIY. — The Administration of Lincoln and Johnson. 

1861—1869 : 8 years. 

1. On the 4th of March, 1861, Abraham Lincoln of 
Illinois, and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, were inaugurated 



to 1870.] FEDERAL. 365 

president and vice-president of the United States. Poind- 
ing the authority of the Fedoral government set aside in 
the seceded States, and that those States had actually pro- 
jeeeded to open and armed hostility to that authority, Mr. 
I Lincoln, according to the principles of another great politi- 
ical party, the J^c/er a/, regarding the Federal Constitution 
as the supreme law of the land and obligatory upon all the 
jcitizens, and having in his inauguration oath sworn to 
*' preserve, protect, and defend" that Constitution, prepared 
|by force of arms " to restore the authority of the Federal 
government in all places where it had been abolished." The 
capture of Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, by the Con- 
federates, after a desperate defence by a small United 
States garrison, was the actual commencement of the war, 
April 12 th, 1861. 

2. During the sanguinary contest which ensued, one hun- 
dred and twenty-seven important battles are reported to 
have been fought ; of which, it is stated, seventy-seven re- 
sulted favorably to the Federal government, and forty-six 
to the Confederates; while /bi^r are set down as having 
been indecisive. In these terrible battles, both on land 
and water, there were exhibited on both sides personal 
valor and deeds of heroism worthy of the great captains 
of any age, and for which the American soldier has ever 
been distinguished. 

3. The capture of Petersburg, Virginia, by the United 
States forces under General U. S. Grant, and the conse- 
quent evacuation of Richmond, followed by the surrender 
of the Confederate array under General Robert E. Lee, 
terminated this great civil war, April 9th, 1865. 

4. On the 14th of the same month Mr. Lincoln, who had 
been re-elected president, was assassinated by a theatrical 
desperado, and Vice-President Andrew Johnson became 
president for the remainder of the term, ending March 4th, 
1869. 

12 



2G6 HISTOEY OP THE UKITED STATES. [A. ». 1780 

5. Between President Johnson and the Congress there 
soon arose a controversy respecting the terms upon which 
the late Confederate States should hii reconstructed^ i. e, re- 
stored to their original relations to the Federal Union, and 
respecting other matters in the administration of the gov- 
ernment. On the 5th of March, 1868, the president was 
impeached by the House of Representatives for high crimes 
and tnisdoneanors, and having been tried by the Senate, 
Chief- Justice Chase presiding, he was on the 16th of May 
acquitted by that high tribunal. 

6. On the 25th of December, 1868, the president issued 
a proclamation of general amnesty, restoring to their civil 
rights all that had taken part in the so called ''''rebellion^'' on 
their taking a certain oath of allegiance to the Federal 
government. 

7. On the 4th of March, 1869, Ulysses S. Grant and 
SnHUYLER Colfax were inaugurated president and vice- 
president of the United States, their official term to expire 
March 4th, 1873. 



Observations on the Federal Period. 

1, Instances of Sectional JDiscontent in the Federal 
Union, — Prior to the late secession of the Southern States 
there had occurred several instances of serious sectional dis- 
content with the administration of the Federal government. 

1. 71ie 'Whisky Insurrection^ in western Pennsylvania. 

2. The Opposition of the Nein England States to the 
war with Great Britain, 1812-1814, as expressed in the pro 
ceedings of the Hartford Convention^ December 15th, 1811. 

3. The Nullification ordinance of South Carolina 
(p. 255). 

4. Petitions for the Dissolution of the JJnion^ miles.^ 



to 1870.] FEDERAL. 267 

davery were abolished^ signed by a large number of per- 
sons in Massachusetts, and presented to Congress by tlieir 
representative, John Q.uincy Adams. 

From the adoption of the Federal Constitution to the 
present time diverse opinions have been honestly enter- 
I tained respecting both the interpretation of that instrument 
and the best policy to be observed in the particular admin- 
istration of the government. Between President Wash- 
I ington and Mr. Jefferson, his secretary of state, there existed 
i a decided difference of opinion respecting the constitution- 
ality of the act of Congress chartering the Bank of the 
United States. The secretary, holding the necessity of a 
strict constructio7i of the Constitution, maintained theiiega- 
tive, while the president, adopting the principle of a /reer 
inter 2)retation^ as conscientiously maintained the affirma- 
tive. And the respective principles involved in this and 
similar questions have ever had numerous and jjowerful 
advocates. This diversity of opinion upon political as well 
as upon other debatable subjects, is to be expected. Nor 
is it in itself undesirable, for it is only through the conflict 
of ideas, investigation, controversy, and experiment, that 
intelligent yet fallible men discover upon such subjects the 
great principles of truth and wisdom, and the proper mode 
of their application. But in order to attain the desired 
result the conflict should be a fair one j the investigation 
should be conducted with candor ; and the controversy 
should be marked with self-respect and generosity. When, 
however, the contest is for mere victory and not for truth ; 
for selfish or sectional aggrandizement and not for the na- 
tional welfare ; and when the controversy is distinguished 
by personal invective and acrimony of temper, then party 
spirit becomes the bane of the republic. 

But it must ever be borne in mind that the Constitution 
of the United States, having been devised by a body of 
men, distinguished not less by private virtue and personal 



268 HISTOEY OF THE UKITED STATES. [A. ». 1789 

honor than by political ability and enlightened patriotism, 
for the purpose of securing to the people of the United 
States, on the principle of self-government, the blessings 
of civil and religious liberty, it accomplishes that exalted 
purpose only when the officers of the government are actu- 
ated by the virtue and the patriotism of the noble men 
who " pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred 
honor," for the privilege of adopting such a national com- 
pact, and only so far as the people themselves are disposed 
and qualified to enjoy the blessings which that compact 
guarantees. 

2. Iniportatit Mechanical Inventions originating with 
citizens of the United States : — 

1. The CoTTOi!^ Gin, invented in 1790, by Eli Whitney, 
a native of Massachusetts, but at that time residing in 
Georgia ; 2. The Steamboat, by Robert Fulton ; 3. The 
Magnetic Telegraph, by S. F. B. Morse ; and 4. The 
Mow^ER AND Reaper, by C H. McCormick. 

Cotton was used in India as a cloth four hundred years 
before the Christian a3ra. It was brought into Arabia by 
the Saracens, and in the ninth century after Christ the 
Moors introduced it into Spain. 

The Crusaders brought cotton cloth to Europe from Mo- 
sul, whence it was named by them Mosuline (muslin). The 
manufacture of this fabric was introduced into England in 
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, by refugees from Holland ; 
in 1730 3Ir. Wyatt began to spin cotton by machinery, and 
the first cotton-mill in England was erected at Manchester 
in 1742. Soon after this Arkwright brought cotton ma- 
chinery very nearly to its present state of perfection. 

The first cotton-mill in America w^is built by a Mr. Slater 
in 1790, at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, at which period 
cotton was little known or used in this country. In 1800 
the whole product was but 85,000 bales. Fifty years later 
it was 3,500,000 bales. 



lo 18T0.1 FEDEKAL. 269 

2. Although the Steam-Engine had been applied in Eng- 
land to various mechanical purposes before the present cen- 
tury, yet the honor of applying it to the purposes of navi- 
gation is due to Robert Fulton, of Lancaster county, Penn- 
sylvania, where he was born in the year 1765. Having 
gone to Europe to prosecute his scientific studies, Fulton's 
attention was directed, while in Paris, to the subject of 
steam navigation by R. R. Livingston, the American min- 
ister to France. In the year 1803 he made a successful 
experiment with a model steamboat on the river Seine, in 
the presence of a vast concourse of people. On the return 
of Fulton and Livingston to the United States in 1806, 
they commenced building a steamboat, and in 1807 this 
vessel, called the Clermont, began navigating the Hudson 
at the rate oijive miles an hour. 

From that memorable a3ra in the life of the indefatigable 
Fulton the art of navigating by steam has been advanced 
to great perfection. Land steam-locomotion has been intro- 
duced; and the steam-engine, of every dimension and 
power, has been applied to all purposes in the arts and 
manufactures requiring velocity and force. And it is not 
improbable that another Fulton may hereafter apply it suc- 
cessfully to the purposes of atmospheric travel. 

3. The 3fagnetic Telegraph, the wonder of the age, is 
the result of the persevering efforts of Samuel F. B. Morse, 
in applying to this important purpose discoveries in the 
science of electro-magnetism w^hich had been previously 
maile by Professor Joseph Henry, the distinguished secre- 
tary of the Smithsonian Institution. In the month of May, 
1844, the first telegraphic lines were laid between Baltimore 
and Washington; and the first message sent over the wires 
was this : " What hath God wrought P' In the year 1858 
was successfully laid the telegraphic cable between the 
eastern and western continents, placing the Old World and 
the New in hourly communication. 



270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [A. ». 1789 

4. If a mechanical invention that annually adds millions 
to the general income of the country, and that, more than 
any other, has alleviated the oppressive toil of the husband- 
man, is worthy of historic mention, then we must name, 
with every mark of consideration, the far-famed lloioer and 
Heaper, invented in 1831 hy Cyrus H. McCormick, of Vir- 
ginia, then in the twenty-second year of his age. 

5. The Importance arid Dignify of the Mechanical 
Professions, — In some classes of society there exists an 
unreasonable prejudice against engaging in these important 
pursuits of life. But if there had been any essential un- 
w^orthiness connected with such eirployraents it has been 
forever removed. For when the Eternal Son of God, in 
the exercise of infinite love, would visit our world to in- 
struct and save the lost. He assumed our nature in the per- 
son of Mary's son; and the Incarnate Divinity was known 
as a carpenter in Galilee. He chose his apostles chiefly 
from among the working-classes, and kings and rulers 
trembled at the eloquence of the inspired tent-maker of 
Tarsus. 

4. Classification of States and Territories according 
to Geographical JPosition, 

1. Eight Northern Divisions: Washingtoir, Idaho, 
Montana, Wyo'ining, Dacotah, Minnesota, Wisconsin, 
Michigan. 

2. Fourteen Eastern: Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- 
mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, 
District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina. 

3. Seven Southern : South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas. 

4. Seven Western : Oregon, California, Nevada, Ari- 
zona, JSfe'W Mexico, Colorado, Utah. 

5. Twelve Central : Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, 
Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, 
Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territorii. 



to 1870.] FEDERAL. 271 

6. Alaska, purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000, 
lies at the extreme northwestern part of North America. 
Total, 49 divisions. 

o. Progressive Enlargement of Territory, 

Sq. miles. 
Area of the United States at Treaty of Peace, 178:] 815,615 

Louisiana, as purchased from France, 1803 930,928 

Florida, as purchased from Spain, 1821 59,268 

Texas, as annexed in 1845 237,504 

Oregon, as determined by treaty, in 1846 280,425 

California and New Mexico, obtained in 1847 649,762 

Arizona, purchased from Mexico in 1854 27,500 

Alaska, purchased from Russia in 1867 577,390 



Total in 1870 .3,578,392 

Increase in 87 years 2,762,777 

6, Increase of Population since A, D, 1790, 



1790 3,929,827 

1800 5,305,925 

1810 7,239,814 

1820 9,638,131 



1830 12,866,020 

1840 17,069,453 

1850 23,191,876 

1860 31,443,321 



1870 40,000,000 + . 

The ratio of increase varying from 32.67 to 36.45 per 
cent., and the absolute increase in eighty years more than 
35,000,000. 



APPENDIX. 



I. The Chief Officers of the Federal Government. 

1. The President. (See p. 243.) 

2. The Vice-Presidents, {ex-officio Presidents of the Senate.) 



John Adams, Mass April 30, 1789 

Thomas Jefferson, Va March 4, 1797 

AaronBnrr, N. Y " 4,1801 

George Cliuton, N. Y ' " 4, 1805 

(Died April 20, 1812.) 
Elbridge Gerry, Mass March 4, 1813 

(Died Nov. 23, 1814.) 
Daniel D. Tompkins, N. Y., Mar. 4, 1817 

John C. Calhoun, S. C " 4, 18-25 

Martin Van Bureu, N. Y. . . . " 4, 1833 
Richard M. Johnson, Ky. . . . " 4, 1837 

John Tyler, Va " 4,1841 

(Succeeded Harrison as Pres.Apr.4,1841) 



George M. Dallas, Pa March 4, 1845 

Millard Fillmore, N. Y. . . . " 4, 1849 
(Succeeded Taylor as President, July 9, 

1850.) 

William R. King, Ala. (Died April 18, 

1853, Vice-Presidency vacant 4 years.) 

John C. Breckinridge, Ky., Mar. 4, 1857 

Hannibal Hamlin, Me " 4,1861 

Andrew Johnson., Tenn. . . " 4, 1865 
(Succeeded Lincoln as President, April 

15, 1865.) 
Schuyler Colfax, Ind March 4, 1869 



3. Secretaries of State. (" Department of Foreign Affairs," created by 
gress, July 27, 1789— afterward changed to that of " State.") 



Thomas Jefferson, Va Sept. 26, 1789 

Edmund Randolph, Va Jan. 2, 1794 

Timothy Pickering, Mass., Dec. 10, 1795 

John Marshall, Va May 13, 1800 

James Madison, Va Marcli 5, 1801 

Robert Smith, Md " 6,1809 

James Monroe, Va April 2, 1811 

John Quincy Adams, Mass., Mar. 4, 1817 

Henry Clay, Ky " 4,1825 

Martin Van Buren, N. Y. . . " 6, 18:9 

Ed. Livingston, La May 24, 1831 

Louis McLean, Del " 29, 1833 

John Forsyth, Ga June 27, 1834 

Daniel Webster, Mass . . . .March 5, 1841 



Hugh S. Legare, S. C May 9, 

Abel P. Upshur, Va June 24, 

John Nelson, Md. . . Feb. 29, 

John C. Calhoun, S. C March 6, 

James Buchanan, Pa " 5, 

John M. Clayton, Del " 7, 

Daniel Webster, Mass July 20, 

Edward Everett, Mass Dec. 9, 

William L. Marcy, N. Y., March 5, 

Lewis Cass, Micb " 6, 

Jeremiah S. Black, Pa Dec. 14, 

Wm. H. Seward, N. Y. . . .March 5, 

E. B. Washburne, 111 " 5, 

Hamilton Fish, N. Y " 11, 



Con- 

1843 
1&13 
1844 
1844 
1845 
1849 
1859 
1851 
1853 
1857 
1860 
1861 
1869 
1869 



Secretaries or the Treasury. (Department created by Congress, Septem- 
ber 2, 1789.) 



Alex. Hamilton, N. Y Sept. 12, 1789 

Oliver Wolcott, Ct Feb. 4, 1795 

Samuel Dexter, Mass Dec, 31, 1800 

Albert Gallatin, Pa May 14, 1802 

Geo. W. Campbell, Tcnn., Feb. 9, 1814 
Alex. J. Dallas, Pa Oct. 6, 1814 



Wm. H. Crawford, Ga Oct. 22, 1817 

Richard Rush, Pa March 7, 182.5 

Samuel D. Ingham, Pa. . . . " 6, 1820 

Loui^ McLean, Del Aug. 8, 1831 

Wm. J. Duane. Pa May 2), 1833 

Roger B. Taney, Md Sept. 23, 1833 



274 



OFFICERS OF FEDERAL GOYERKMENT. 



Levi Woodbury, N. H June 27, 1834 

Thomas Ewing, Ohio March 5, 1841 

Walter Forward, Pa Sept. 13, 1841 

John C. Spencer, N. Y. . . .March 3, 1843 

George M. Bibb, Ky June 15, 1814 

Robert J. Walker, Miss.. .March 5, 1845 

Wm. M. Meredith, Pa "■ 7, 1849 

Thomas Corwin, Ohio June 20, 1850 

James Guthrie, Ky March 5, 1853 



Howell Cobb, Ga March 6, 1857 

Philip F. Thomas, Md Bee. 10, 18r.O 

John A. Dis, N. Y Jan. 11, 1861 

Salmon P. Chase, Ohio... March 5, 1861 

Wm. P. Fessenden, Me July 1, 1864 

Hugh McCulloch, Ind... March 7, 1865 
Alex. T. Stewart, N. Y.... '' 5, 18(59 
George S. Boutwell, Mass. " 11, 1869 



5. Secretaries op War. (Department created by Congress, August 7, 1789.) 



Henry Knox, Mass Sept. 12, 1789 

Timothy Pickering, Mass... Jan. 2, 1795 

James McHenry, Md Jan. 27, 1796 

Samuel Dexter, Mass May 13, 1800 

Roger Griswold, Ct Feb. 3, 1801 

Henry Dearborn, Mass March 5. 1801 

William Eustis, Mass " 7, IB'^D 

John Armstrong, N. Y Jan. 13, 1813 

James Monroe, Va Sept. 27, 1814 

Wm. H. Crawford, Ga ....March 2, 1815 

Isaac Shelby, Ky •' 5, 1817 

(Declined the appointment.) 

George Graham, Va April 7, 1817 

John C. Calhoun, S. C Oct. 8, 1817 

James Barbour, Va March 7, 1825 

Peter B. Porter, N. Y May 26, 1828 



Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y., Mar. 3, 1837 

Joel R. Poinsett, S. C " 7, 1837 

John Bell, Tenn " 5,1841 

John McLean, Ohio Sept. 13. 1841 

John C. Spencer, N. Y Oct. 12, 1841 

James M. Porter, Pa .March 8, 1843 

William Wilkins, Pa Feb. 15, 1844 

William L. Marcy, N. Y. ..March 5, 1845 
George W. Crawford, Ga., " 6, 1849 

Charles M. Conrad, La Augu-t 8, 1850 

Jefferson Davis, Miss March 5, 1853 

John B. Floyd, Va " 6,1857 

Joseph Holt, Ky Dec. 30, 1860 

Simon Cameron, Pa March 5, IStil 

Edwin M. Stanton, Pa.. .Jan. 13, 1862 
U. S. Grant, Illin ois Aug. 12, 1867 



John H. Katon, Tenn March 9, 1829 } John M. Schofield April 23, 186S 

Lewis Cass, Mich August 1, 1P31 j John A. Rawlins, 111 March 11, 18G9 

6. Secretaries op the Navy. (Department created by Congress, April 3,1793.) 



George Cabot, Mass May 3, 1798 

Benj. Stoddert, Md "21, 1798 

Robert Smith, Md July 15, 1801 

Jb. Crowninshield, Mass May 3, 1805 

Paul Hamilton, S. C March 7, 1SU9 

William Jones, Pa Jan. 12, 1813 

B. W. Crowninshield, Mass.,Dec.l7, 1814 

Smith Thompson, N. Y Nov. 9, 18! 8 

John Rodgers, Mass Sept. 1, 1823 

S. L. Southard, N.J " 16, 1823 

John Branch, N, C March 9, 1829 

Levi Woodbury, N. H May 23, 1831 

Mahlon Dickerson, N. J. . . June 30, 1834 
Jas. K. Paulding, N. Y " 20, 1838 

7. Secretaries of the Interior. 

Thomas Ewing, Ohio March 7, 1849 

T. M. T. McKennan, Pa... Aug. 16, 1850 
Alex. H. H. Stuart, Va....Sept. 12, 1850 
Robert McClelland, Mich.. March 5, 1853 
Jacob Thompson, Miss •' 6, 18:>7 



Geo. E. Badger, N. C March 5, 1811 

Abel P. Upshur, Va Sept. 13, 1&14 

David Henshaw, Mass July 24, 1S43 

Thos. W. Gilmer, Va Feb. 12, 1844 

John Y. Mason, Va March 14, 1844 

George Bancroft, Mass... " 10,1845 

John Y. Mason, \'a Sept. 9, 1846 

Wm. B. Preston, Va March 7, 1849 

Wm. A. Graham, N. C July 20, 1850 

John P. Kennedy, Md " 22, 1852 

Jas. C. Dobbin, N. C March 5, 1853 

Isaac Toucey, Ct " 6, 1857 

Gideon Welles, Ct " 5, 1861 

Adolph E. Borie, Pa " 5, 1869 

(Department created March 3, 1849.) 

Caleb B. Smith, Ind March 5, 1861 

John P. Usher, Ind Jan. 7, 1862 

James Harlan, Iowa May 16, 1865 

O. H. Browning, 111 Sept. 1. 1866 

Jacob D. Cox, Ohio March 5, 1869 



OFFICERS OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 



275 



. Postmasters-General. (Department of the General Popt-Office, created by- 
Congress September 22, 1789 ; but the Postmaster-General was not a member of 
the Cabinet until President Jackson's Administration, 1829-37.) 



Samuel Osgood. Mass Sept. 26, 1789 

Timothy Pickering. Mass. .Aug. 12, 1791 

Jas. Habersham, Ga Feb. 25, 1*^95 

Gideon Granger, Ct Nov. 28, 1801 

Return J. Meigs, Ohio.. .March 17, 1814 

John McLean, Ohio June 25, 1823 

Wm. T, Barry, Ky March 9, 18^9 

Amos Kendall, Ky " 1, 1835 

John M. Niles, Ct May 18, 1840 

Francis Granger, N.Y March (i, 1841 

Chas. A. Wickliffe, Ky ...Sept. 13, 1841 
Cave Johnson, Tenn March 5, 1845 



Jacob Collamer, Vt March 7, 1849 

Nathan K. Hall, N. Y July 20. 1850 

Samuel D. Hubbard, Ct ..Aug. 31, 1852 

James Campbell, Pa March 5, 1853 

Aaron V. Brown, Tenn... " 6,1857 

Joseph Holt, Ky " 14, 1859 

Horatio King, Me Jan. 1, 1861 

Montgomery Blair, Md March 7, 1S61 

Wm. Dennison, Ohio Oct. 1, 1864 

Alex. W. Randall, Wis.... July 15, 1866 
John A. J. Creswell, Md.. March 5, 1869 



9. Attornets-General. (Office created in the act of Congress establishing the 
Judicial System, 1789 ; but the Attorney-General was not a member of the Cab- 
inet until 1841-1845, under President Tyler.) 



Ed. Randolph, Va Sept. 26, 1789 

Wm. Bradford, Pa June 27, 1794 

Charles Lee, Va Dec. 10, 1795 

Levi Lincoln, Mass March 5, 1801 

Robert Smith, Md " 2, 18:i5 

John Breckinridge, Ky Dec. 25, 1805 

Cfesar A. Rodney, Del Jan. 20, 1807 

Wm. Pinckuey, Md .Dec. 11, 1811 

Richard Rush, Pa Feb. 10, 1814 

William Wirt, Va Dec. 16, 1817 

John M. Berrien, Ga March 9, 1829 

Roger B. Taney, Md July 20, lasi 

Benj. F. Butler, N. Y Nov. 15, 1833 

Felix Grundy, Tenn July 7, 1838 

Henry D. Gilpin, Pa Jan. 11, 1840 

J. J. Crittenden, Ky March 5, 1841 



Hugh S. Legare, S. C Sept. 13, 1841 

John Nelson, Md July L 1843 

John Y. Mason, Va March 5, 1845 

Nathan Clifford, Me Oct. 16, 1846 

Isaac Toucey, Ct ...Jan. 21, 1848 

Reverdy Johnson, Md March 7, 1849 

J. J. Crittenden, Ky July 20, 1850 

Caleb Cnshing, Mass March 5, 1853 

Jeremiah S. Black, Pa . . . " 6, 1857 

Edwin M. Stanton, Pa Dec. 14, 1860 

Edward Bates, Mo March 5, 1861 

James Speed, Ky... ... .Dec. 1864 

Hy. Stanberry, Ohio July 1866 

Wm. M. Evarts, N. Y July 19, 1868 

E. R. Hoar, Mass March 5, 1869 

Amos T. Akerman, S. C. ..June 23, 1870 



in. Chief Justices op the Supreme Court. (The Supreme Court was created 
in the act of Congress establishing the Judicial System of the United States, 
1789.) 

John Jay, N. Y Sept. 28, 1789 I John Jay, N. Y Dec. 19, 1800 

John Rutledge, S. C July 1, 1795 John Marshall, Va Jan. 27, 1801 

William Cushing, Mass . . . . Jan. 27, 1796 | Roger B. Taney, Md Dec. 28, 1835 

Oliver Ellsworth, Ct March 4, 1796 I Salmon P. Chase, Ohio Dec. 6, 1864 

11. Associate Justices.— James Iredell, N. C, 1790; Thos. Johnson, Md., 1791 ; 
Wm. Patterson, N. J., 1T93 ; Sam'l Chase. Md., 1796 ; Bushrod Washington. Va., 
1798 ; Alfred Moore, N. C, 1799 ; Wm. Johnson, S. C, 1804; Brockholst Living- 
ston, N. Y., 1806; Thos. Todd, Ky., 180^; Joseph Story, Mass., 1811; Gabriel 
Dnvall, Md., 1811; Smith Thompson, N. Y., 1823; Robert Trimble, Ky., 1826; 
John McLean, Ohio, 1829 ; Hy. Baldwin, Pa , 1830; James M. Wayne, Ga., 1835; 
P. P. Barbour, Va., 1836; John Catron, Tenn., 1837; John McKinley, Ala., 1837; 



276 APPENDIX. 

p. V. Daniel, Va., 1841; Samnel Nelson, K Y., 1845; Levi Woodbury, N. H., 
1845; Robert C. Grier, Pa., 1846; Benj. R. Curtis, Mass., 1851 ; Jas. A. Campbell, 
Ala., 1853 ; Nathan Clifford, Me., 1858; Noah H. Swayne, Ohio, 1862; Samuel F. 
Miller, Iowa, 1862 ; David Davis, 111., 1862 ; Stephen J. Field, Cal., 1863. 



II. Battles of the War with Great Britain and her 
Indian Allies, 1807-1815. 

g^^~ With the Land Battles are given (the forces engaged and the — losses) ; 
and with the Naval Battles (the number of guns). The American Commanders 
and Vessels are in italic type, and the VICTORS iu capitals. Land Battles in 
small capitals. 

1807— June 22.— Ofl coast of Virginia, "C^iesopea^e" (36), Barron: LEOPARD 

(50), HUMPHREYS. 
1811 -May 16.— Off coast of Virginia, "■PRESIDENT'' (50), ROGERS, " Little 

Belt" (18), Bingham. 
Nov. 7.— Tippecanoe, HARRISON' (loss 188) : Indians under Tecumseh 

(loss 301). 
1812— June 18. — War declared against Great Britain. 

August 4.— Brownstown, VAN HO /i ^ (200— 41) : British and Indians (800- 

loss not known). 
August 9.— Maguago, MILLER (600—76) : Muir and Tecumseh (800—129). 
August 13.— Off Newfoundland, ''ESSEX'' (32), PORTER: '' Alert" (20), 

Langhorne . 
August 16. — Detroit, with 2500 troops, surrendered by Hull to BROCK. 
August 19.— Off coast of Massachusetts, ''CONSTITUTION''' (44), HULL: 

" Guerriere" (38), Dacres. 
October 13.— Queenstown, Van Rensselaer 0000 -mO) : BROCK (2500—150). 
October 18.— Off coast of North Carolina, " WASP" (20), JONES : "Frolic" 

(22). Whinyates. 
October 25.— Near Canary Islands, " J7A77WZ> /ST.47W*S"' (54), DECATUR: 

" Macedonian" (49), Carden. 
December 29.— Off St. Salvador, " CONSTITUTION" (54), BAINBRIDQE : 

" Java" (49), Lambert. 
1813— January 22.— Frenchtown,* Tfiwc/ies^eT' (958—958): PROCTOR {mXh- 

305). 
February 24.— Coast of Demarara, "HORNET'- (23), LAWRENCE: "Pea- 
cock" (20). Peake. 
April 27.— York, U. C, PIKE (1700-269) : Sheaffe (1800-695). 
May 1.— Fort Meigs, HARRISON {nO^—\^^): Proctor (2000— unknown). 
May 27.— Fort George, DEARBORN (4000—160) : Vincent (1500—557). 
May 29.— Sackett's Harbor, 5^(9 TFiV^ (1000—131) : Prevoyt (1000—164). 
June l.—Masisachusetts Bay, "Cliesapeake" {4%), Lawrence: "SHANNON" 

(53), BROOKE 
August 2.— Fort Sandctsky, CROGHAN {\%Q—^): Proctor (1300— 176). 
August 14.— British Channel, "Argus" (20), Allen: "PELICAN" (21), 

MAPLES. 

* Now Monroe, Michigan. 



APPENDIX. 277 

1 8 1 3-September 5.— Coast of Maine, " ENTERPBISEr (1(5), BUR.^OUQHS : 

'' Boxer" (18), Blythe. 
September 10.— Lake Erie, JUNE VESSELS (54), PERRT : six vessels 

((53), Barclay. 
October 5.— Thames, HARRISON (3500—29) : Proctor (2000—635). 
November 11.— Williamseukg, U. C, Boyd (1500—339) : MORRISON 
(2100—180). 
1 8 1 4— March 2S.— Harbor of Valparaiso, ''Essex'' (46), Po)'ter, " PH(EBE, and 
" CHERUB" (81), HILYAR and TL'CKER. 
April 21.— Off Matauzas, ''Frolic'' (22), Bainbridge : " ORPHEUS" (— ), 

PIGOT. 
April 29.— Near Cuba, " PEACOCK" {22), WARRINGTON : ''Epervier" 

(18), Wales. 
June 28.-British Channel, " WASP" (22). BLAKELT : "Reindeer," (19), 

Manners. 
July 5.— Chippewa, 5i? 6> TFiV (3500— 323) : Riall (5000—538). 
July 25.— Niagara,* BROWN, and SCOTT (3500— 853) : Riall and Driim- 

moiid (5000—878). 
August 15.— Fort Erie, GAINES {imQ—S^) : Drummond (.5010— 990). 
August 24.— Bladensburg, Winder (00,10 -190) : ROSS (5000—130). 
Septemberl.— Coast of Africa, '' fF.45P" (2w>), BLAKELY : "Avon" (22), 

Arbuthnot. 
September 11. —Lake G\\9.m^?\-i\xi, FOURTEEN VESSELS (86), MACDON- 

OUGH : seventeen vessels (95). Dovvnie. 
September 11.— Plattsburg, MACOMB (-2000-119) : Prevost (14,000— 

2500). 
September 12.— North Point, StnjJcer (3000—212) : Ross (5000—380). 
September 13.— Fort McHenry, Major ARMISTEAD : Lord Cochrane 

(British Fleet). 
1815— January 8.— New Orleans, JACKSON {m(i\)--m : Packeuham (12,000— 

2600). 
February 20.— Off Madeira, "CONSTITUTION" (52), STEWART : " Cyane," 

and " Levant" (55), Falcon, Douglass. 



III. Important Battles op the late Civil War. 

1^" The names of the Federals in ITALIC, and those of the Confederates in 
ROMAN CAPITALS. 

1861. 

April 12.— Fort Sumter. S. C, ANDERSON : BEAUREGARD. 

June 18.— Booneville, Mo., LYON : PRICE. 

July 2.— Martinsburg, Va , PA TTERSON : JACKSON. 

" 21.— Bull Run, Va., McDOWELL : BEAUREGARD, JOHNSON. 
August 29— Forts Hatteras and Clarke, N C, captured by BUTLER and 

STRINGHAM. 
October 21.— Ball's Bluff, Va., STONE : EVANS. 
November 7.— Port Royal, S. C, captured by DUPONT. 

* Eridgewater, or Lunuy"s Lane. 



278 APPEi^DIX. 

1862. 

January 19.— Mill Spring, Ky., THOMAS : CEITTENDEN, ZOLLIKOFFER. 
February 6.— Fort Henry, Tenn., FOOTE : TILGHMAN. 

8.— Koanoke Island, N. C, captured by QOLBSBO ROUGH, BURN- 
SIDE. 
February 16.— Fort Donelson, Tenn., GRANT : FLOYD, PILLOW, BUCKNER. 
March 8.— Hampton Roads, Va., '^ MONITOR' : '• MEERIMAC." 
April 6.— Shiloh, Tenn., GRANT, BUEL : BEAUREGARD, A. S. JOHNSON 
" 7.— Island No. 10, FOOTE, POPE : MAKALL. 
'• 25.— New Orleans, La., captured by FARRAGUT, PORTER. 
May 31— June 1.— Fair Oaks, McCLELLAN : R. E. LEE. 
June 24— July 1.— Peninsula, Va., McCLELLAN : R. E. LEE. 
July 3.— Vicksbur^, Miss., FARRAGUT : PEMBERTON. 
August 30.— Second liiill Run, Va., POFE : R. E. LEE. 
September 14.— South Mountain, Md., McCLELLAN : LONGSTREET.. 
15.— Harper's Ferry, Va., MILES : JACKSON. 
" IK, n,— Antietam, Md., McCLELLAN : R. E LEE. 

October 4,— Corinth, Miss., ROSECRANS : VAN DORN. 
December 13.— Frederick sburg, Va., BURNSIDE : R. E. LEE. 

27, 29.-Vicksburg, Miss., SHERMAN : PEMBERTON. 

1863. 

January 1.— Stone River, Tenn., ROSECRANS : BRAGG. 
March 5.— Springfield, Tenn., COBURN : VAN DORN. 
May 1-3.— Chancellorsville, Va., HOOKER : R. E. LEE 
July 1-3.— Gettysburg, Pa., MEADE : R. E. LEE. 

4.— Vicksburg, Miss., GRANT, PORTER : PEMBERTOJST. 
" 8.— Port Hudson, La., BANKS : GARDNER. 
Septemberl9.— Chickamauga. Ga., ROSECRANS : BRAGG. 
November 23.— Chattanooga, Tenn., GRANT : BRAGG. 

1864. 

May 5, 6. — Wilderness, Va., \ 

" 10.— Spottsylvania, Va., (. quanT : R.E. LEE. 
June 1. — Cold Harbor, Va., j 

" 12-16. — Grant crosses the James River and invests Petersburg, Va, 
" 17.— Defences of Petersburg, Va., attacked unsuccessfully by Grant's forces 
under GEN. W. F. SMITH. 
June 19.— Off coast of France, "'KEARSARGE,'' WINSLOW : "ALABAMA," 

SEMMES. 
Jniy 9.— Monocacy, Md., WALLACE : BRECKINRIDGE. 
August 5.— Mobile, Ala., captured by FARRAGUT, GRANGER. 
" 19.— Reams's Siation, Weldon R. R., Va., WARREN : HILL. 
" 25.— " " ■" " " HANCOCK : HILL. 

" .30.— Atlanta, Ga., SHERMAN : HOOD. 
Sept. 19— Oct. 1^.— SHERIDAN S Raid through the Valley of Virginia. 
October 19.— Lexington, M.O., BLUNT : PRICE. 
December 21.— Savannah. Ga., captured by SHERMAN. 

25.— Fort Fisher, N. C, BUTLER : WHITING. 

1865. 

January 15.-Fort Fisher, N. C, TERR F : WHITING, LAMB. 



QUESTIONS. 279 

April 2. — Gen. Crra^sfs force?, \v\-\0,<i\ Sheridan obtain possession of the South- 
side Railroad. This compels the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond 
by the Confederates. 

April 9. — Gen. R. E. Lee surrenders to Gen. Grant at Appomattox Court-House, Va. 



QUESTIONS. 
Introduction. — Section I. 

1. What is History? 

2. Which are the chief elements of History? 

3. In studying History, what questions should be constantly attended to ? 

4. Name some of the uses of History. 

5. What is the extent of the history of the world ? 

6. How may tliis great extent of General History be conveniently divided? 

7. How are the two periods of Geiveral History respectively named and desig- 
na*^ed ? 

8. How maj^ these two principal periods be properly subdivided ? 

9. Name the seven important '■ Event?" that subdivide the great period before 
Christ. Name the seven eminent '-PeD-oiis" of the period. Mention the impor- 
tant "Places" of the period. Give the "Dates'' of the period. Give the events 
wilh the associated " Persons," ■' Places," and "Dates." 

1 O, Name the " Events" that subdivide thegreat period after Christ. What emi- 
nent " Persons" are associated with those events? Name the "Places." The 
■"Dates." Give the "Events" with the associated "Persons," "Places," and 
" Dates." 

11. What other division of General History has been adopted ? 

12. Why is the division into two periods by the advent of Christ to be pre- 
ferred ? 

13, What is the division of History with respect to the sources from which it 
is derived ? What is Sacred History ? What is Profane History ? 

14. Which is the more ancient, I- acred or Profane History? When did Moses 
flourish ? With which Hebrew prophet wa^ Herodotus contemporary? 

15, At what date does Profane History begin? What of the accounts of th<3 
times prior to the foundation of Rome ? 

16, How is HisTory divided with respect to the subjects treated of? (1.) What 
is General History ? (2.) Ethnological History? (3.) Geographical? (4.) Eccle- 
tiastical ? (5.) Biography ? 

17, Are these different kinds of history usually treated separately ? 

18, How does history differ from traditicm ? 

19. What is the relation of history to the Holy Scriptures ? 

20. Name some events in history that illustrate the fulfillment of prophecy ? 
(1.) When did the Prophet Daniel deliver his predictions respecting the four great 
empires of antiquity ? Where are those prophecies recorded ? (2.) When occur- 
red the Babylonish Captivity of the Jews ? By whom was it foretold ? Who 
predicted the restoration of the Jews? (3.) What did Moses foretell respecting 
the advent of our Blessed Saviour ? What things relating to Christ were foretold 
by Isaiah, Zechariah, and Joel ? In what Books of the New Testament ai-e re- 
corded the events which fulfill these prophecies ? What do these things evidently 
prove ? 



280 APPENDIX. 



iNTRODtJCTIOlSr. — SeCTION II. 

1. Which parts of the earth were first settled after the Flood ? In which direc- 
tion from Mount Ararat was Armenia? The Mediterranean Sea from Babel? 
China and India from the Mediterranean ? 

2. What Kingdoms occupied the Regions south and southeast of Mount Ararat ? 
(2.) Where was Syria situated? (3.) Egypt? For what is Egypt celebrated? 
(4.) What was the location of Asia Minor ? In what empire is it now included ? 
(5.) What is tho situation of Greece, and how separated from Asia Minor? What 
famous Republics in Ancient Greece ? (6.) Which way from Greece was Mace- 
donia? What empire was overthrown by Alexander the Great? (7.) Where is 
Italy, and how separated from Macedonia and Greece ? 

3. Name the more important Nations and Empires of Ancient History. 
(1.) What were embraced in the Assyrian empire, and how long did it continue? 
Who was the last king? (2.) By whom was the Monarchy of Egypt founded ? 
How long did it subsist? ("5.) With what event did the Hebrew Theocracy com- 
mence, and wlien did it terminate? (4.) The Republics of Greece ? (5.) The Re- 
public of Carthage ? (6.) Who was the founder of Rome ? How many years 
from Romulus to Augustus ? (7.) What was the duration of the Medo-Persian 
empire? (8.) Who founded the Macedonian empire? What countries did it 
comprise ? How was it tinally divided ? 

4. Name the noted Cities of Ancient Assyria? (1.) By whom was Babylon 
built? Wheie ? When? What were the dimensions of the walls of this city? 
What were the chief ornaments of the city ? (2.) When was Nineveh built? By 
whom? Where? What was the extent of the walls? How was the city de- 
fended ? Number of inhabitants in the time of Jonah ? During what time have 
we no history of Babylon and Nineveh ? What of Sardanapalus ? How was the 
empire divided at his death ? When and by whom was the second Assyrian em- 
pire formed? By whom was Nineveh destroyed? When? By whom was Baby- 
lon captured, b. c. 538 ? What now remain of Babylon ? By whom was the deso- 
lation of Babylon foretold? 

5. Name the noted Cities of Syria and the Holy Land. (1.) What is the situa- 
tion of Damascus ? For what is this city remarlcable ? (2.) What does the name 
Jerusalem, signify ? Where is this city situated ? What mountains in Jerusalem ? 
What great events have rendered Jerusalem remarkable ? Name the chief events 
in the history of Jerusalem. (3.) How is Bethlehem situated with respect to 
Jerusalem? For what was Bethlehem remarkable? (4.) Of what kingdom was 
Samaria the capital ? By whom was Samaria built? By whom and when de- 
stroyed? What of Samaria in the time of our Saviour? Who were the Samari- 
tans? (5.) What was the location of Sidon, and by whom built? What of the 
Sidonians ? (6.) Which way from Sidon was Tyre ? When and by whom built ? 
What was the origin of the celebrated Tyrian purple dye? What of Hiram II. ? 
Of Pygmalion? Give the chief events in the history of Tyre from b. c. 572? 
What is said of Tyre in the Holy Scripture ? 

6. Name the celeljrated Ancient Cities of Africa. (1.) What is said of Thebes? 
Why called Hecatempylos f What of its populousness ? The extent and grandeur 
of its ruins ? What is related of tlie Statue of Memnon ? By whom was Thebes 
destroyed? (2.) Where was Memphis situated? What antiquities near Mem- 
phis? What is the Sphinx? What are the Pyramids? How many are more 
uoted? The dimensioni of the lar;jebt Pyrj,iuiJ ? Wheu were they built? (.3.) By 



QUESTIONS. 281 

whom and when was Alexandria built ? What of its celebrated library ? (4.) By 
whom was Carthage built, when, and where ? Why was the citadel named Byrsaf 
What of the subsequent history of Carthage ? What is said of the ancient Car- 
thaginians ? What of their religion ? Origin of '••Puriica Fides?'''' Of the Panic 
Wars ? Name some of the eminent Carthaginians. 

7. Name the renowned Cities of Asia Minor. (1.) What was the location of 
Troy, and by whom founded ? What led to the destruction of Troy ? (2.) Of 
what was Sardis the capital? What of Croesus ? What occasioned the burning 
of Sardis, b. c. 504 ? and to what did it give rise ? (3.) What is said of Halicar- 
nassus ? Origin of '•^Mausoleum''' as the name of a costly sepulchre? (4.) Give 
the situation of Tarsus. For what remarkable ? Describe the voyage of Cleo- 
patra up the river Cydnus. What law illustrated in the fate of Cleopatra and 
Mark Antony ? 

8. What was the ancient capital of Persia? By whom enlarged and adorned ? 
Describe the Eoyal Palace of Forty Pillars. By whom was this noble edifice 
destroyed ? 

9. Name the noted Cities of Ancient Europe. (1.) Where is Athens ? When 
and by whom founded ? What was it called at first ? Name the noted places in 
Athens. Why is Zeno named the Stoic philosopher? Origin of Academy as tlie 
name of a place of learning? Describe tlie Lyceum. Who is called the Peripa- 
tetic philosopher, and why ? What were the extent and, population of Athens in 
the time of Pericles ? (2.J By whom was Sparta built ? When ? Name the chief 
public places of Sparta. What incident connected with the Temple of Minerva ? 
What was the character of the Spartans ? 



Introduction. — Section III. 

1. Name the noted Seas of Antiquity. (1.) What is the situation of the Medi- 
terranean Sea? Why so called? Its length and breadih? (2.) What is the po- 
sition of the Red Sea ? Origin of its name ? What is its length ? For what 
remarkable ? (3.) What was the ancient name of the Black Sea f Where situ- 
ated ? How connected with the Mediterranean ? (4.) What is the Hellespont f 
Why so named? Length and breadth of this strait? For what celebrated? 
(5.) Where is the Sea of Galilee ? Length and breadth ? With what river is it 
connected? What occasion a violent agitation of this sea? (6.) What is the 
situation of the Dead Sea? Its dimensions? What cities once occupied this 
region ? Describe the appearance of the Dead Sea. 

2. Name the noted Rivers of Antiquity. (1.) Describe the Euphrates. (2.) The 
Tigris. (3.) 'Yhe Jordan. What events associated with the Jordan? (4.) The 
ISlile? For what is the Nile remarkable? The chief ancient cities situated on 
the Nile? (5.) Describe the Gran'icus. (6.) The Meander. For what remark- 
able ? (7.) Describe the Tiber. From whom named ? 

3. Name the chief Mountains mentioned in Scripture History. (1.) Describe 
Mount Ararat. For what remarkable ? (2.) Mount Moriah. With what events 
connected ? (3.) Describe Mounts Horeb and Sinai. (4.) Name the chief moun- 
tains mentioned in the New Testament. 

4. What Mountains are noted in Ancient Profane History? (1.) What of 
Mount Ida? (2.) Describe Mount Olympm. (3.) Mount Parnassus. What ci*;y 



282 APPEJfDIX. 

at the foot of Mount Parnassus; ? (4.) Describe the Alpi^. With what event con- 
nected ? C5.) Deircribe Mount Vesuvius. With what remarkable event connected ? 
(6.) Describe Mount Atlas. Why so called ? 

5. Name other localities remarkable in Ancient History. (1.) What of the 
location of the Gardenof Eden? (2.) What of TJr of the Ghaldeesf (3.) Where 
is ihe Wilderness tlirongh which the Israelites journeyed from Eg'ypt to Canaan ? 
What names were oiven to different parts of this Desert ? What provision was 
made for the Israelites during their journey ? (4.) Where is the Plain of the Medi- 
terranean Sea?- (5.) Where is Marathon? For what celebrated? (tj.) What is 
Thermoj)ylcB ? How situated ? Whence its name ? By what rendered famous ? 
(7.) For what is Arbela noted ? (8.) For what is Zama remarkable ? (9.> Where 
i'&Actium? With what event associated ? (10.) What are Scylla and Chafibdis ? 

6. Name the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. (1.) Describe the Walls of 
Babylon. (2.) The Pt/ramids of Egypt. (3.) The Lab]/rinth of Psammetichvs. 
Where was another labyrinth? (4.) Describe the Temple of Diana. By whom 
built? By whom burned? (5.) What was the Colossus of Rhodes ? By whom 
constructed ? What finally happened to the Colossus ? What other works of art 
atEliodes? (6.) What was the P/iaro.s ? By whom and for what purpose built? 
What is related of Sostratus ? (7.) What were the Aqueducts of Pome ? Where 
are found remains of Roman aqueducts ? 



Introduction. — Section IV. 

1 . The Dat. What people began the day at sunrise ? By whom was the day 
begun at sM«se^.? By whoraat mirfcfa?//' By whom at mtcfttigAi / Who divided 
the day and the night each into four parts ? How did the Jews ia the time of our 
Saviour divide the day and the night ? How is the day divided by modern nations 
generally ? What exceptions to this ? 

2. B'rom what did the Ancient Chaldeans name the days of the week ? Whence 
are derived the English names of the days? 

3. What was the origin of the division of time iuto periods of seven days 
each ? With which days have different people begun the week ? 

' 4. Give the history of the names of the Months. The Latin derivation. The 
corresponding Jewish name. What called by the ISaxons ? 

5. What people began the Year at the Autumnal Equinox ? When does the 
Jewish sacred year begin ? (2.) What nations begin the year at or near the Win- 
ter Solstice ? (3.) When do the Chinese begin the year ? (4.) The Mahometans ? 
(5.) The American Indians ? (6.) How did Romulus divide the year? What ad- 
ditions were made by Numa ? What errors grew out of this ? 

6. What corrections were introduced by CiBsar ? What is meant by Leap-year ? 
What name is given to the Calendar as corrected by Csesar ? What was the 
amount of the error that still remained ? 

7. By whom was this error fii:st noticed in modern times ? By whom was it 
corrected ? How was the 21st of March restored to the time of the Vernal Equi- 
nox ? What was done to prevent the recurrence of the error? What is this 
arrangement called ? Is it perfectly correct ? Which ( alendar is called Old style ? 
Which Nezo style? By whom is Old style still retained? Who have adopted 
New style ? 

Note. — P. 40. — Meaning of " Almanack ?" By Avhom first made in modern 
times ? 



QUESTIONS. 283 

8. Name the Chronological ^kas of History. (1.) What different dates are 
given for the Creatwn of the World ? (2.) What is the date of the JSra of the 
Olympiads^ and by whom used ? (3.) The uSra of Naboaassar f (4.) Meaning of 
A. u. c. noting the ^ra of the Foundation of Rome ? (5.) At what date began tlie 
JEra of the Selevcidoe, and by whom adopted ? By what other names called ? 
How long was it used ? (6.) Meaning oi Hegira? By whom adopted? (7.) By 
whom and when was the Christian ^ra introduced ? When generally adopted ? 
What error afterward discovered ? How many years have elapsed since our 
Saviour was born ? 



QUESTIONS ON THE PERIODS FOR WEEKLY REVIEW. 

9. Name the Seven Periods of Ancient History. The Seven of Modern His- 
tory. Give the associated Event, Person, Place, and Bate* introducing the First 
Period of Ancient History. (2.) What is the extent of the Period? (3.) For 
what remarkable ? (4.) By what name distinguished ? {Repeat the last four ques- 
tions on each of the Periods.) 

10. Which is the Antediluvian, Period ? 

1 1-23. Which the Dispersion Period ? {Identify each Period by '■'Name.'"') Which 
Period begins with the Creation f Which with the Deluge? Which with the 
Call of Abram? {Identify each of the Periods by the leading '•'•Event.'') With 
which Period is Washington associated ? Columbus .^ Peter the Hermit ? {Identify 
by the distinguished " Person.'") With which event is Eden associated ? Mount 
Ararat? Ur of the Chaldees? Red Sea? {Note the association of the remaining 
" Places" and ''• Events.'''') For what Is the Antediluvian Period remarkable ? The 
Dispersion Period? etc., etc. Which Period begins b. c. 4004? Which begins 
B. c. 23i8 ? {The same questions to be repeated on the remaining " Dates."") 
Which Period continued 165(j years? Which 42T years? Which 430 years? 
{Repeat this question on the du?^ation of the remaining Periods.) Which event in 
Modern History corresponds in date with the " Conquest of Persia" ? Which 
event in Ancient History corresponds nearly in date with the "Discovery of 
America" ? 



Period I. — Antediluvian. 

What is the meaning of Antediluvian ? With what event does the Period com- 
mence? Give the associated "Elements." What is the extent of the Period? 
1, Where have we the only history of this Period ? 2. What are the chief sub- 
jects of this history? 3. When and by whom was the world created ? Give the 
progressive steps in the work of creation. Where were our first parents placed 
at their creation ? Why were they expelled from the Garden of Eden ? 4. What 
promise was given in connection with the curse pronounced on the tempter ? 
5. How were Enoch and Methuselah respectively distinguished? 6. What is 
paid of progi-ess in the arts during the AntediUivian Perio.l ? 7. What is the date 
of the Deluge ? How long did it continue ? Why did God thus destroy mankind ? 

* See Preface, page 3. 



284 APPENDIX. 



Period II. — Dispersioi!?^. 

Why is this Period so named ? With what does it commence ? Give the assc- 
ciated *' Elements" of Person, Place, and Date. 1, For what is the Period chiefly 
noted? 2. What are its chief matters ? 3. What were the dimensions of the 
Tower of Babel ? Its location ? In what did the Confusion of Tongues consii^t, 
and what was its result? 4. Name the sons of Noah. Name the sons of Japhet, 
with the people descended from each. The sons of Shem. Of Ham. 5. What 
of Noah ? 6. What is here related of Nimrod ? 7. What is Astrology ? What 
distinction in the heavenly bodies noticed at an early period ? By whom vas the 
north polar star first noticed? 8. What city was founded by Ashur? What 
cities formed the First Assyrian Empire ? 9. Who was Misraim ? What is said 
of the Ancient Egyptians ? What cities were founded during this Period ? Which 
of these cities still remains ? 



Period III. — Patriarchal. 

What is the extent of this Period ? With what event does it begin ? Give the 
associated " Elements" of Person, Place, and Date, at the beginning and at the 
close — 

I. By what chiefly distinguished ? 

II. What event occurred 19-21 b. c. ? 

1. Mention the other events in the life of Abram here given, with the date of 
each. What promises had been made to Abram ? Why was his name changed ? 

2. Who was Melchizedelv, and where is liis history recorded? What cities 
destroyed 1897 ? 

3. What is here related of Ishmael ? 

4. Repeat the story of Isaac. 

5. Who was Esau ? 

6. What is recorded of Jacob b. c. 1760? When was Joseph made governor 
of Egypt ? 

7. Why was he thus elevated? What was his previous history? What is 
remarkable with respect to the year b. c. 1707 ? What eminent kings reigned 
during this Period ? 

9. Who were the Shepherd kings, 1825? WTiat celebrated contest decided, 
1532? 

13. By whom was the Court of the Areopagus founded? What other tribunal 
in Greece founded, 1521-1497? (See Parnassus, p. 2!).) What ancient cities 
founded during this Period? Which of them during the life of Moses? (See 
p. 55.) 

1 5. By whom was alphabetic writing introduced into Greece ? 

12. What are the Arundelian' Marbles ? 



Period IV. — Hebrew Commonwealth. 

1. How is this Period distinguished? With what event does it commence? 
Give the associated " Elements" of Person, Place, and Date. W^heu was the Pass- 



QUESTIONS. 285 

over inssfituted ? Why was that transaction named the " Passover /" What was 
Xhe Exodns ? 

2. Relate the chief events in the life of Moses. Which books of the Bible were 
written by Mo!?es ? What ancient cities were built during his lifetime ? 

3. Who was the first Jewish High- Priest? 

4. By whom was Moses succeeded as the leader of the Israelites ? 

5. Name the most famous Hebrew Judges. Name the first three kings of the 
Israelites, giving the date of accession of each. Name the several Grecian kings 
and heroes given in the chronology. 

6. What were the Olympic Games ? By whom instituted? 

•y. Who were the Argonauts ? What was the origin of this expedition? 

8. For what is Lacedsemon distinguished? 

9. What was the origin of the Trojan War ? Name the chief Grecian captains. 
By whom were the Trojans led ? How was the city finally taken ? How was the 
intelligence of this victory conveyed' to Greece ? 

10. Relate the story of the Trojans that escaped the destruction of Troy. 

11. What is related of the Heraclidte ? 

14. Who was Codrus ? How did he show his devotion to his country ? How 
did the Athenians honor his memory ? 



Period Y. — Assyrian Empire. 

When does this Period begin ? To what event does it extend ? How is this 
Pe iod distinguished ? 

1 . Where was the Temple of Solomon built ? When was it dedicated ? What 
were its dimensions ? What were its chief interior apartments ? With what 
courts was the Temple surrounded ? 

2. What is here recorded of Solomon ? 

4. What occasioned the formation of the kingdom of Israel ? Date of this 
event ? 

5. Which is the greatest military slaughter in one battle on record ? 

6. What three eminent Jewish propliets flourished during this Period ? Who 
reigned in Israel in the time of Elijah ? How did Elijah prove that Baal and all 
false gods are nothing ? Who were his contemporaries ? 

11. What is related of Jonah ? When did he flourish, and who were his con- 
temporaries ? 

14, What is recorded of Isaiah ? Who were his contemporaries ? What great 
event foi'etold by Isaiah ? 
21. How was Daniel introduced to public notice ? 
23. What was the length of the Babylonish captivity of the Jews ? 

3. Wiiat is related of Shishak ? 

S. Of Dido ? (See Carthage, p. 19.) 

7 . What two eminent Greek poets contemporary with the Prophet Elijah ? 
Name their chief works. 

9. Who was Lycurgus ? What was the influence of his laws ? What form of 
government did he establish ? 

10. Who first coined silver muney ? 

12. Who introduced the epoch of the Olympiads ? 



286 APPENDIX. 

1 9. What name was given to the code of laws established by Draco the Athe- 
nian ? Who were his contemporaries ? 

13. What is related of Eomuhis ? 

1 8. What event occurred in the reisn of Tnllus Hostilius ? 

20. Who was the fifth king of Kome ? What were some of his exploits ? 

15. Who was the last king of the first Assyrian Empire ? What was his end ? 
How WHS the empire then divided ? 

16. Who was Shalmanezar? What was the result of his capture of Samaria ? 
What was the origin of the Samaritans ? 

17. For what was Sennacherib remarkable ? 

21. Who was Nebuchadnezzar ? Name his chief conquests ? 

2i. What were signified by the several parts of the great image which he saw 
in his first prophetic dream ? 

23. Name the eminent persons of the world that flourished during the seventy 
years' captivity of the Jews at Babylon ? 

24. Name the seven wise men of Greece. Repeat the remarkable saying of 
each. How is Solon distinguished ? What was the origin of the name Sycophant f 
Origin of Parasite ? 

•I 5 m Narrate the history of Croesus. 

26. By whom was Babylon captured ? Who was the last king of Assyria ? 
How had he provoked the divine wrath ? How was the city finally taken ? 

27. What eminent Chinese reformer contemporary with the Prophet Daniel ? 



Period VL — Medo-Persian Empire. 

Give the associated "Elements" at the beginning of this Period. Those at its 
close. The length of the Period. 

1. By what events is this Period distinguished? [What chief nations fiour- 
ished during this Period ? Ans. The Persians, the Grecians, and the Romans. 
What was the condition of the Jews ? Ans. They were living chiefly in their 
own country, but under the protection of the Persian kings. When do the Mace- 
donians appear prominently in General History ? Ans. During the latter part of 
this Period (b. c. 338), when they began to intermeddle in the afiairs of Greece.] 

1 . Who was Cyrus the Great ? When did he ascend the throne of Persia ? How 
did he signalize his accession ? What is related of him when a youth ? How was 
he accustomed to treat his captives taken in war ? Narrate the story of the king 
of Armenia captured by Cyrus ? What is to be remarked in the character of the 
wile of Tigranes ? 

2. When was the second Temple dedicated, and what remarkable prophecy in 
connection with it ? 

3. Under what circumstances did Darius Hystaspes become king of Persia ? 

4. Who were the Pisistratidae ? 

5. When flourished Pythagoras, and to what honor is he entitled ? 

6. Under what circumstances and w^hen did Rome become a republic ? How 
long did this form of government continue ? By what different officers was the 
government administered during that time ? 

7. What occasioned the Persian invasions of Greece? By whom were the 
Pcri^ims defeated in the battle of Marathon ? By whom was a second attempt 



QUESTIONS. 287 

made to conquer Greece ? Who led the Greeks at Thermopylte ? What was the 
final result of this expedition ? Name the Greek victories. 

8. By whom were the Books of the Old Testament collected into one volume ? 
By whom was Ezra succeedtd in his work of re-establishing and reforming the 
Jewish state ? 

9. What is related of Herodotus ? 

1 0. With whom was Pericles contemporary ? What is said of the character 
of his government ? 

11. Who was Cincinnatus ? Narrate what is here related of his patriotism. 
12,, What military engines were invented about e. c. 441 ? 

13. What was the character of Socrates ? Why was he persecuted by his 
countrymen ? What method of reasoning did he introduce ? 

14. Who was Hippocrates ? How did he manifest his patriotism ? 

15. W^hen did Xenophon flourish '' In what expedition did he engage ? What 
was the result of the battle of Cunasa ? What is said of the retreat of the Greeks 
that survived this battle ? What works were written by Xenophon ? 

1 6. For what was Dionysius the Elder remarkable ? Narrate the story of Da- 
mon and Pythias. Give the story of Damocles. 

1 7. By whom was Rome rescued from the Gauls, b. c. .390 ? 

18. Wiih whom departed the glory of Thebes ? How had Epaminondas dis- 
tinguished himself against the Spartans ? 

19. W^hat eminent men flourished about the year b. c. 350 ? (1.) What was the 
character of Plato ? (2.) How was Demosthenes distinguished ? (3.) What 
name is given to Aristotle, and why ? (4.) What was the character of Diogenes ? 
(5.) Who was Philip the Great? How was he introduced into Greece ? What 
was the result of the battle of Chaeronea ? 



Period YII. — Macedonian Empire. 

Give the associated "Elements" with which this Period begins. With what 
" Elements" of Event, Person, Place, and Date does it end ? What is the length 
of the Period ? 

I. What great events distinguish this Period ? 

II. Give the battles and wars as stated in the Chronology. What nations are 
referred to in the Chronology ? Ans. The Jews, Greeks, Carthaginians, and 
Romans. 

1. Who was Alexander the Great? When and where was he born? Who 
was his tutor ? To what profession was he decidedly inclined ? What countries 
did he subdue in establishing the Macedonian Empire ? What chief battles were 
fought in the conquest of Persia ? What was the fate of Darius Codomanus ? 
W^hat were discover.-d on reaching Babylon ? What was the end of Alexander ? 

2. How was the Macedonian Empire al first divided at the death of Alexander ? 
Who was deleated in the battle of Ipsus, b. c. 301 ? How was the empire finally 
divided ? 

3. What eminent men flourished about b. c. 300 ? 

4. For what was Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, remarkable ? Relate the interview 
between Pyrrhus and Cinea:*. 



288 APPENDIX. 

5. Why was the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament so named ? When 
and for whom was it made ? 

6. What was the origin of the Sadducees and Pharisees ? 

T. What were the Punic Wars ? Why called Punic ? Narrate the events of 
the first Punic War. By whom were the Carthaginians led in the second Punic 
War ? By what route did he enter Italy ? In what hattles was Hannibal victori- 
ous ? How long did he remain master of Italy ? By whom was he oppo:?ed? 
What was the policy of Fabius ? By whom was Syracuse- defended ? How was 
Hannibal drawn out of Italy ? What was the result of the battle of Zama ? How 
did the third Punic War terminate ? 

8. What led to the formation of the Achaean League ? What was effected by 
this confederacy? What was the result of the attempt to expel the Romans 
from Greece ? What battles proved fatal to Macedon ? What was the result of 
the fall of Corinth ? 

9. Who were the Maccabees? How was their country situated with respect to 
Ee:ypt and Syria ? What resulted from this? How had the Jews suffered from 
t!;e tyranny' of Ptolemy Philopater ? How from Antiochus Epiphanes ? What 
was done by the Maccabees to resist these outrages ? By whom was Judea finally 
delivered from the yoke of Syria ? Who finally subdued both Syria and Judea ? 

10. What circumstances marked the decline of the Roman Republic? What 
produced the Social War ? By whom and when was Jugurtha subdued ? What 
war among the Romans b. o. 88 ? What was the Servile War ? By whom was 
the conspiracy of Cataline crushed? Who composed the First Triumvirate? 
What was the result of the battle of Pharsalia ? What had been the career of 
Julius Caesar ? Who led the conspirators tliat slew Julius Caesar ? What was the 
result of the battle of Philippi ? Who formed a Seccmd Triumvirate ? What be- 
came of Lepidus ? By whom was the battle of Actium fought, and with what 
result ? What was the fate severally of Anthony, Cleopatra, and Octavius ? 
What eminent authors were contemporary with Augustus ? 



MODERN HISTORY. 

Introduction. — Section I. 

1, What regions of the earth have been the chief theatre of the events of Mod- 
ern History ? 

2. How are these regions respectively occupied ? Where is the Chinese Em- 
pire ? India? What countries in the southwest part of Asia ? Where are the 
Russian dominions ? By what is the south of Europe occupied ? Where are the 
German States and Prussia ? Where are the British Islands and what do they 
comprise? Where is the Continent of America ? Of what does it consist ? \v'nat 
is the general character of this vast region ? 

3. Name and locate the political divisions of North America. 

4, Give the position of the several divisions of South America. 

5, What noted empires have flourished in the modern history of Asia ? 

6. The great empires in the modern history of Europe ? In America ? 
8. What of Egypt? 



QUESTION-S. 289 



Introduction". — Section II. 

1 . When and by whom was Rome founded ? Name the seven hills of Rome. 
What improvements were made by Tarquin the Elder ? What was the boast of 
Aiii,Mistus ? What were the extent and population of Rome a. d. 250 ? What 
change was eff-ected by Constantine ? What event terminated the Western or 
Latin empire . When did Rome become the capital of the States of the Church ? 
[When did the Pope lose his sovereignty as a temporal prince ? Ans. In the 
month of October, 1870. when by the Plebiscite^ or popular vote (50,000 to 50), the 
people transferred their political allegiance from the Pope to Victor Emmanuel, 
thereby making the States of the Church a part of the kingdom of Italy.] 

Name the chief edifices of Ancient Kome ? (6.) What use is now made of the 
Pantheon ? What are the Catacombs ? For what purpose were these excavations 
made ? How are the Catacombs associated with the Christian religion ? Name 
the most noted editices of Modern Rome. What of the Church of St. John Lat- 
eran ? Why is the Vatican so named ? For what is it used ? By whom is the 
worship in St. Peter's church conducted ? When and by whom was this cathe- 
dral commenced ? Under whose direction was it erected ? When and by whom 
3edicated ? What are its dimensions ? What ornaments in the interior ? 

2. What was the ancient name of Constantinople ? Narrate the chief incidents 
in the history of this city. 

3. Where are Mecca and Medina ? What is their importance in history ? By 
whom is Mecca now chiefly visited ? What is the Kaaba ? What edifices at 
Medina ? 

4. Where was the Palatinate ? For what celebrated ? By whom at first gov- 
erned ? What of the Palatinate under Charlemagne ? Whence the name Palati- 
nate ? What is said of the Palatine dignity under the German Empire ? Where 
is Heidelburg ? For what did it become famous ? Who was the Elector Palatine 
Frederick V. ? How was he related to William the Silent and to James I. of Eng- 
land ? What part did Frederick V. take in the contests then waging in Germany 
between the Catholics and Protestants ? What was the fate of Frederick V. as a. 
result of this contest ? What was the condition of the Palatinate during the 
Thirty Years' War. 

o. What is the Holy Sepulchre and by whom were this and the other sacred 
places identified ? What places are embraced in the Church of the Holy Sepul- 
chre : Describe the present condition of the Sepulchre. What of the two 
adjoining churches ? Who are ever to be found in these sacred enclosures ? By 
whom was the Mosque of Omar built ? Give the incidents in the subsequent 
history of Jerusalem. 

6. Where is St. Salvador, and what is its importance in history ? When and 
why were the islands discovered by Columbus named We$t Iiidiis ? 

?, From what does Philadelphia derive its historic interest? Narrate the 
several incidents in the history of the Revolutionary War connected with Phila- 
delphia. » 

8. Where is London ? By whom and when founded ? The present area and 
population of London ? By what names has it been called ? Of what chief parts 
does it consist ? Whence the name Bills of Mortality f (1.) Describe the Palace 
of St. James. What of Whitehall ? (•>.) By whom was St. Paul's Cathedral 
founded ? What is its ground plan ? Describe the architecture of this edifice. 
How is the interior of this edifice ornamented ? (3.) Who founded Westminster 

13 



290 APPEN'DIX. 

Abbey ? By whom continued and completed ? Give its dimensions. Describe 
its architecture. What chapels and other houses attached to the Abbey ? Who 
are interred in Henry Vll.'s Chapel ? Give some of the historic associations of 
Westminster Abbey. (4.) By whom was the Tower of London built? Which are 
its principal edifices ? Describe them severally. With what events in the history 
of England has London been more particularly identified ? 

What antiquities of England are mentioned as remarkable ? What are the 
Cromlechs? The Kist-Vaens ? The Druidical Circles ? What were the Druids? 
Whence the name Druid ? How were the Druid priests divided ? What is 
related of their religion ? 

9. Where is Edinburgh ? Name the chief objects of interest in Edinburgh. 
What is the Castle of Edinburgh? etc., etc. 

10. Where is Dublin ? How does it compare in size with Edinburgh ? Name 
and describe severally the public edifices of Edinburgh. Describe the Giant's 
Causeway. 

11. Where is Paris ? By whom was this city named ? What is said of the 
progress of this renowned emporium ? Name and describe severally the chief 
noted edifices of Paris. (6.) Narrate the history of the destruction of the Bastile. 

12. Wher? is Madrid ? Whence the name ? Give a general description of this 
city. Describe the Roj'al Palace. What is the Prado ? What other noted historic 
places in Spain ? Give the events in the history of Spain here recorded (page 109). 



Period I. — Roman Empire. 

Give the "Elements" of Event, Person, Place, and Date, with which the Period 
begins and ends. By what events is this Period chiefly distinguished ? How 
many emperors reigned during this time ? 

1. What was the extent of the empire under Augustus ? Its population ? The 
form of government ? The size of the army and navy? How many emperors 
occupied the throne during five hundred years ? Name thO!=e most remarkable, 
and how they were severally distinguished. 

2. Where and when was our Saviour born ? Who were the wise men that came 
at his birth to worship him ? What is recorded of our Saviour's early life ? When 
and by whom was He baptized ? What was the length of his minibtry ? How did 
He attest His claim to the Messiahship ? When did He expire upon the cro-s ? 

3. Who were the apostles of Christ ? What were they appointed to do ? 

4. What is the number of the books of the New Testament ? By whom writ- 
ten ? When were they so received by the Church ? What are the chief subjects 
of these sacred books ? 

5. What is the chief event in the reign of Claudius ? What is related of Carac- 
tacus ? When was Britain first invaded by the Romans ? 

6. What was the character of Neit) ? What originated the first Persecution of 
the Christians by the Romans ? Who then sufi"ered martyrdom ? What circum- 
stance resulted in the quiet submission of the Britons to the Romans ? 

7. Describe the siege and destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans. 

8. What was the character of Titus ? What event occurred the same year that 
he became emperor of Rome ? 

9. What is i-elated of Domitian ? How many Christians perished in the second 



QUESTIONS. 2D1 

Persecution, A. d. 95 ? ^-Tiat is related of the apostle John 1 What eminent men 
flourished in the reign of Domirian ? 

10. Wliat was the character of Nerva ? How did he treat the Christians ? Why 
were the Christians regirded as impious men and atheists ? 

1 I . What incident illustrates the character of Trajan ? Upon what ground did 
he authorize the third P»?rsecution ? What eminent men at this time obtained 
the crown of martyrdom ? 

12. In what oilginated the persecution of the Christians by their heathen 
neighbors ? What do we learn from a letter written by Pliny to Trajan ? 

13. What is related of the public acts of the Emperor Adrian ? How did he 
treat the Christians ? What eminent literary men flourished during the reign of 
Adrian ? 

14. How long was the reign of Antoninus Pins, and how was it distinguished ? 
How did he regard the exploits of warlike heroes ? 

15. For what was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus noted? What eminent men 
salFered martyrdom in the fourth Persecution ? What were the dying words of 
Polycarp ? How had Justin Martyr become remarkable ? What is here recorded 
of Galen ? 

16. By whom was Marcus Aurelius succeeded on the throne of the empire ? 

1 7. What chief events occurred in the reign of Septimias Severus ? What em 
inent martyr in the fifth Persecution ? Describe the wall which Septimius built 
across Britain ? What is related of Tertullian ? 

18. By whom had Alexander Severus been preceded on the throne ? What 
anecdote is related of this emperor illustrating his disposition toward the Chris- 
tians ? 

19. By what means did Maximin become emperor of Rome ? Why did he 
authorize the sixth Persecution ? What noted persons suff'ered at this time ? 

20. When occurred the seventh Persecution ? Who was the most eminent 
martyr at this time ? Of what great work was he the author ? What had been 
the character of the Christians before this time? What occurred now ? What 
is re'ated of Eudemon ? What of Pionius ? By whom was the habit of monastic 
life introduced ? 

21. Who ascended the throne, A. d. 254? How was Valerian treated by the 
King of Persia ? What persecution occurred under Valerian ? What eminent 
persons obtained the crown of martyrdom in the eighth Persecution ? 

22. By whom and when was Aurelian elevated to the throne ? What is related 
of the bodily strength of this emperor ? What were the chief events of this 
reign ? Who instigated the ninth Persecution ? Who was Zenobia ? Who was 
her secretary of state ? How did Aurelian treat these illustrious captives? By 
whom and where was Palmyra built ? What is said of the ruins of this aucieut 
city ? 

23. Whom did Dioclesian succeed in the empire ? What changes did he intro- 
duce in the administration of the government ? What further changes took place 
A. D. 304? How did these changes aff"ect the Christians ? How many persons 
perished in the tenth Persecution ? In whose hands was the government in the 
year a. d. 311 ? What policy did they adopt toward the Christians ? When did 
Con.-^tautine become sole emperor ? What is said to have induced Constantine to 
become the friend and patron of the Christians ? 



292 app:ei)?^dix. 



Period II. — Byzantine Empike. 

Give the associated "Elements" of Event, Pergon, Place, and Date, with which 
this Period begins and ends. 
I. How is the Byzantine Period distingmshed ? 

1. What was the character of Constantine ? By what measures of state policy 
is his name rendered famous ? What is related concerning the selection of 
Byzantium for the capital of his empire ? 

2. Why is Julian called the AiJOstafe f How did he manifest his hatred of the 
Christian religion ? How did he succeed in his attempt to discredit a prophecy 
of Christ ? What was his end ? 

3. Who was Theodosius the Great ? By whom and why was he elevated to the 
throne ? When did he become sole emperor ? How was the empire divided at 
his death ? What celebrated discussion during the reign of Theodosius ? 

4. By what tribes of barbarians was the western empire subdued between the 
years a. d. 409—420 ? What is said of the capture of Rome by Alaric, a. d. 410 ? 
Who invaded Biit lin after the withdrawal of the Romans ? Who were invited to 
repel the Scots and Ticts ? Name the seven kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy ? 
What is related of Prince Arthur ? Why was Atilla called the Scourqe of God? 
By whom was Rome plundered, 455 ? What were the exploits of Odoacer, 4T6 ? 
How long was this from the building of the city ? Who became master of Italy in 
493 ''' Who in 568 ? 

5. When does the Eastern empire date its establishment ? When did it termi- 
nate ? What is said of the extent of the empire at different periods ? W^liat wa3 
the character of the government? 

6. Who was the most noted emperor of the Byzantine Period ? What was the 
character of Justinian I. ? How was his reign rendered illustrious ? What vic- 
tories were achieved by Belisarius ? How was he repaid by Justinian ? W^hat 
was the experience of Narses ? How did he avenge himself ? 

7. What is said of the prevalence of the habit of hermit life ? What is bere 
related of Anthony the Hermit ? Of Simon the Pillar Saint ? 

8. By whom was the French Monarchy founded ? Who was Clovis ? Under 
whom and when had the Franks settled in Gaul ? When and by what means was 
Clovis converted to Christianity ? What are the successive periods of French 
history ? 

9. Name the missionary enterprises undertaken during the Byzantine Period, 
Narrate the story of St. Patrick's early life. What was his sabsequeiit history ? 
Give the account of St. Columba. Who was St. Austin ? What was the origin 
of This mission ? What was at this time the religion of most of the people of 
Britain ? How were Austin and his companions received ? To what dignity was 
Austin afterward advanced ? 

10. W^hen and by whom were first officially acknowledged the claims of the 
Bishop of Rome to universal supremacy ? 



Period III. — Saracen Empire. 

With what " Elements" of Event, Person, Place, and Date, does this Period 
begin and end ? 
I. By what chief events distinguished ? 



QUESTIONS. 293 

n. Name all the Persons mentioned in the Vhronology. To which nations did 
they severally belong ? 

1 . Who are the Saracens ? From whom descended ? 

2. Who was Mahomet ? W^hat were his natural endowments? Where did he 
mature his system of religion ? What is the chief article of his faith ? What is 
the Koran f What success had he at first ? Bi* what means did he found hia 
empire ? Meaning of Moslems f Of Hegiraf 

3. What is said of the exploits of Omar ? What is said of the Alexandrian 
Library? What is remarked by President Wayland concerning this loss ? 

4. Who was Dagobert ? Why were kings of France called Sluggards f 

5. By whom was the University of Cambridge founded ? What is its present 
condition ? 

6. Who was Calinicus ? 

7. By whom was glass introduced into England ? How was the formation of 
glass discovered ? 

8. Who was Mayor of France in the reign of Thierry III. ? What is said of his 
adminisrration ? 

9. What were the achievements of Charles Martel ? 

10. What great controversy prevailed a. d. 726—787? What use had been 
made of images before this time ? How did Leo III. regard their use at this time 
by the ignorant and superstitious multitude ? What did the popes of Rome 
advocate ? What was the final result of this controversy ? 

11. What was the origin of the tax. called '•^ Peter'' s Pence f'' When was it 
abolished ? 

12. What eminent man died in 735 ? 

13. By whom were the Merovingians deprived of the crown of France ? What 
is considered the origin of the temporal dominion of the popes of Rome ? 

14. Why were the Saracens that conquered Spain in the eighth century called 
Moors f What kingdom was founded by Pelagius, 718 ? Who founded the 
Caliphate of Cordova ? What of Cordova in the tenth century ? 

15. What is related of Bagdad under Al Mansor ? 

16. Which was the first clock ever seen in Europe? How did it differ from 
the clocks now in use ? Who invented clocks with toothed wheels ? What im- 
provement was made by Galileo ? 



Period IY. — German Empire. 

With what associated '• Elements'" does this Period begin and end ? 

I. By what chief events is this Period distinguished ? 

IT. Name the eminent men given in the Chronology . What nations are here 
introduced ? 

1. Who was Charlemagne ? What empire resulted from his attempt to revive 
the Empire of the West? Mention some of the military exploits of Charlemagne. 
What was his character ? By whom was Charlemagne succeeded in the German 
Empire ? Ans. Louis T., Le debonnaire, the son and immediate successor of Char- 
lemagne retaining the throne of the empire, divided among his children portions 
of Germany, France, and Italy, excepting the States of the Church, which their 
ancestors had conferred on the popes of Rome. The descendants of Louis I. in 
the male line inherited the imperial crown until a. d. 912, when Louie III., the 



294 APPEIfDIX. 

last of the Carlovingians. dying without children, Conrad I., Duke of Franconia, 
was elected emperor. From that time the throne was obtained by election. Who 
were the imperial electors ? Ans. The King of Bohemia, the Dukes of Bavaria, 
Saxony, Brandenburg, and Hanover; the Count Palatine of the Rhine, and the 
Bishops of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne. Name the chief historical epochs of 
Germany. (1.) The original state of independence and barbarism. (2.) The con- 
quest by the Eomans under a son of Drusus, thence named Germanicus, a. d. 17. 
(.3.) The conquest of Italy and Germany by Charlemagne, King of France, who was 
crowned emperor of the west at Rome by Pope Leo III., on Christmas-day, a. u. 
800. (4.) The election of Conrad I., Duke of Franconia, a. d. 912. (5.) The acces- 
sion of Conrad III., a. d. 1138, originating the contests between the Guelphs and 
Ghibelines. (6.) The accession of Rodolph I. of Hapsburg, founder of the House 
of Austria, 1273. (7.) The Revolt of Switzerland, under Albert I., 1307. led by 
Tell. (8.) The Invention of Printing, 1485—58, under Frederick III. (9.) The Re- 
formation under Charles V., 1517, led by Luther. (10.) The Thirty Years' War, 
A. D. 1618—1648, Peace of Westphalia. (11.) War of the Austrian Succession, 
1740—1748, Peace of Aix la Chapelle. (12.) The Dissolution of the Empire by the 
resignation of Francis II., who then became Emperor of Austria, 1806. (13.) "'The 
Confederation of the Rhine," (Napoleon, Protector,) lfc09— 13. (14.) ''The North 
German Confederation," under the auspices of Prussia, a. d. 1866. (15.) Empire 
revived— William 1. of Prussia, 1870. 

2, Upon what ground did Egbert claim the sovereignty of all the kingdoms of 
the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy ? When was this conquest achieved ? How long 
after the withdrawal of the Romans ? What lines of sovereigns have worn the 
crown of England from a. b. 827 ? (1.) Name the Saxon kings. Ans. Egbert, 
827; Ethelwolf, 838; Ethelbald, 857; Ethelbert, 860; Ethelred L, 866; Alfred, 
8T2; Edward the Elder, 901; Ethelstan, 925; Edmund I., 941 ; Edred, 946: Edwy, 
955 ; Edgar, 959 ; Edward II., the Martyr, 975 ; Ethelred II., 978 ; Edmund II., Iron- 
side, 1016; Edward III., the Confessor, 1041 ; Harold II., 1066. (2.) Who were the 
three Danish kings of England ? Ans. Canute the Great, 1017; Harold I., Hare- 
foot, 1085 ; and Hardicanute, 103!>. (3.) Mention the four Norman kings. Ans. 
William I., the Conqueror, 1(;66; William II., Rufus, 1087; Henry I, Beau Clerc, 
1100; and Stephen, 1135. (4.) Who were the fourteen Plantagenets ? Henry II., 
1154 ; Richard I., Cceur de Lion, 1189 ; John Lackland, 1199 ; Henry HI., 1216 ; Ed- 
ward L, 1272 ; Edward II., 1307 ; Edward III., 1327 ; Richard II., 1377 ; Henry IV., 
Duke of Lancaster (Red Rose), 1399; Henry V., 1413; Henry VL, 1422; Edward 
IV., Duke of York (White Rose), 1461 ; Edward V., 1483; and Richard IIL, 1483. 
(5.) Name the five Tudors. Ans. Henry VII., 1485; Henry VIIL, 1509; Edward 
VL, the Pious, 1517; Mary L, 1553; and Elizabeth, 15.58. (6.) Who were the six 
Stuarts? Alls. James I., 1603; Charles I., 1625; (the Commonwealth and the 
Protectorate of Oliver and Richard Cromwell. 1649;) Charles II., 1660; James IL, 
1685 ; William III. (Orange), and Mary II. , 1688 ; and Anne, 1702. (8.) Name the 
Sovereigns of the House of Hanover. George I., 1714; George II. , 1727; George 
IIL, 1760; George IV., 1820; William IV., 18:">0; and Victoria. 1837. 

3, Who were the Norman Sea kings ? What conquests were made by them ? 

4, When are the Turks first mentioned in history ? 

5, What was the character of Basil I. ? What incident is related of him ? 

6, Which king of England is justly styled " the father of his country V Name 
the chief acts of King Alfred's reign. Describe the '•'Ordeal.'" Who first assumed 
the title Rex Anglorum ? Who was the greatest of the Moorish princes of Spain ? 
\\ hat was the character of Henry I., Emperor of Germany ? 



QUESTIONS. 295 

9. Mention some of the exploits of Otho I. 

10. How did Athelstan encourage the prosecution of foreign commerce ? 

11. Narrate the !?tory of St. Diinstan. 

I'Z, Where if Cairo ? By whom and when built ? Describe this city. What 
of the Fati.nite uynasty ? 

13. By what means did Kin^ Edgar clear his kingiom of wo>es ? 
11. Who was; Hugh Capet ? What was the chaiacter of lii:« reign ? 

15. What improvements were introduced into Europe a. d. 991 ? 

1 6. Who was the first Mahometan invader of India ? What is the present con- 
dition of the city of Ghizni ? 

1 7. Why did Sweyn, King of Denmark, invade England ? 

18. What is related of Edmund Ironside ? 

19. What was the character of Canute the Great ? How did he rebuke the 
sycophants of h.s court ? 

20. What was the Truce of God ? 
2 1 . Who was Macbeth ? 

22. What is related of Edward the Confessor ? 

23. What was the Schism of the East ? 

24. What conquests were made during this Period by the Turks ? 

25. Who was Wi.liam the Conqueror ? Name the chief acts ol his reign. 

26. What was the Feudal System ? 

27. In what consisted the institution of Chivalry f Through what course of 
training were thekuights required to pass ? What were some of the advantages 
of Chivalry ? 

28. Who was the Cid Campeador ? 



Period V. — Crusades. 

Give the " Elements" of Event, Person, etc., with which this Period begins and 
ends. By what chief events is it distinguished ? Name the kings of England 
mentioned in the Chronology. The kings of France. The emperors of Germany. 
The emperors of the East. The battles and conquests. What empires founded? 
What inventions and improvements are mentioned ? 

1. What were the Crusades ? Why so called ? 

2. What was the origin of these expeditions ? Who was Peter the Hermit ? 
What of the council of Clei'mout ? 

3. Who \vere the leaders of the first Crusade ? 

4. With what success was it attended ? How many Crusades were undertaken 
agamst the Mahometans ? 

5. Mention some of the results of the Crusades. 

6. What orders of Knighthood arose during the Crusades? (1.) What is 
recorded of the Knights of St. John ? (2.) Of the Knights Templars ? (.3.) Of 
the Teutonic Knights ? 

7. Who was Henry I. of England ? What was his conduct toward his brother ? 

8. By whom was the dynasty of the Comnerd founded ? 

9. What is related of Feier Abelard ? 

10. What originated the contests between the G-uelp/LS andi Ghihelines f 

11. Who were the parents of Henry H., King of England ? What is said of iho 
extent of his dominions ? 



296 APPENDIX. 

12. Who Avas Thomas a Becket ? How was Hetiry affected at his death ? What 
is said of Becket's Shrine ? 

13. What conquests were made by Saladin ? By whom was he defeated ? 

14. Who was Richard Cceur de Lion ? What was his character ? Who were 
his contemporaries ? 

1 5. What is Magna Charta f What was the origin of this document ? 

16. By whom was the Mogul Empire founded ? What conquests were made 
by the successors of Genghis Kahn ? 

17. What was the origin of the Mamelukes ? Meaning of Mameluke f What 
conquests were made by them ? What was their end ? 

18. Who was Roger Bacon ? What is related of his. genius and discoveries ? 

19. When did Marco Polo visit China ? What was the influence of his publi- 
cations in the following centuries ? 

20. Who succeeded Henry III. as King of England ? What was the origin of 
the title Prince of Wales F What controversy was decided by Edward I. ? Name 
from the Chronology some of the contemporaries of Edward I. (1250 — 1300). 

21. Who was elected emperor of Germany in l%T-i ? For what is Rodolph 
remarkable ? 

22. What were the Sicilian Vespers ? Why so called ? 

23. With whom was Philip the Fair contemporary ? What controversy between 
Philip and Pope Boniface ? What polilical change in the reign of this king ? 
Causes of this change ? 

24. Who gained the battle of Stirling, 1297 ? What was the end of Wallace ? 

25. Who led the Swiss revolution in 1307 ? 

26. Name several important improvements made in the early part of the four- 
teenth century. 

27. Upon what right did Edward III. claim the throne of France ? What vic- 
tories gained by him and his son over the French ? What prisoner taken 1336 ? 

28. What were the Salique Laws f How did those laws affect Edward's claim 
to the French throne ? 

29. Name some of the learned men of the fourteenth century. 

30. What empire in Asia succeded that of the Moguls ? What conquests 
made by Tamerlane ? 

31. Who first bore the title Dauphin ? What important service was rendered 
Charles V. by Du Guesclin ? 

32. Who were Wat Tyler and Jack Straw ? 

33. What was the origin of Playing-Cards ? 

34. Which were the first Paper Mills in the world ? 

3 5 . Who was the first English king of the House of Lancaster ? To what did 
his usurpation give rise ? 

36, What was accomplished by the victory of Agincovrt, 1415 ? 

37, Who was Joan of Arc ? How was she treated by the Duke of Bedford ? 

38, What was the origin of the Art of Printing in Europe ? What improve- 
ment was made by Giittenburg? By Sch8eff"er ? By Ged ? What is the story of 
Faust and the Bible in Paris ? What book published in J471 ? In 1474? In 1450? 
Which was the first printed modern translation of the Bible ? What of Tyndale's 
translation ? 

39, By whom was the GreekEmpire overthrown ? How long had it subsisted ? 
What of Constantinople ? 

40, What were the Wars of the Poses f Why so named ? What battles were 
fought by the contending parties ? The result of each ? 



QUESTI02^S. 297 

41 . Who became king of England in 1483 ? By what means ? What was the 
result of the victory of Bosivorth f From whom was Henry VII. descended ? 
How were the Houses of York and Lancaster united ? 

42. Who were Ferdinand and Isabella ? For what was the reign of these 
sovereigns remarkable ? 



Period YI. — Colon zing. 

Give the " Elements" and length of the Period. 

I. By what events is this Period chiefly distinguished ? 

II. Name the sovereigns of England mentioned in the Chronology. The kings 
of France. Other sovereigns. What discoveries are recorded ? What places set- 
tled ? What wars and conquests ? What treaties of peace ? 

1. What important event occurred October 12th, 1492 ? By whom was the dis- 
covery made 't Why was this voyage undertaken ? How was Columbus qualified 
to conduct, this great enterprise ? What appeared evident to Columbus ? By 
what circumstances was the opinion of Columbus sustained ? To whom did he 
apply for assistance ? By whom was he finally aided ? Describe the voyage of 
Columbus. What was the character of the natives of these islands ? Describe 
the other voyages of Columbus. Why were the regions thus discovered named 
Indies f When was the error discovered ? How was Columbus treated by King 
Ferdinand ? What was -the character of Columbus ? 

2. Who were the Cabots ? What discoveries were made by them ? 

3. From whom was the New World named ? 

4. What voyages were made by the Portuguese about the year 1500 ? 

5. Why were African slaves brought to America ? When were the first impor- 
tations made ? When was the African slave-trade abolished by England and the 
United States ? When was domestic slavery abolished ? 

6. What was the origin of the tei'm s'ave ? 

"7. What was the character of Henry VIII. ? Whence his title Defender of the 
Faith ? Did King Henry remain faithful to the Church of Rome ? Name the 
important events during the reign of Henry VIII. Who were his contemporaries ? 

8. Who was Martin Luther ? What were Indulgences ? Upon what occasions 
had Indulgences been granted ? In what faith had Luther been educated ? What 
was the result of Luther's study of the Bible ? Did those religions opinions 
originate with the refoi'mers of the sixteenth century ? By whom, before this 
time, had those or similar opinions been held ? 

9. What was the origin of the term Protestant? 

10. What was the character of Francis I. ? 

11. Who was Charles V. ? What was his character ? To whom did he leave 
his dominions ? 

12. Narrate the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. 

13. Who were the conquerors of Peru ? What was their end ? 

14. What occurred at the coronation of Edward VI. of England ? 

15. What occurred in England during the reign of Queen Mary ? 

16. Who were the Puritans ? 

17. Name the chief events of Queen Elizabeth's reign. 

1 8. What improvements and inventions about this time ? 

1 1>. What eminent men flourished during the reign of Elizabeth ? What is 
related of Sir Philip Sidney ? 

13* 



^98 APPEiTDIX. 

20. What massacre Augnst 24th. 1572 ? Upon what occasion ? What noble 
exceptions to the spirit of persecution ? 

2 1 . Narrate the history of Mary Queen of Scots. 

22. What Treaty of Peace concluded, 1559 ? What occasioned the war thus ter- 
minated ? 

23. What occasioned the revolt of the Netherlands from Spain, 1579 ? 

24. What was the character of William the Silent ? 

25. What was the design of the Spanish Armada, 1588 ? What motives induced 
Philip II. to undertake this expedition ? 

26. Give the history of the British East India Company ? What was the Sepoy 
Rebellion ? 

27. What is related of Henry IV., Prince of Navarre ? What was the Edict of 
Nantes ? 

28. lu whom were united the crowns of England and Scotland? What was 
the character of James I. ? The chief events of his reign ? 

29. What was the design of the Gunpowder Plot ? How was it defeated ? 

30. Why was a new version of the English Bible authorized ? What is said 
of this translation ? 

31. Wliat produced the Thirty Years' War f Who were the chief leadi-rs ? 
What battles were fought ? By what Treaty terminated ? 

32. What eminent men flourished during the reign of James I.? What is 
related of Galileo ? 

33. What occasioned the controversy between Charles I. and his Parliament ? 
Who^were the chief agents of Charles's despotism ? What is related of Dr. 
Leighton ? What measures were adopted by the Long Parliament, July 4th, 1642 ? 
Name the prominent Parliamentary leaders. What part in the contest was taken 
by the Scotch ? What occurred in Ireland, 1641 ? What was the Westminster 
Assembly of Divines ? What Formularies were prepared ? What was the Church 
of England during the Commonwealth ? What took place after the battle of 
Ka^eby ? What is said of the men of Cromwell's army? By what means did 
Cromwell become Lord Protector? 

34. Narrate the history of Oliver Cromwell. What was his character ? What 
the character of his government : By whom aided ? What were the chief 
events of his administration ? Bj"^ whom and when was monarchy restored ? 

35. What was the character of Charles II. ? What was his policy toward the 
regicides ? Repeat the Epitaph on John Bradshaw. What course was pursued 
by Charles II. with respect to religion ? What resulted from the Act of Ur.i- 
formily ? What measures were adopted to enforce Episcopacy m Scotland? 
Narrate the martyrdom of McKail. 

36. What was the conspiracy of Titus Gates, Kirby, and Tonge ? 

37. What is the design of the Habeas Corpus Act f 

38. Who were implicated in the Eye- House Plot ? What was the real design 
of these patriots ? 

39. By whom was the Edict of Nantes revoked ? What was the result of this 
measure ? 

40. How did James II. distinguish his reign ? Narrate the martyrdom of 
John Brown. What were the Bloody Assizes f 

41. What causes produced the Revolution in England, 1688 ? 

42. What had been the previous history of William HI. ? What were the chief 
events of the reign of William and Mary ? 

43. What is related of Peter the Great ? 



QUESTIONS. 299 

44, For what was Charles XII. of Sweden remarkable ? In what battles did he 
enga<?e ? 

45, Name the eminent men of the seventeenth century. 

46, What occasioned the War of the Spanish Succession ? Who were the 
leaders ? What battles fought ? How terminated ? 

4 7. Who was George I. of England ? 

48. What events distinguished the reign of George II. ? 

49. What was the character of Frederick II. the Great of Prussia ? 

50, What caused the War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-48 ? W'hat was the 
result ? 

51, What success attended the renewed attempt of the exiled Stuarts to regain 
the British throne ? 

52." Eminent men of the eighteenth century ? 



Period VII. — American Progress. 

Give the Elerrents o^ Events ^ etc. How is this Period distinguished as a division 
of General History ? Name the chief events in the general history of Europe. 

1, What were some of the results of the French Revolution of 178!» ? Who 
were some of the prominent leaders ? What was the Guillotined (Ans. Page 
^ll.Nofe.) What were the chief causes of this popular outbreak ? How did this 
differ from the American Revo.ution ? By what government was the Anarchy of 
the French Republic followed ? Who was Napoleon Bonaparte ? His character ? 

2, Name the political changes in France since 1789. What is the condition of 
France at this time (November 1, 1870?) Ans. The successful Prussian army, 
under William I., have almost entire possession of the country, and Paris is closely 
besieged for the fourteenth time in the history of that city. 

3, When did Greece become independent of Turkey ? What is the present 
government ? 

4, When did Mexico and the Spanish colonies of South America become inde- 
pendent ? What of Maximilian ? Who is the Emperor of Brazil ? 

5, Wiiat was the cause of the Crimean War f Its result ? 

6, Narrate the account of the Sepoy Rebellion. 

7, What caused the Carlist War in Spain? What act of the government of 
Spain led indirectly to the present war between France and Spain ? (See War of 
the Spanish Succession, p. 208.) 

8, Name the sovereigns of Great Britain since 1760. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Period I. — Discovert. 

What discoveries before the time of Columbus ? What discoveries and settle- 
ments were made by Columbus? What of San Domingo? What discoveries 
were made by the Cabois ? How is Americus Vespucius distinguished ? What 
voyages and settlements were made by the Portuguese f By the Spaniards f By 
th« French ? By the English f What is said of the colonies planted during the 
reign of Queen Elizabeth ? What companies chartered by James I. ? 



300 APPEI^DIX. 



Period II. — Colonial. 

Name the Colonies in the order of time, with the date of each. What discov- 
eries were made 1609, 1610 ? Which is the oldest college in the United States ? 
Where was erected the first printing-press ? Which was the first Bible printed in 
America ? Which was the first newspaper ? The date of the first Post-oflSce ? 
What discoveries made, 1752 ? In what wars were the Colonies involved ? 



OBSERVATIONS ON THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 

1. Upon what ground did the sovereigns of Europe claim the right to colonize 
the New World ? To what office was Columbus appointed ? What was done by 
the Cabots ? What commission was granted by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Walter 
Raleigh ? 

2. What motives appear to have actuated the first Spanish colonists ? What 
were the chief motives of the New England colonists ? What of the colonies of 
Virginia, Maryland, and New York ? 

3. Name some of the eminent men of the Colonial Period. 

4. What chiefly caused the first difficulties between the colonists and the 
Indians ? Which were among the more hostile tribes of Indians ? In what other 
wars were the English colonies involved ? (1.) What occasioned King William 
III/s War wnth France ? What events in America during this war ? Date of ihe 
Treaty of Ryswick ? Its result ? (2.) By what name is Queen Anne's War ki own 
in European History ? Events of this war in America ? What Avere some of the 
results of the Treaty of Utrecht ? (3.) When occurred King George II. 's War 
with France ? What was the chief event of the war in America ? What was 
accomplished with respect to America by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ? (See 
Vtarof theAustHan Succession., p. 209, and Salique Law, p. 160). (4.) What occa- 
sioned the Frer.ch and Indian War ? What was the ground of the French claim 
to Canada and Louisiana ? How were these regions situated with respc ct to the 
English colonies ? What measures were adopted by the French to confine the 
English to their original limits ? How did the execution of this design afl:'ect the 
claim of the English ? What occurred in 1753? Name the chief events of this 
war in order, with the date of each. Name the French commanders. The Colo- 
nial and English commanders. What was the result of the Treaty of Paris ? 
Point out this line on a Map of the United States. Which part of this territory 
became independent of Great Britain at the close of the Revolutionary War of 
1776 ? Which part is still held by Great Britain ? 

5. What was the Stamp Act? How did the Colonies regard this measure? 
What did the British Parliament assert ? 

6. What war resulted from this- conflict of opinion ? How long did the war 
continue ? State the chief events of each year in order. How many battles are 
here named ? Which battles were fought before Independence was declared ? 
Which was the first important battle ? Which the las^t ? Name the States in 
which the several battles were fought. Name the chief American commanders. 
Their French allies. The British commanders. What was the result of the war ? 



QUESTIOi^S. 301 

OBSERVATIONS ON THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

I . What was the Declaration of Independence ? 

2» Who were appointed to prepare a Declaration of Independence ? 

3. Upon what other occasions had the Fourth of July been associated with great 
political events ? 

4. What causes chiefly produced the Declaration of Independence ? 

5. What eminent men in the British Parliament advocated the cause of the 
Colonies ? What were the views of the king ? 

6. Who were prominent on the other side? 

7. What was the effect of the Stamp Act on the people of America ? What 
prevailed throughout the colonies ? Under what circumstances was the Declara- 
tion of Independence given to the world ? 

8. Name some of the prominent American leaders in the Revolution. 

9. What aid was received by the Americans from France ? Name the foreign- 
ers who nobly volunteered in the cause of the colonies ? 

10. What foreign auxiliaries had the British Government? Narrate the 
account of the Wyoning Massacre. 

II, What remarkable case of Treason occurred during the war? What was 
the fate of Major Andre ? 

12. How did General Washington celebrate the victory of Yorktown ? What 
was Washington's opinion of the conduct of the armies of the United States dur- 
ing the war ? 



Period III. — Federal. 

1. What was the general character of Washington ? Give the chief events of 
his life. What inscriptions on the base of the Washington Monument at Balti- 
more, Md. 

2. What forms of government at first prevailed among the colonies ? How 
were they united in 1777 ? Why was the federal Constitution framed ? When 
did it go into operation ? 

3. What chief departments 9f government are created by the Constitution ? 
In what is the legislative power vested ? By what tribunal is the judicial power 
exercised ? To whom is the executive power committed ? What are the qualifi- 
cations of the President with respect to nativity and age ? What are his official 
powers? Who compose his Cabinet? What must a bill passed by Congress 
receive in order to become a law ? When may a bill passed by Congress become 
a law although vetoed (forbidden) by the President ? When does the Vice-Presi- 
dent become the President ? 

4. How many Presidents have been inaugurated under the Federal Constitu- 
tion ? Name them in order, giving the date and length of each term. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS ON EACH PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATION. 

When was {Washington) inaugurated ? How long did he serve ? Who was the 
Vice-President ? Who was the Secretary of State ? Of the Treasury ? Of War ? 
Of the Navy ? Of the Interior ? Who was Postmaster-General ? Attorney-Gen- 
eral ? The Chief- Justice ? 

What was the general character of the administration ? Name the chief events. 
What new States admitted ? When and where were those States first settled ? 



302 APPEN^DIX. 

What additional territory acquired ? What eminent men died ? In what foreign 
war!? were the United States involved ? Name the chief commanders. What 
questions with foreign states were settled hy Diplomacy ? (such as those respect- 
ing boundary lines, p. 258). What public works completed ? What important 
mechanical inventions ? What was the population of the United States during 
this administration ? 

GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

How many years from Columbus to Captain John Smith ? How many from 
John Smith lo George Washington ? From Washington to the present time ? 
Name the sovereigns of England during the Period of Discovery, 1492 — 1607. Of 
France. Of Spain. Of Portugal. During the Colonial Period, 160T— 1789. Dar- 
ing the Federal Period, 1789—1870. 

Who was President of the United States when the Bastile was destroyed ? 
Who when Napoleon was proclaimed emperor ? When Greece became independ- 
ent? Upon what occasion was the Mo/troe Doctrine publis-hed ? Who was Presi- 
dent when Aaron Burr was tried for conspiracy ? What was meant by the il/is- 
souri Compromise Line f By the Omnibus Bill ? What war in Europe during 
the presidency of Mr. Pierce ? What war in Europe now (1870) in progress ? 
What two great political parties have existed from the adoption of the Federal 
Coi.stitution, and which have been confined to no section of the country ? What 
instances have occurred of sectional discontent under the Federal Government ? 
Upon what ground did the eleven Southern States justify their withdrawing from 
the Federal Union ? Upon what grotmd did the. Federal Government claim the 
allegiance of the people of the South ? Who were elected President and Vice- 
President of the Confederate States ? [Who composed Mr. Davis's Cabinet. Ans. 
R. Toombs, Qi3l., Secretary of State ; C. S. Meminger, S. C, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury ; L. P. Walker, Ala., Secretary of War ; S. R. Mallory, Fla., Secretary of the 
Navy ; J. H. Reagan, Texas, Postmaster- General ; J. P. Benjamin, La.., Att07riey- 
General.^ Name the principal Confederate generals. The chief commanders of 
the Federal armies. What has been the increase of population of the United 
Stales ? What additional territory has been acquired ? 

METHOD OF OCCASIONAL GENERAL REVIEW. 

Let this be according to the series of subjects as given in the Index : requiring 
with each Event its associated person, place, and date ; with each Place, its posi- 
tion on the map; and with each Per^Ort, his nationality, character, contempora- 
ries, and the Period in whch he flourished. 



IE"DEX. 



PAGE 
A. 

Aa'ron 55 

Ab'ana and Phar'par 14 

Abderrah'man III 141 

A'bel 45 

Ab'elard, Peter 154 

Abi'jah 61 

A'bram, A'braham 50 

Aby'dotJ 26 

Acadein'ic Philosophy 77 

Acad'emy 24 

Achie'an League 88 

Ach'illes 57 

Ac'ra 15 

Acrop'olis 28, 94 

Ac'tiiim 32, 8') 

Ad'am 45 

Ad'ams, John 234, 246 

.Samuel 284 

, John Q 254, 2<)0 

Add'ison, Joseph 207 

Ad'hemar 151 

Ad'rian 117 

Adriat'ic Sea 11 

Ad'vent of Christ 6, 7, 9 

^a. or Ai, cap. of Colchis 26, 56 

^■jre'an Sea 26 

^gi'na 68 

^ne'as, ^'neid 57, 58 

^'sop 65 

^'tes 56 

^to'lians 83 

Africa ,. 11, 18 

A,2:aniem'non 57 

Aijesila'us 77 

A'lrincourt 162 

A:?'ora 2:3 

Aj^ric'ola 115 

A'tiab 61 

Aix-la-Chapel'le, Hhen. Prussia 209, 210 

A'.ias 57 

Alaba'ma... 253 

Al'aric 126 

Al'bany 220 

Albe.mar'le 222 

Al'bert, apb. Magdeburg 175 

Al'bcrt, pr. Consort 215 

Aibo'm 127, 128 

Albuquer'que 173 

Alexan'der Great 32, 33, 79 

Alexan'der Seve'rus 119 

Alexan'dria 19 

Al'fred Great.. 140 

A'lians 126 



A'lien Law 246 

Alma'gro 178, 217 

Al'manack, Note 40 

Al Man'sor 137 

Al'phabet of Cad'mus 53 

Alps 30 

Al'va 184 

Am'brose 1 2(> 

Amer'ica, Discoverj"^ of 168 

— , Divisions of 88 

" American Progress," Period of. . . 210 

Amei'icus Vespn'cius 172 

Am'herst 227 

Amphic'tyon 30 

Arapii'dia 2.59 

Am'ram 54 

Ana'hasis 75 

Anchi'ses 57 

Andre'. Major 2-29, 238 

Anne, Qnei-n of England 208 

•"■ Antedilu'vian" Period 45 

Arts 46 

An'ihony, Mark 21, 86 

An'thony the Her'mit . . 128 

Antig'onns 80 

Anti'ochus Epipha'nes 84 

Antoni'uus Pius 118 

Apostles of Christ 113 

Aq'ueducts, Roman 35 

Ara'bia 29, 31, 92 

Ara'bians 35, 132 

Arachnse'us 57 

A^ram 47 

Ar'arat 10, 28 

Ara'tus 83 

Arba'ces 14. 64 

Arbe'la 32. 79 

Arca'dius 125 

Archim'edes 82 

Arch of Ti'tus 89 

Arch'ous .58 

Areop'asrus 23, 52 

Ar'go, Ar'gonauts 56 

A r'gos. Ar'golis 52 

Aridfe'us, Philip SO 

Aris'ta 2.59 

Aristi'des 73 

Aristot'le 24, 77 

Arithmet'ical Figures 144 

Arizo'na 261 

Arkan'?as 256 

Ark, No'ah's 10, 47 

Ark'wright 268 

Arraa'da 185 



304 



IKDEX. 



PAGE 

Arme'nia 10, 70 

Armin'iup 19i 

Arm'istead 251 

Ar'nold 229, 288 

Ar'phaxad 47 

Arsin'oc 33 

Artaxerx'es. Lono-iman'us. or Aha- 
gne'rns {son of Xerxes mid husband 

of E-'ther) 73 

Artaxerx'es Miie'mon {grandson of 

Arfax. Long.) 75 

Arteme'eia 21 

Artem'onep 74 

Ar'thiir {a British Prince) li?6 

Arundc'lian Marbles 52 

Ascan'ius 5? 

As'cra 62 

Apdrn'bal 20 

Ash'ur 13, 47, 4S 

A'siaMi'nor 11 

Apia. Modem Empires of 88 

Asmone'cin Princes 84 

Aspyr'ia, Empires of ■ 11, 13, 14 

'' Assyr'ian Empire," Period of 59 

Astrol'ofjy 48 

Asty'ajjes 69 

Atabal'ipa 178 

Arh'amas 26 

Atiiel'stan 142 

A'theus 23, 52, 55 

At'illa 126 

At'kinson 2.55 

At/las 30 

Attor'neys-Geiieral 275 

Augs'bur<^ (Bararia) 191 

Augus'ta, or Sebas'te 16 

Au<?us'tine, St.. city of 218 

Anijns'tulns. Emperor 124, 127 

Aiigus'tus, Emperor 12, 16, 43, 86, 112 

Aure'lian 121 

Aurun^'zebe 186 

Aus'tin. St 180 

Aus'tria, House of 94 

" Aus'trian Succes'sion" 209 

B. 

Ba'al 13, 62 

Ba'bel 18, 47 

Bab'ylon 13, 47, 64, 67 

''Babylonish Captivity" 65 

Ba'con, L(»rd Francis 192 

, Roj^er ; 1.57 

Bad'on Hill 126 

Bas'flad 1.37 

Ba'ker, Major 2(16 

Balbo'a ■. . 175, 217 

Bald'win I. {Jir---t Latin Emperor of 

Eastern EmiYire) 173 

Baldwin II. {King of Jerusalem) ... 153 

Bal'timore, battle" of 251 

, Lord 221 

Bank, First United States 2J5 

Ba'rak 55 

Bar'clay, {British commodore) 252 

Robert I'jy 



PAGE 

Bar'net 164 

Bar'ney 250 

Barre' 282 

Ba'sil 1 140 

Bastile' 107 

Battles, 2d War with Gt. Britain. . . . 276 

, Late Civil War 277 

Baum 229 

Bayard'. Chev. (a French knieht, 
''' sans peur et sans reproche, slain 

in battle April 30. 15-24) 

Beck'et 1.55 

Bede the Venerable {from his emi- 
nent jiiety and learning) 186 

Bed'foril, Dukeof 162 

Beit Lahhm 16 

Bel'esis 14. 64 

Belisa'rius 127 

Belshaz'zar 14, 67 

Ben'jamin, Tribe of 15 

Ben'ninofton. Vt 2-.'9 

Ber'een, N. J 2"20 

Berke'ley. Lord 220 

Beth'lehem 16 

Bexar, Texas (Ba-har') 258 

Beze'tha 15 

Bi'as 66 

Bi'ble. Elliot's 222 

, KiniT James' 190 

Binir'ham {British captain) 252 

Biog'raphy S 

Bi'orn 216 

Birs Nim'rod 14 

Bishop of Rome, Suprem. of 131 

Bithyn'ia SO 

Black or Enx'ine Sea 26 

Black Hawk 255 

Bla'densburg {a milage six miles N. 

E. of Washington City) 250 

Blake 199 

Blen'heim {a village in Bavaria) ... 208 

" Bloody Assizes" 205 

Blii'cher 212 

Boadice'a 113 

Bocca'cio 161 

Bo'hemond 151 

Boi'leau 207. 

Boleyn', Anna 174 

Bombav' .... 186 

Bom'ilear 20 

Bo'naparte, Napoleon 1 211 

. Napoleon III 213 

Bon 'i face VIII 158 

Bos'worth. {a town in Leice>'tershire, 
Eng., 106 miles N.N. W. cf London 164 

Bos'ton. Mass. (tbnnded l'680) 

'• Bos'ton News Letter" 222 

" Bos'ton Port Bill" 2-28 

Both'well laS 

Bour'bun, House of 1iS9 

Bour'bons 212, 213 

Boyne 206 

Bozza'ris, Marco 213 

Brad'dock 227, 240 

Brad'shaw 197.200 

Brandt 237 



INDEX. 



305 



PAGE 

Bran'dywine 229 

Brazil' 214. 216, 217 

Bre'da {a city of Holland, 60 mile^ S. 

of Amsterdahi) 220 

Brem'en {British general) 229 

Bren'nus 7T 

Brew'ster 20 

Bi'i'an Boroi'mhe 105 

Brit'ain 113, l'?8 

. Great 87 

Brook Ke'dron 15 

Brooke {British, colonel) 251 

Brooke. Lord 221 

Brown {American general) 250 

Brown, John 204 

Brnns' wickers 237 

Bru'tup, Junius 72 

Brn'tns andCas'f^ius 85 

Buchan'an, James 2t)2 

Bne'nos Ay'res 217 

Buiik'er Hill 22"^ 

Monument 257 

Bun'yan. Joim 208 

'Bunioy'ne {B7itish general) 228, 229 

Burke. Edmund . . . '. 210 

Bur'leigh. Lord 181 

Burns, Robert 210 

Burr, Aarou 248 

But'ler, John 237 

Byr'sa 19 

" Byzan'tine" Period 123 

Byzan'tium 91, 124 

C. 

Cah'inet 243, 244, 273 

Ca'bors 172, 216 

Cabral' 172, 216 

Cade, Jack 101 

Cadi'jah 133 

Cad'mus 53 

Cse'sar, Julius 39, 85 

Cai'sars, Twelve 114 

Cai'ro 143 

Calais' (172 t/dles N. of Paris) 184 

Calcut'ta {Kali cutta,'i. e., the city of 

the goddess Kali) 187 

Ca'leb 55 

Cal'endar 39 

Calhoun', J. C 261 

Ca ilor'nia 260 

Calin'icus 1:^j4 

Calis'theries 8(i 

Cal'vary 29 

Cal'viu 1 76 

Cam'bridoe University 134 

, Mass 221 

Camby'ses {King of Persia and fa- 
ther of Cyrus the Great) 69 

Camby'ses {^onand successor' of Cy- 

7-ux 'the Great) 71 

Cfini'deii, baiile of 229 

Cam'deu, Lord 232 

Camil'ius 77 

Ca'naan 11 

Cau'ada 219 



Can'nae (a village in Avvlia) 

Canute' 

Capet' 

Cape'tian 

Capti v'ity, Babylonish 

Caracal'la 

Car'den {British captain) 

Cari'nus 

Carl'ist War 

Carlovin'gian Dynasty ... 

Carnat'ic {the Carnatic is a fertile 
region on the fovlheast coast of 
Hindostan, about 570 miles long). . 

Caroli'na 221, 

Car'roU. Charles 

Car'teret, Sir George 

Car'thage 12, 19, 62. 

Carthagin'ians 20, 

Cartier' ' . . 

Ca'rus {an enterprising soldier who 
succeeded Probus as Emperor of 
Pome.^Sl) 

Car'ver, John 

Cassan'der 

Cas'sius and Brutus 

Cat'acombs 

Cafaiine's Conspiracy 

Catharine of Arra^on 

de Medicis 



82 
144 
143 
129 

65 
119 
2.' 2 
1-^2 
214 
129 



187 
222 
256 
220 
£3 
82 
217 



Cath'olic League 94, 

Cat'ullus 

Cause'way, Giant's 

Cax'ton, William lUO, 102. 

Ce'crops, Cecro'pia 23, 

Cervaii'tes 

Cethi^'gus . 

Chalde'a 

Ciialdees'. Ur of 

Champlain' 

Cha'res 

Charlemagn'e 

Charles Martel' 

Charles I.. King of England 

II., son of Charles I 

v., Emperor of Germany.. . 

v.. the Wise, King of France 

YL, King of France 

VI., Emperor of Germany.. 

IX., King of France 

XII.. King of Sweden 

Charles'Um, S. C 222, 

Chaerone'a 78 

Chateau' Cambre'^is {a castle 102 

miles N. E. of Paris) 1P4 

Chat'ham, Lord 210 

Chau'cer 161 

Ches'ter, Pa 222 

Chil'deric III., King of France 136 

Chi'li 214, 217 

Chi'lo 66 

Chi'na 47 

Chiv'alry 147 

Chkist Jesus, the Son of God 112 

Chris'tian .^Era 41 

Church 113 

Chris'tians, why persecuted 116 



122 

2-20 
80 
85 
90 
85 
174 
181 
l!!l 
86 
106 
163 
52 
1-81 
85 
11 
.'■^O 
219 
33 
139 
135 
193 
199 
177 
161 
161 
2(9 
181 
207 
22.) 



106 



IKDEX. 



PAGE 

Chronological JEras 40 

Church of the Nativiry J6 

Church of St. John, Lat'eran 90 

, St. Peter's 91 

. of the Holy Sepulcher 94 

Cic'ero 85 

Cid Campea'dor 148 

Cnicinna'tus 74 

Cine'a? 80 

Clarke, Captain 248 

C!aude of Savoy 182 

Clav'erhouse 204 

Clay. Henry 260, 261 

Cl;iy'h(irne 221 

CI em 'en t VIII., Pope 174 

Cleob'ulus 66 

Cleopat'ra 21. 32, 86 

Clermont', Council of {Puy de Dome, 

Fr) 151 

Clermont/, first steamboat 249. 2(i9 

Cl.'ves. Aniieof ... 174 

Chn'ton. Sir Henry 97. 228, 2-29 

, George, Vice-Pref: U. S. . . 273 

. De Witt, Projector of the 

Hyd.-o» and Erie Canal 254 

Clive. Lord 187 

Clocks 137 

Clotil'da 1-9 

Clo'vis 128, 160 

Coaches 180 

Coch'rane, British admiral 250, 251 

Cod'rus 58 

(;;()l'chip 56 

Coli'gny, French admiral 181 

Colise'iim 89 

Collati'nus 72 

"Colo'nial" Period 219 

. . Eminent men of 224 

\ Wars of 224 

, Governments of 242 

Col'onists. motives of 223 

Col'onize New World, Eight to 223 

Colos'sus of Rhodes 33 

Colum'ba, St 129 

Colum'bas 168, 216, 217 

Com'modns 119 

Com'mons, House of 157, 159 

Cdmne'nus 154 

Compass, Mariner's l.">9 

Com'promise Act 255 

Cou'chilis 17 

Confed'erate States 2(14 

Conledera'tion, Articlesof 242 

Coiifu'cius 68 

C(Jnfu'^il)n of 'i'ongues 47 

Con'gress, Colonial 228 

, Continental 96, 228 

. Federal '. . . 24-J 

Connec'ticut 2 '1 

Con'rad HI 154 

Constan'tus.... 122 

Con'siaiiiine 89,123. 124 

C<mstautino'ple 91 

Coiisiitu'tion, l*"ederal 242 

Con'way, British statesman 232 

Cordo'va 141 



PAGE 

Corce'bus 63 

Cor'inth 83 

Corneil'le 207 

Cornwal'lis 230, 238 

Cor'tez 1"8, 217 

Cot'ton 2ti8 

Coun'cil. Amphictyo-'nic 30 

Cov'enant, Scottish 105 

Cov'enanters 204 

Cow'pens, S. C. Battle of 229 

Cow'per, William 21 

Cran'mer 178, 17".» 

Cras'sus 85 

Creation, Mva. of 40 

Creation, Days of 45 

Croe'sus 21. 66 

Cres'sy (Dep. Somme, Fr.) 160 

Crime'an War {The Crimea) 214 

Cromlechs' 102 

Crom'well, Oliver 197 

. Eichard 199 

Crown Point, N. Y 227 

'• Crusades,^' Period of 148 

, Origin of 150 

Ctes'iphon 33 

Cn'ba 170. 216 

CuHo'den {Scotlaid) 2i0 

Cum'berland Strait 218 

Ciinax'a ;.. 75 

Cur'few 146 

Curia'tii 64 

Cul'lu Mu'ses.. : 146 

Cyd'nus 21 

Cynoceph'ale 83 

Cyp'rian 21), 121 

Cy rope'dise 75 

Cyrus the Great 21 69 

the Younger 75 

D. 

Da'cia {Hungary) 116 

Da'cres 252 

Dac'tyli, Idsei 56 

Dade, American major 255 

Dagobert', King of France 134 

Damas'cus 14 

Dam'ask 14 

Dam'son 14 

Dam'ocles 76 

Da'mon and P.\ th'ias 75 

Daniel the Prophet 67 

Dan'te 160 

Da'rien 21'' 

Dari'us, Codotn'anus 32, 7v» 

the Mede 69 

Hystas'pes 71 

No'thufe (the son of Artax 

erxes Longima'nus and the father 
of Cyrus the Younger, B c. 423).. 

Darn'ley, Lord 183 

David. King of Israel 58 

Davis, John 218 

Davis, Jefferson 264 

Day, Names of. etc 35 

Dead Sea 27 



INDEX. 



307 



PAGE 

Dean, Silas. 2<34 

Deb'orah f)5 

Deca'tur. Comraodore 248, 252 

Deceb'alns 11 ti 

Declara'tion of Rights . . 228 

T)f Independence.. 230. 231 

Dedica'tion of firsit Temple f)9. 61 

of second Temple 71 

D\Esfai<J:n' 229, 235 

De Foe. 207 

De Eiiv'ter 198 

Be So'to 217 

De Son'za 217 

De Witt, John and Corne'lius 205 

Delau'ney lOT 

Del'aware 220 

Del'phi .SO 

Del'iige of Noah 47 

^^ — of Ojj'ysei* 52 

of Denca'lion 53 

Deme'irins Polior'cetes 8.3 

Demos'thenes 77 

Det?'ert 31 

Dia'na, Temple of 33 

Did'ius Julia'nus 119 

Di'do 19, 62 

Dieskaii' 227 

Din'widdie 226 

Diocle'sian 122 

Diog'enes 77 

Diony'sius 75 

Dis'co Island {Baffln's Bay) 218 

" Dispersion Period" 46 

Dissec'rion of bodies 15.? 

" Distribu'tion Act" 256 

Dix'well. John 200 

Domi'tian 114 

Dorr, Thomas W 258 

Dort. Synod of {Holland) 192 

Do'ver, N. H 220 

Downie, British com 252 

Dra'co 64 

Drake, British admiral 180 

Dru'ids 103 

Drura'mond, British general 250 

Dry'den 207 

Dub'lin 105 

Dii'cas 146 

Dud'ley. Lord Guil'ford 179 

Du Guesc'lin 161 

Diiiriius 82 

Dun'stan, St 142 

Jyn qnQ^ne' {Pithbvrg , Pa.) . . . . 226, 227 
Dutch Eepub'lic 184, 202 

E. 

Earth, first settlement of 10 

East'ern or Greek Empire 127, 164 

Eist Indies 171 

East India Company. British 186 

Ecclesias'tical History 8 

Com'n, Court of 201 

E'den .30 

E'i.'ffar 143 

'•E'dict of Nantes" issued 189 



PAGE 

" Edict of Nantes" revoked 203 

Ed'inburgh 103 

Ed'mnnd Ironside 144 

Ed'red 142 

Ed'ward the Elder 141 

tile Confestsor 145 

I , Longshanks 157 

Ill 160 

the Black Prince 160 

IV 164 

VI., the Pious 178 

Ed'wy 142 

E-'bert the Great 139 

Eg'lou. a king of Moab 55 

E'gvpt 11, 12, 80 

E'hnd 55 

Elea'zer 81 

E'ii . .56 

Eli'jah .. 61 

Eliz'abeth 180 

'• Embargo" 249 

Eng'land 139 

, Church of 1 80 

, Antiq'uities of 102 

English Sovereigns, lines of . . . 139, 194 

" English Mer'cury" 181 

E'noch 46 

Epaminon'das 77 

Kph'esus 33 

Eph'ori 24 

Epicu'rus 80 

E'rie and Hud'son Canal 254 

Erostra'tus .33 

Esarhad'don 14 

E'sau .51 

Es'sex, Earl of 195, 203 

Eth'eibert 131 

Ethnolog'ical History 8 

Eu'clid of Meg'ara 75 

of Alexan'dria 80 

Eu'demon 120 

Eu'gene, Pr 208 

Euphra'tes 27 

Eu'rope 23, 87, 88 

Eu'taw Springs 229 

Eux'ine or Black Sea 26 

' • Evangel'ical Union" 191 

Ex'odus .54 

Eze'kiel , 65 

F. 

Fah'renheit. 207 

Fair'lax, Lord 195 

Fal'kirk. Battle of 210 

Far'rar. Bishop 179 

Fanst, John 163 

Fawkes. Guy 190 

Feli'citas 120 

Fenelon 207 

Fer'dinand and Isabel'la I(i5 

I.. Emperor of Germany 178 

n , ''' " 191 

VII., King of Spain .... 214 

Feu'dal System 146 

Fire-arms 159 



308 



IN^DEX. 



PAGE 

Fire of Loivdoii 102 

Fires, Teles^raph'ic 57 

Fiat'bush, i3anle of 2-28 

Flod'den Field, Battle of 175 

Flor'ida 217, 253, 258 

Foe. Daniel de 2(17 

Forbesi, British general 227 

Fo'rum 24, 89 

Fotli'eriniray Castle 183 

Founda'tion of Rome, "a. u. c.".. . 4il 

'• Fourth of July" 280 

Fox, George 19.) 

France, Political chanj^es in 212 

French Mon'archy " 128 

French Sovereis^ns, lines of 129 

French and Indian War 223, 226 

Francis I., Kins: of France 177 

II.. King of France 1S3 

I.. Emperor of Germany. . . 209 

Franklin, Dr. Benjamin 222, 284 

Franks 12« 

Fred'erick I., Emperor of Germany. 93 

n.. Great, King Prussia. 209 

IV., Elector Palatinate .. 93 

v.. " " 93, 191 

Fred'erickshall, Battle of 207 

Froissart' 161 

Ful'ton, Robert 2G8, 269 

G. 

Ga'len 118 

Gale'rius 122 

Gal'ilee, a division of the Holy Land 16 

, Sea of 26 

Gal \i.'o 192 

Ga'ma. Vas'co di 172 

Games, Olym'ine 56 

Gar'den of E'den 30 

Gar'dens, Hanging 13 

Gates, American general 229 

Gautier' sans avoir 151 

Ged, William 163 

Genet', M 245 

Genser'ic 12!>, 127 

George I., King of Great Britain. . , 208 

II., " •' "... 2118 

III., " '^ "... 215 

IV.. " " "... 215 

I., King of Helle'nes 213 

Guor'gia 222 

Geograph'ical His*;ory 8 

'• Ger'man Empira," Period of 13S 

, Events of 294 

Ger'man town. Battle of 229 

" Ger'trude of Wyoming" 233 

Ge'ta, Emperor of Rome 119 

Ghent, Treaty of • 252 

Ghi b'elines and Guelphs 154 

Gib'bon 210 

Gibraltar 208 

Giii'eoii, Hebrew judge 55 

Gil'bert. teir Humphrey 218 

Glass VU 

Gleu'coe 206 

Go'a 173 



God'frey of Bon'illon 1 51 

Gof le, William 200 

" Golden Fleece" 26, 56 

Gor'don, Lord George 102 

Gor'ges, Ferd 220,221 

Goths 126 

Gran'icus River, Battle of 28. 79 

Grant. Ulysses S 265, 2f;6 

Grasse, Count de 235 

Gravelines, Battle of 184 

Great Britain 189 

, second War with 249 

Great Meadows, Battle of 240 

Greece 11, 12, 72 

" Greek Empire," Period of 123 

Greek Empire overthrown 164 

Greene, American general 230 

Greenland 215 

Grego'rian Cal'endar 40, 1.57 

Gregory XilL. Pope 40, 1.57 

Gren'ville, :>ir Richard 222 

Geoge 233 



Guadaloupe' Hidal'go 259 

Guanaha'ni 216 

Guelphs and Ghib'tlines 154 

Guil'lotine 211 

Guise, Duke of 182 

Gunpowder, invention of lo'l 

" Gunpowder Plot" 189 

Gun Locks invented 160 

Gusta'vHS Adol'phus 191 

Gutt'enburg J62 

H. 

" Hab'eas Cor'pus" Act 202 

Ha' gar 50 

Hale, Sir Matthew 208 

Halicarnas'sus 21 

Ham. son of Noah 47 

Harail'car 2;j 

Hamp'den 194, 195, 203 

Han'cock, John 96, 234 

Hang'ing Gardens 13 

Han'nibal 20, 30^ 82 

Hanove'rian Succession , 208 

Har'mer, American general 24 1 

Ha'roun Al Ras'chid 137 

Harrison, Thomas 195 

— '■ , Benjamin 195 

, William H 2.57 

" Hart'ford Convention" 266 

Har'vard College 221 

Har' vey 1 92 

Ha:-'elrig 198 

Hast'i ngs. Marquis of 187 

Have'loclv, British general 188 

Hay'ti 110 

He'brews 11. 49 

He'brew Theoc'racy 12 

" He'brew Commonwealth," Per. of 53 

Hecatom'pyh)s 18 

Hi-c'ior... ' 57 

■•Hegi'ra" 41, 133 

Hei'delburg 93 

llel'eua, Empress 150 



I-N-DEX. 



300 



Hel'enaSt.., Island 212 

Heliogaba'lns 119 

Hel'le, Hel'lei-pont . 26, 5»i 



Hel'leii 

Uen'ffisf and Ilor'sa 

Hen'ry I., Fowler, Emp. Germany., 

I., Beauclerc. King of Eng. . 

II., Plantagenet, •' " . 

IV., King of England 

v., " '• 



57 
1-26 
HI 
1.^3 
1.54 
162 
1(;2 
l(i4 
164 



6-2 

210 
120 
l'.)3 
196 



29 

.56 

116 

245 



62 
253 
135 

52 



. VI., " " 

VII., Tndor, King of Eng 

VII.V Chapel 9!» 

VIII.. Kini; of England. ... 174 

IV., Prince of Navarre.. 188, 218 

, Patrick 231 

. Prof. Jopeph, LL.D 2ii9 

Hep'tarchv 1~^ 

Iler'cules, Herac'lidae 5S 

Pier'mit Life ■• 128 

Her'od the Great, King of Judea — 16 

Herod'otus '^^ ]^^ 

Her'uli If;^ 

Hes'iod 

Eess'sians 

Hey'ne 

Hexap'la 

'• High Commii^sion Court'' — 

" High Court, of Justice" 

Hip'pias, Hipparch'us 72 

Hippo'crates ''5 

Hi'ram II., Kingof Tyre 17 

HispanMo'la 21b 

His'iory. Elem. and Uses 5 

. Divisions of 6, 7, 8 

Illustrates Prophecy 9 

, Ancient •• 45 

, Modern 1 10 

Holy City 1^ 

Land 1^0 

Sepulchre 94 

Hol'land 185, 20o 

Ho'mer o2 

Hono'rius 12'> 

Hoop'er, Bishop ll^9 

Hor'ace ^*J 

Hora'tii • 64 

Ho'reb, Mount 29, 5o 

"Horse, Wooden" 21, 51 

How'ard, Catharine 174 

Howe, Lord, British general^ 97, 228, 229 

Had'son, Henry 219 

Hudson's btrait, Bay 219 

Hugh of Vermandois 151 

Hu'guenots — 181 

Hull. American general 276 

, American commodore 2o2 



I'da, Mount 20, 

" Idas'i Dac'tyli" 

Igna'tius 

Ildefon'so, Treaty of 248 

"iriad" 

Illinois' 

Ini'ages, Use of 

In'achus • • 

Independ'ence, Declaration of 22S 

In'dia l^-^ 

India'na ••• 252 

Indies, East and West 96, 171 

"Inductive Philosophy." {In dvco, 
leading up. from particular facts 

to general principles) 192 

" Indulsiences" I'lp 

'• In hoc signo vinces" 123 

I'no „26 

Inventions, Mechanical 268 

lo'na If" 

lo'nian Sea 11 

I'owa 259 

Ip'sus, Battle of ■_• 80 

Ire'ton, Henry 195, 198 

I'saac S';:" 

Isabel'la, Queen of Spain 165, 169 

II.,- " 214 

Isa'iah ^^ 

It^h'mael "^ 

Is'rael, Kingdom of 61 

Is'sus, Battle of '•'9 

It'aly. 11,127 

itur'bide, Emperor of Mexico 214 



Hume, David. 

Hyder Aii 

Hyrca'nus 



210 

187 
84 



I. 



lal'ysus _f4 

Fbrahim Pasha 213 

Ib'berville,M ...• 226 

Ice'land 215 



J. 

Ja'cob 51 

.lack'son, Andrew 251, 254, 2(iO 

•' Jack Straw" 161 

James IV.. King of Scotland 175 

I., Kin"-- of Great Britain 189 

II., Duke of York .. 202, 204, 209 

Jame«'iown, Va 219 

Jansen'ius 207 

Jai>ai)', Treaty with 262 

Ja'pheth 47 

Ja'son »6 

Ja'vaiand .lago 143 

Jay, John 244, 256 

Jeb'usites l-^ 

Jefferson, Thomas 234, 247 

Jeffries, Judge 20.^ 

Jephthah 55 

Jes'!«up, American general 2o5 

Je'su!? Chbist 112 

Jews, Captivity of the 65 

, Ret-toiation of the 69, 71 

Jo'an of Arc 162 

Joch'ebed 54 

John the Baptist 112 

the Apostle 114 

I., Comne'nus 154 

, King of Portugal 1()9 

John'son, Dr. S 210 

Join'ville, Prmce de 212 

Jo'nah 63 

Jones, John Paul - 236 



310 



IKDEX. 



PAGE 

Jor'dan Kiver 27 

Jo'seph 51 

Jose'phns 114, 115 

Josli'iia 55 

Jiide'a 16 

Jiui'ge!*, Hebrew 55 

Ju'Jun the Apos'tate 125 

Ju'piter 50 

Ju'riet? 141 

Justices, Chief, U. S 275 

. Associate, U. S 275 

Jns'rin M.irtyr 118 

Justin'ian I., Greek emperor 127 

Ju'venal 118 

K. 

Kaa'ba 92 

Kalb, Baron de 286 

Kan'sas. Civil War in 262 

" Kan'sas-Nebraska Bill" 262 

Kant 210 

Ke'dron. Brook 15 

Kennebec' River 219 

Kentuc'ky 245 

Kep'ler 192 

Kinjr George II.'s War 222, 225 

King Philip's War 222, 2-24 

King William III.'s War .. 206, i22, 225 

King, William Kufus, Vice-Pres 261 

King's Mountain, Battle of, in N. C, 
1780. British under Ferguson de- 
feated by the Americans under 
Campbell and others. 

Klop'stock 210 

Knight'hood 147 

Orders of 152 

Knights of St. John ... 152 

of Mal'ta 158 

Temp'lars 153 

Teuio'nic 153 

Knox, John 176, 181 

Ko'ran 183 

Koscius'ko 236 



Lab'rador 172, 216 

Lab'yrinth Zi 

Lacedai'mon 24, 56 

La Fayette 229, 235, 254 

Lake George, Battle of 227 

Lan'caster, Duke of {Henry IV). .. . 162 

, House of ln4 

Lane, Ralph 222 

La'ocoon ... .• 34 

La Salle, M. de 226 

Las Casas, Father de 173 

Lat'imer 179 

Lati'nus 57 

La'tium 57 

Laco'nia 24 

Laud, Archbishop 193, 194 

Lanren'tius 162 

Lavin'ia 57 

*• League Achae'an'' 83 



PAGE 

" League, Catholic" 188, 191 

Lean'der 26 

Lee, Richard Henry 234 

, Arthur 234, 245 

, Robert E 265 

Leigh'ton, Dr 194 

Leip'sic, Battle of 191 

Leo III., Gretk emperor 135 

VL, " " 140 

X.Pope 174 

Leon'idas. King of Sparta 32, 78 

Leuc'tra, Battle of 77 

Lewis, Captain 248 

Lex'ington, Battle of 228 

Li'brary of Alexandria 133 

Licin'ius 123 

Lightning' 222 

Lincoln, Abraham 264, 2f)5 

LinnjB'us 210 

Liv'ingston. R. R 269 

Locarities, Remarkable 30, 8S 

Loch-Lev'eii Castle 183 

Lucke, John 208 

Lom'bards 127 

Lon'don, City of 97 

Company 219 

Lon'donderry, Siege of . . . - 206 

Longi'nns 122 

Lou'is XIV., King of France 203 

XV L, " " .. 210, 234 

XVIII., ■•'■ " 213 

Lou'isburg 2-;7 

Louisia'na 226, 247, 25i 

Lucre'tius 86 

Luck'novv 188 

Lu'ther, Mar'tin 175 

Luti'tia 106 

Lycur'gus 62, 88 

Lyd'ia 11,21, 67 

Lysim'achus 80 

M. 

Macheth' 145 

Mac'cabees 84 

MacDon'alds of Glencoe 206 

Macedo'iiia 11, 12, 78, 80 

•' Macedo'nian Period" 78 

Macedo'nian Race of Emperors .. .. 140 

Macomb' {American general) 250 

Macria'nus 121 

Macri'nus 119 

Mad'ison, James 249 

Mad'rid 108 

Magel'lan 217 

Mag'na Char'ta 156 

Mah'mud the Great 144 

Ma'liomet 132 

Ma'homet II 164 

Maine 221, 253 

Mal'achi 8, 73, 74 

Malplaquet', Battle of 208 

Mam'elukes 156 

Mantine'a, Baitle of 77 

Mar'athon, Battle of 32, 73 

Marcel'lus 82 

Marcoman'ni 118, 122 



INDEX. 



Ill 



Mar'co Po'lo 157 

Mai-'cns Aurelins Aiitoni'nus 118 

IVlardo'iiiu;', l/i^other-in-law arid lieu- 
tenant-general of Xerxes ; slain, 
in the Battle of Platea, b. c. 479. . . 73 

Mar'i^aret of Valois' 182 

Mari'a There'!?a 209 

Ma'rie Antoinette' 210 

, Queen of Charles I. of Eng. . 221 

" Mar'iuer's Compass' 159 

Mar'ius 85 

Mark An'thony 21,86 

Marl'boroiiffh, Duke of . 2b8 

Mar'shall, John 256 

Ma'ry, Queen of England 1 79 

, Queen of Scots 183 

Ma'rylaud 221 

Ma'son, John 22U 

"iMat^on and Dixon's Line." The 
boundary between the States of 
Delaware. Maryland, and Pennsyl- 
vania, so named from the English 
surveyors by whom it was deter- 
mined. 

Massachu'setts 220 

Mas'sacre, St. Bartholomew 181 

, Glen'coe 206 

, I'rish 195 

, Wy'oming 229, 237 

Mauri'tius 131 

Mausole'um 21 , 89 

Maw'hood 229 

Maxiui'iiin 122 

Maximii'ian, Duke of Bavaria U)l 

, Empei'or ot Mexico. . . 214 

M ax'imin 120 

Maz'arin 207 

McCor'mick, C. H 270 

]VIcDouough {American commo- 
dore) 252 

McHf n'ry. Fort 251 

McKail 201 

M ean'der River 28 

Mec'ca 14, 92 

Mechanical Professions 270 

Me'dia 14, 64 

Medes and Per'sians 12 

" Medo-Per'siau" Period 6& 

Medi'na 92 

M edi terra'nean Sea 25 

Mterut' 188 

Melchiz'edek 5u 

Me'lech 146 

Melen'uez 2l8 

Mem'uon ., 57 

Memorabilia of Socrates 75 

Meni'plus , 18 

Meuela'us 57 

Mesopota'mia 10 

Messi'na, Straits of 32 

Meth'odists 208 

Methu'selah 46 

Mex'ico 178, 214, 217 

. War with 259 

Mich'igan 256 

Miii'iau, Land of 55 

Milan' 123 



PAGE 

Mil'ler. American captain 250 

Milti'ades 73 

M ilioi), John 198. 207 

Mini r'va. Temple of 23, 24 

Minneso'ta 263 

Mint, First United States 24.'> 

Mis'raim 12. 48 

Missist'ip'pi River 175, 2i7 

State 253 

Missouri River 2J8 

State 253 

'•' Mis^^ouri Compromise" 253 

Miihrida'tes 85 

Mue'mon. Aitaxerxes 75 

Moe'ris Lake 33 

Mogul' Empire 156 

Mou'mouth,Dukeof 203 

, Battle of 229 

Monk, General George 199, 222 

Monroe', James 253, 256 

'• Moni'oe Doctrine" 253 

Moiil'calm 227 

Montesquieu' 210 

Montezu'ma 178 

Moiitgom'ery, Richard 228, 2S6 

Months 36 

Montreal' 227 

Monts, Sieur de 218 

Mon'ument, Bunker Hill 257 

, Washington 241 

Mor'gau (American general) 229 

Mor'mons 262 

Mor'ris, Robert 234 

Morse, S. F. B 258 

Mo'ses 54 

Mosheim 210 

MOirUl' 13 

Mosuline (muslin) 268 

Moun'iains of Ancient History 28 

Mount Ac'ra 15 

Ar'arat 28 

At'las 30 

Beze'tha 15 

Ho'reb 29 

I'da -.9 

Mori'ah 15 

Olym'pus 29 

Parnas'i-us 29 

Zi'on .... 15 

'■ Mower and Reaper" 210 

Munych'ia 24 

Mysore' 187 

N. 

Nabonas'sar '. . 40, 64 

]Sab*>polas'sar 14 

Nantes, tdict of, issued 189 

, revoked 203 

Na'pier 1*4 

Napo'letm I 211 

II., Duke of Reichstadt, 

son of Napoleon 1 

Napo^leon 111., nephew of Nap. I... 213 

iNar'ses 127 

Narva (a town of Russia on the Gulf 

of Finland) 207 



112 



IXDEX. 



PAGE 

Nase'by (a toion in, Northamuton- 

sliire. Eng.) 196 

Navar're. Prince of 18-2 

Navari'no (a seapoi^t of Greece) 213 

Nebucliadnez'zar 14, 15 Go 

" Necesf-ity," Fort 227 

Nei'^on, Lord 9!) 

Nepaul' {ill the N. E. part of India). 18T 

Ne'ro 113 

Ner'va 115 

Ne?'tor 57 

Nc^th'erlHndt* {now Holland) 184 

" Nentral'ity" Proclamation of 245 

" Neii'tral Rights" „ 2-19 

New Am't^terdam 220 

New'combe, Lieutenant 251 

Nevvfound'land 21() 

New Grena'da 217 

New Hamp'shire 22i) 

New Jer's^ey 220 

New Or'leans. La 251 

Newport, Captain ... . 219 

Newspaper, tirst English 181 

^, firr-t American . 222 

Newton, Sir Isaac 2>i8 

New York 219 

Niag'ara,- N. Y 227, 250 

Nile 28 

Nun'rod 13, 47, 48 

Nin'eveh 13, fj4 

Ni'nus 48 

No'ali 47 

Non in'terconrsc 249 

Noi lin'gen {Bavaria) 192 

North, Lord ' 233 

Northampton, England I(j4 

'• 2>Jorthea-tern Boundary''' . 258 

North Point, iNld 251 

North Pol.-.r Star 48 

Northura'berlaad, Earl of 194, 195 

Notre Dame Cathedral 107 

Nova'tian ... l-^l 

'• Nulliflca'tion" 255 

Niime'rian 122 



PAGE 

Om'ri {King of Israel) 16 



O. 

Gates, Ti'tus 

Obadi'ah. {Hebrew prophet) 

Observ'atory, First Asironomical .. 

Octa'vius, Emperor of Eume 

Odo'aeer. King of Ostrogoths . . 123, 

" Od'yssy" of Homer 

Officers of Federal Government 

O'glethqrpe, General 

Og'yges,' Deluge of 

O'Hi^'gins 

" Ohi'o Company" 

Stale 

Oje'da, Alouzo d' 

Olives. Mount of 

'■ Olympiads," ^ra of 

'• Olympic Games" 

Olympus, Mount 

O'mar, Caliph 

'• Om/nibus B 11" 



20) 

t)5 

180 

32 

127 

62 

273 

222 

52 

214 

226 

:i:49 

172 

29 

40 

56 

29 

13:J 

260 



O'phel, Mount 

Orange, Win. the Silent, Prince of. 

, William III., Prince of ... . 

, Fort 

" Orde'a!." Trials by 



15 

185 
205 
220 
141 

Or'egon, Boundary of . . . , 260 

State of 263 



Or'igen 120 

" Ori'ou" 48 

Or'leans, Maid of 163 

Osceo'la 255 

Os'trogoths {Eastern. Goths) 127 

Oth'man I. {founder of the Ottoman 

Empire) 156 

Othni'el 55 

O'tho I. {Emperor of Gerinamj) 142 

1. {King of Greece) 213 



P. 

Pacific Ocean 175, 

Pala'finate 

Paleol'agus, Michael 

Pal'estine, or the Holy Land 

Palestrol'lo 

Pa'los 

Pan'dects ( Complete Digests) 

Pan'iheon 

Paper Mills 

Par'adise Point, Delaware 

Pa'ran, Wilderness of 

■• Par'asite" 

Pa'ris, son of Pri'a m 

{capital of France) 

, Peace ot 223, 

Par'ker, Sir Peter 

Parl'iament, English 

, French 

— , Long 

Parnas'sus, Mount 



194, 



Parr, Catharine 

Par'thenon 

Par' ihians 

Pas'cal, Blaise 

'■ Patiiarch'al" Period 

Pat'rick, St 

Paul the Apos'tlii 

Paul the Her'mit 

Paul IV^., Pope 

Paul'ding 

Pausa'nius 24, 

Pa' via {a city of Milan, Italy) 

Pack'enham {British genti'al) 

Pedro II., Don {Emperor of Brazil) . 

Pel'ops, Peiopidie 56 

Pelopone'stts {now the Moj'ea) 

Penn {British admiral) 

, William 

Pennsyl'vania 

•' Pentateuch" ( Five Book-') 

Pentel'icus, Mount (i/i. Attica) 

Pent'land Hills {tn Edinburghshire, 

iscotland) 

Pe'pin d'Hiristal . . .• 

Pe'pin le Bref {The Slwrt) '. 



217 

92 

92 

150 

168 

169 

127 

90 

162 

220 

31 

60 

57 

106 

227 

22s 

100 

159 

231 

29 

174 

2;i 

85 

207 

49 

129 

113 

128 

1^4 

2;38 

73 

177 

251 

214 

, 58 

54 

199 

222 

2:2 

55 

32 

201 
135 
136 



INDEX. 



olo 



Pe'quods 224 

Perdic'cus 80 

Pere'a {the Eastern division of Pales- 
tine) 17 

Perian'der 6ti 

Per'icles 24, 74 

" Periods" of General History. . . 41-44 
Peripatetic (i. e., walking about). . . 24 

Perpet'ua {a Christian martyr) 120 

Perry {American commodore) . . 252, 262 

Persecutions, '-Ten." 110,113, 114 

116, 118, 119, J 20, 121, 122, 123 

Persep'olis 22 

Persia, Persians 11, 12 

Per'tinax.. 119 

Peru I'lS, 214, 217 

Peter the Apostle 113 

Peter, Church of St 91 

Peter the Great, Czar 206 

Peter the Hermit 151 

" Peter's Pence" 136 

Petersburg, St. {capital of Russia) . . 207 

Petersburg, Ya 265 

Pe'trarch 160 

Phale'rum 24 

Phar'amond 128 

Pha'raoh {a title of the ancient kitigs 

of Egypt) 51 

Pha'ros 34 

Phar'par and Ab'ana 14 

Phar'isees 81 

Pharsaiia (a plain near the city of 

Pharsalus, Thessaly) 85 

Pha'sis {a river of Colchis) 56 

Phi'don 63 

Philadelphia 96, 222 

Philip the Great 78 

IV., The Fair 158, 158 

II. {King Spain) 177, 179, 184, 186 

V. " •• 208 

Philip'pi {a city of Macedon) 86 

" Philip'pics" ... 77 

Philis'tia 11 

Philopse'men 83 

Phryx'us 56 

Pbo'cas 131 

Pho'cians {Phocis) 29, 78 

Phoeui'cia 11 

Picts 126 

Pierce, Franklin 261 

Pike, Major 248 

Pilgrims 14,95 

Pio'nius.... 120 

Piras'us 24 

Pisis'tratus, Pisistrat'idse 72 

Pitt, William 232 

Pit'tachus 66 

Pizar'ro 178, 217 

Plague in London I(i2 

Plain of the Mediterranean 31 

Plais'sy, Plains of {Bengal^ India, 

70 miles M. of Calcutta) 187 

Platae'a (a town of B<mtia, 30 miles 

iV. W. of Athens) 73 

Pla'to 24 

Plattsburg, N. Y 250 



PAGE 

Playing Cards 161 

Pliny the Elder 114 

— the Younger 117 

Plutarch ns 

" Plym'outh Company" 2l9 

, Mass 2-:0 

Pocahon'tas 256 

Poland {formerly an important in 
dependent kingdom, but in 1772, 
1795 conqueredby Rvsna, Prus,-ia, 

and Austria) 209, 296 

Pulk, James K 25S 

Pol'ycarp us 

Pompe'ii {Pompa'y e) 30, 114 

Pom'pey 84, 85 

Ponce de Le'on, John 217 

Popes {see Bishop of Eome) 

Pope, Alexander 210 

Pop'ham, George 219, 221 

Porter {American commodore) 252 

Port Eoyal 218 

Po'ruB {King of India) 80 

Postmasters-General 275 

Powhattan' 224 

'• Pragmatic Sanction" {"'Pragmat- 
ic,''' i. e., interfering : in this in- 
stance with the Salique Law) 209 

Prseto'rian Guards 119 

Preb'le, Commodore 248 

Prescott, General 2:13 

Presidents of United States 243 

Vice- " "■ 273 

Yrenton-V&n^ {Lancashire, Eng.)... 210 

Prevost', Sir George 250 

Pri ao 57 

Prideaux' {British general) 227 

Princeton, N.J 223 

Printing, Art of 162 

Pro'bus, Marc. Aur. Sev. {a brave 
Eoman, elected Emperer a. d. :a75) 122 

Proctor {British general) 250, 2'(C 

" Profane History" 7 

Propou'tis 26 

Proph'ecy fullilled 9 

- Prot'estant," Origin of 176 

Providence. K. 1 221 

Ptol'emy {King of Egypt) . .'d^, 80, 81, 84 

, {The Geographer) Ii8 

Pulas'ki, Count 235 

" Pu'nica Fi'des" 20 

Pu'nic Wars 20, 82 

Puritans 179, 224 

Putnam, General 228 

Pyd'na {a city of Ma'cedon) 83 

Pygmal'ion 18. 62 

Pym, John 195 

Pyr'amids 19 

Pyr'rhus, King Epi'rus 80 

Py thag'oras 72 

Py th'ian Games 30 

Pyth'ias 76 

Q- 

Quakers or '• Friends" 199 

Quebec' {Canada) 219, 223 



1-i 



314 



Ils^DEX. 



Queen An'ne's War 208, 222, 225 

" Questions" 279 

Quintil'ian 115 

K. 

Ra'chel (a wife of Jacob) 51 

Kahl, General 229 

lia'leigh, Sir Walter 180, 218 

Ra'ma?es Mia'mum 54 

Eamillies' {Belgium, 40 miles E. of 

Brussels) 208 

Ran'dolph, Peyton 96, 234 

, John 256 

Ray'mond of Toulouee' 151 

Rebec'ca 51 

Red Sea 25 

" Reforma'tion" 175 

" Regal of France^' 155 

Reg'ulus 82 

Rehobo'am 61 

Re'mus 63 

Repub'lic of Carthage 12 

Repub'lics of Greece 12 

Repub'lic of Rome 12, 72 

Resa'ca de la Pal'ma 259 

Restora'tion of Jews 65, 69, 71 

of Stuarts 199 

Retreat of the " Ten Thousand" .... 75 

Revoca' tion of Edict of Kantes 203 

Revolu'tion, American 227 

, English 205 

, French 210 

. , Greek 213 

, Mexican 213 

Rha, The Volga River (see Map) 

Pihce'tia, TheGrisons, Tyrol, etc. " 
Ehe'nvs, The river Rhine '' 

Rhe'sus, King of Thrace. 57 

Bhodanus, The river Rhone . . (Map) 

Rhodes. Island of 152 

Rhode Island, State of 221 

, Battle of 229 

Ri'all, General 250 

Ribault', John 218 

Rich'ard I., Cceur de Li'on 156 

II., grandson of Edward 

III., King of England 161, 162 

Richard III., Duke of Gloucester .. 164 

Rifihelieu'. Car'dinal 207 

Rid'ley, Bishop 179 

Ri'ga, Battle of (a city of Bussia).. . 207 

Ri'o Janei'ro (Brazil') 217 

Riots of London 102 

Rivers noted in Ancient History ... 27 

Riz'zio, David 183 

Roanoke' Island 222 

Robert of Flanders 151 

of Normandy .'. 151, 154 

Robinson, Rev. Mr 222 

Rochambeau', Count 235 

Roche, Marquis de la 218 

Rod'gers, Commodore 252 

Ro'dolph of Hapsburg 158 

Rodri'go, Don 148 

Rog'ers, Rev. John 179 



PAGE 

Rol'lo the Norman 140 

" Roman Empire," Period of 110 

Roman Empire, Extent of Ill 

divided 125 

Roman Emperors 112 

Rome, Kingdom of 12 

. Kings of. [sEVBN : Romulus, 

Numa Pompil'ius, Tul'lus Hostil'- 
ius, An'cus Mar'tius. Tar'quin the 
Elder, Ser'vius Tul'lius, Tar'quin 

the Proud] 63 

Rome, Republic of 72 

, City of 88 

Rooke, Admiral 208 

" Roses." Wars of H')4 

Ross, General 250 

Rufiis, Eric 215 

Runnemede' 156 

Russell (British statesman) 203 

Russian America (Alaska) 271 

" Rye'house Plot" 203 

Rys'wick, Peace of (Holland) 206,222,225 



Sable, Isle of 218 

Sacred History 7 

Sala'din 155 

Sal'amis, Battle of 73 

Sal'atis 52 

Salique' Laws 160 

Salle, M 226 

Sal'lust 86 

Sama'ria 16, 64 

Samar'itans 17. 64 

Samson 56 

Samuel 56 

San Domingo 216 

San Mar'tin 214 

San Sal'vador 170 

San'ta An'na, General 259 

San'ta Fe , 260 

Sapo'res 121 

Sarah, wife of Abraham 50 

Sarato'ga, N. Y., Battle of 229 

" Saracen Empire," Period of 131 

Sar'acens 132 

Sardanapa'lus 14, 63 

Sardis 21, 72 

Sarmatia, Russia (Map) 

Saul, King of Israel : . . . 58 

Savan'nah 222, 229 

Sa'viour promised 46 

, Advent of 9 

, Jesus Christ 112 

Say and Seal, Lords 221 

Sayle, Governor 222 

Scaman'der 20. 52 

Schenec'tady, N. Y 225 

" Schism of the East" 146 

Schsef'fer, Peter 163 

Sci'o (Greece) 213 

Scipio Alricanus, Elder 20 

, Younger 20 

Scots 126 

Scott, General 250, 259 



II^DEX. 



315 



PAGE 

" Scourge of God" 126 

Scriptures, New Version of 190 

Scrope 199 

Scyl'la and Charib'dis 32 

Seas noted in Ancient History 25 

Sebas'te, or Aupfusla 16 

Sebasto'pol {Crime' a) 214 

" Seces'sion" 61. 264 

Sec'retaries {Cabinet) 273-2'(5 

Sedan' (115 miles N. E. Pariv) 213 

Sego'via {Spain) 35 

Suleu'cidaj 41,84 

Seleu'cus Nic'ator 12, 41 

Sel'juk 146 

Sem'inole Indians 255 

Semir'amis 48 

Sendache'rib 64 

Sepoys' 187, 214 

Septim'ius Seve'rus 119 

Sep'tuagint Translation 81 

Sep'ulcnre, Holy 94 

Serv'ile War 85 

Ser'vius TuI'lius 63 

Sessos'tris 52 

Ses'tos 26 

" Seven Wise Men" 66 

Seven Wonders of Ancient World. . 32 

" Seventy Years" 9, 18, 65 

Shak'speare 181 

Shalmaue'zer 64 

Shain'gar 55 

Sheni 47 

She'mer 16 

" Shepherd Kings" 48, 52 

Shi'shak 61 

Shrews'bury {Shropshire^ E7ig.) .... 162 

Shur, Wilderness of 31 

Sichaj'us 62 

Sicil'ian Vespers 158 

Sic'yon 48 

Sid'ney, Al'gernon 203 

-, Sir Philip 181 

Sidon 17, 48 

Sikh War 187 

Sile'sia {S. E. part of Prussia) 209 

Simeon {Bishop of Jerusalem) 116 

Simiance', Bertrand de 182 

Si'nai, Mount and Wilderness ... 29, 31 

Sis^tii'^ 55 

' ' Slave,"' ' Origin of Term .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' 174 

Slaves, African 173 

'• Slug'gards" 134 

Smitlifleld 102 

Smith, General 251 

, Captain John 219 

, Joe 262 

" Social War" 85 

Soc'rates 74 

Sod'om ( City and Lake) 27 

'' Solemn League and Covenant" . . . 195 

Sol'omon 61 

So'lon 66 

Sophi'a, Electress 208 

Sosig'enes 39 

Sostrat'us 34 

Spain 109, 137 



PAGB 

" Spanish Arma'da" 185 

" Succession" 208 

Sparta 24 

Spartans 25, 32, 62, 73 

"Specie Circular" 255, 256 

Spenser {English Poet) 181 

Sphinx 19 

Spire, Diet of {Rhenish Bavai^ia) . . . 177 

Spitzber'gen 218 

" Stamp Act" 223, 227, 233 

Standish, Miles 220 

Star Chamber 193 

Star, North Polar 48 

" Star-Spangled Banner" 251 

Starke, General 229 

" State Rights" 264 

States, Classification of 270 

Steam-Engine 269 

Stephens, Alex. H 264 

Steuben, Baron 286 

Stewart {British general) 230 

Sto'a Psecile 24 

Sto'ic Philosophy 24 

Stony Point 229 

Strafford, Eari 193 

Stryk'er, General 251 

Stuart, House of 189 

Stuarts, Exiled 209 

St. Al'bans (Heref ords^hire, Eng.) . . . 164 

" St. Bartholomew's Day" 181 

St. Clair, General 244 

St. Dun'stan 142 

St. Germain', Church o€ 182 

St. Heran 182 

St. James's Palace 98 

St John the Apostle 114 

St. John, Knights of 152 

St. Law'rence, Bay and Gulf 217 

St. Mary's 221 

St. Paul's Cathedral 98 

St. Petersburg 207 

St. Peter's Church 91 

St. Quin'tin 184 

St. Salvador 96 

Sua'bia, House of 154 

Sue'vi 126 

Sul'livan, General 229 

Sul'ly 188 

Supreme Court, U. S 244 

Sura'jah Dow'lah 187 

Surat' 186 

Sur'rey, Earl 175 

Sweyn 144 

Sym'machus 126 

Syr'ia 11 

T. 

Tab'ernacle 60 

T a'bor. Mount 29 

Tac'itus, Historian 118 

, Emperor 122 

Tad'mor 122 

Tal'ent, Eoman = %'Am + 

, Jewish=%Vim-¥ 

Tam'erlane 161 



316 



liJDEX. 



PAGE 

Tan'cred 151 

Tanquy'le Veaeur 182 

Tar'quin the Elder 65 

Tar'quin the Proud 72 

Tar'siis 21 

Tar'tars 148. 161 

Taylor. General 259, 260 

Tecum'seh 2oU 

Tel'eijraph 57. 269 

Telem'achus 207 

Tell, William 159 

Tem''plars, Knights 153 

Temple of Solomon 60 

Second 71 

of Diana 33 

of Paris 107 

Ten Commandments 29 

Ten Tribes of Is'rael 61 

Tennessee' 245 

Te'rah 48 

Ter'nay, Admiral de 2-35 

Tertul'lian 119 

Ter'ritory of U. S 271 

"Terror, Keign of" 211 

Tetzel, John 175 

Teuto'nic Knights '. 153 

Tewkesbury {Gloucestershire, Eng.). 164 

Texas 258 

Tha'les 66 

Thames {England) 97 

Thames (CawaeZa) 250 

" Thane" , 142 

Thebes {Egypt) 18 

( Greece) 53 

Themis'tocles 73 

Theod'oric 127 

Theodo'sius the Great 125 

Thermop'ylai 32, 73 

The'seus 33 

Thirty Years' War 94, 191 

Thom'son, James 210 

Thrace {N. of the j^gean Sea) 80 

Thrasym'ene {Italy) 82 

Thucyd'ides 75 

Thym'bra 67 

Ti'ber, Tiberi'nus 28 

Tici'nus {Italy). 82 

Ticondero'ga 227 

Tig'lath Pile'ser 14, 64 

Tigra'nes 70 

Ti'gris 27 

Tippecanoe' 250 

Tippoo Saib 187 

Ti'tus 114 

Togrul Beg 146 

Tongues, Confusion of 47 

Tradition 8 

Tripoli, Warwith 248 

Trium'virate, First 85 

, Second 86 

Troy, City of 20, 53 

Troyes, Treaty of 162 

" Truce of God" 145 

Tul'lus Hostilius 64 

Turks 140, 146, 164 

Turk'ish Empire , 156 



PAGE 

Tyler, Wat 101 

, John 257 

Tyn'dale, William 163 

Tyre, City of 17 

Tyrian Purple Dye 17 

U. 

Ulysses 57 

" Uniformity, Act of " . 201 

United States, History of 215 

Exploring Expedit'a 257 

Ur of the Chaldees 31 

U'tah 263 

Utrecht, Peace of {Holland) 2(j8 

V. 

Vale'rian 121 

Van'dals 126 

Vane, Sir Henry 195 

Van Buren, Martin 256 

Van Trump 198 

Van Wert : 238 

Var'ro 86 

Vas'co di Ga'ma 172, 186 

Vat'ican 90 

Ven'able, Admiral 199 

Vermont' 243 

Versailles, Peace of {France) . . 230, 254 

Veepu'ccius 172, 216 

Vesu'vius, Mount 30 

Vic'tor l--;0 

Victor Emmanuel 286 

Victo'ria 215 

Vien'ne, Council of. 153 

Vine'land/ 216 

Vir'gil 86 

Virsrin'ia 219 

Vis'igoths 126 

Voltaire' 210 

W. 

Wal'deckers 237 

Waldeuses 176 

Walker, Rev. George 206 

Wall, Adrian's 117 

, Severus's 119 

Walter the Penniless 151 

Wampan'oags 224 

War of American Revolution ... 227 

of Austrian Succession 209 

of French Revolution 2i0 

, French and Indian 226 

, King George II.'s 225 

, King William III.'s 225 

, Queen Anne's 225 

of Spanish Succession 208 

, Thirty Years' 191 

Wars, Colonial 2,.'4 

Warren, General 2-28 

Warwick, Earl of 164, 221 

Washington, George.. 234, 2:^9, 244, 246 

. , City of 24() 

Waterloo, Battle of {Belgium) 212 



IXDEX. 



317 



PAGE 

vVatts, Dr. Issaac 210 

Wayne, General 244 

Weathersfield, Conn 221 

Web'ster. Daniel 261 

Welle?ley, Marquis of 187 

Wellington. Dnke of 212 

Wells and McComas 251 

Wesleys 209 

We*terhall 204 

Western Empire 126 

West Indie? 171 

Westminster Abbey 99 

Assembly 196 

Westphalia, Peace of 192 

Whalley. Edward 20(^1 

Whisky Insurrection 245 

Whiteiaeld, Rev. George 209 

Whitehall 98 

White Plains. N. Y 229 

Whit'ney. Eli 268 

Wiclif. John 161, 116 

Wilderness of Arabia 31 

Wilkes, Commodore 257 

Wilkesbarre 237 

William I.. Conqueror 146 

II., Eutus 154 

III., Prince of Orange 205 

IV. of England 215 

■!. of Prussia 213 

the Silent, Nassau 185 

Tell 159 

Wallace 159 

William Henry, Fort 227 

Williams, David 238 

, Roger 221 

Willoughby, Sir H 218 



PAGE 

Winder, General 250 

Windsor, Conn 221 

Wingfield, Edward 219 

Winneba'go Indians 255 

Wins'low, Governor 220 

Wiscon'sin 259 

Wolf, General 227 

'•Wooden Horse" 57 

Wren, Sir Christopher 99 

Wy'omiug Massacre 229, 237 

X. 

Xantip'pns 82 

Xen'ophon 75 

Xerx'es 32, 73 

Xim'ines, Cardinal 173 

Y. 

Year, civil, and its divisions 38 

York and Lan'caster, Houses 163 

York, Maine 228 

Yorktown, Va 230, 238 

Ypsilan'ti 213 

Yuri, Battle of 182 

Z. 

Zabian Idolatry 40 

Zama 20, 32, 82 

Zemzem, Well 91 

Ze'no 85 

Zeno'bia 124 

Zin, Wilderness of 31 

Zion, Mount 18 

Zwingle, Ulric 176 



ADDENDA.— Chief Events op the Present Franco-Pbussian War. 

1870— Jm^2/ 15. — Napoleon declares war against Prussia, and on the 28th assumes 
command of the army at Forhach. Aug. 2.— The heights above Saarbriick cap- 
tured by the French. Aug. 4. — McMahon defeated at Weissenhnrg . Aug. 6.— The 
French, falling back from the Prussian frontier, are defeated at Worth. Aug. 7. — 
Paris declared in a state of siege. Aug. 10. — Strasburg invested by the Prussians. 
Aug. 13.— The coasts of Prussia blockaded by the French. Aug. 14. — French de- 
feated at Ifetz, avid, Aug. IQ, at Mars-Latour. McMahon at CA«/ons, is joined by 
the Emperor. Aug. 18.— The French, under Bazaine, defeated at Bezonville and 
driven into Metz. Aug. 20. — Camp at Chalons raised ; McMahon marches to aid 
Bazaine. Aug. 30. — French defeated at .Bea?/mo/i^. Sept. 1. — Bazaine defeated at 
St. Barbe. Sept. 2.— 6'erfa;i; McMahon capitulates and the Emperor surrenders. 
Sept. 5. — Republic of France proclaimed. Sept. 16.— Provisional Government re- 
tires to Tours, leaving Trochu in command at Paris. Sept. 23. — To^d surrenders. 
Sept. 2:7.—St7'asburg surrendered by Gen. Ulric. Oct. li.—Orleam captured by the 
Prussians. Oct. 16. — *Soi5son* captured. Oct. 21. — Bazaine surrenders ilfete. JS^ov. 
9. — Orleans reoccupied by the French. Nov. 11. — Neuf-Breisach capitulates. Nao. 
18.— French defeated at Dreux. Nov. 2D.—Thionville surrenders. Nov. 28.— 
French Army of the Loire defeated at Beaune. Nov. 30.— A grand sortie from 
Paris of 120,C00, under Trochu and Ducrot. Dec. 27.— British vessels in the Seine 
Bunk by the Prussians. The bombardment of Paris commenced. 



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